High fat diet altered cardiac metabolic gene profile in Psammomys obesus gerbils

Behaviour of Tunisian Psammomys obesus fed high-calorie diets: biochemical disturbance and histopathological alterations

This work investigated the biochemical disturbances and histological alteration in Psammomys obesus animal model fed different high calorie diets (HCDs) during three months. Four diets were used: a low-calorie natural diet, Chenopodiaceae halophyte plant used as control (LCD), a high standard carbohydrate diet rich in protein, HCD 0, a high carbohydrate diet rich in two concentrations of fat, HCD 1 and HCD 2. All animals having received HCDs developed dyslipidemia after one month of experiment with distinction of different sub-groups developing or not obesity and diabetes. HCDs induced a remarkable increasing in blood cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels indicating a fast induction of dyslipidemia and a significant increase of aminotransaminases activities revealing a pronounced hepatotoxicity. Animal developing diabetes showed a severe hepatic injury, a degeneration of the adipose tissue and a significant reduction of retinal thickness. P. obesus seems to be an excellent animal model to investigate nutritional metabolic diseases.

Free fatty acids: independent predictors of long-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure patients

BACKGROUND

The association between plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and the outcomes in the heart failure (HF) patients remains unclear.

METHODS

A cohort study among HF patients was performed. Plasma FFA was analyzed as both a continuous and a categorical variable (grouped by tertiles) to assess its association with composite cardiovascular (CV) death and HF hospitalization (CV death & HHP), CV death alone, and all-cause mortality (ACM) using Cox regression models. Subgroup analyses of HF patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and mildly reduced/reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF/HFrEF) were performed. This work also assessed the effectiveness of combining FFA and NT-pro BNP biomarkers for risk stratification by calculating the concordance index (C-index).

RESULTS

Among the 4,109 HF patients, FFA levels exceeding 0.4-0.42 mmol/L were associated with increased risks of the three outcomes. Patients in the highest FFA tertile faced greater risks than those in the lowest tertile. Adjusted hazard ratios were 1.32 (95% CI: 1.11-1.58) for CV death & HHP, 1.45 (95% CI: 1.16-1.82) for CV death, and 1.39 (95% CI: 1.15-1.68) for ACM, with a maximum follow-up of 8 years (median: 25 months). Subgroup analyses revealed that elevated FFA levels consistently predicted worse outcomes in both HFmrEF/HFrEF and HFpEF patients. The C-index for predicting outcomes was significantly greater when NT-pro BNP and FFA were combined than when NT-pro BNP was used alone (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Increased plasma FFA concentrations were independently associated with greater risks of CV death & HHP, CV death, and ACM among HF patients, irrespective of the ejection fraction. The combination of FFA and NT-pro BNP biomarkers significantly improved risk stratification in HF patients.

Anti-Obesity and Anti-Dyslipidemic Effects of Salicornia arabica Decocted Extract in Tunisian Psammomys obesus Fed a High-Calorie Diet

Salicornia is a halophyte plant that has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of scurvy, goiter, and hypertension. It is commercialized in Europe and Asia as fresh salads, pickled vegetables, green salt, or tea powder. This work is the first to assess the potential anti-obesity and anti-dyslipidemic effects of Salicornia arabica decocted extract (SADE). SADE was characterized by its significant in vitro radical scavenging activity (using DPPH and ABTS assays). The effect of SADE on food intake, weight loss, serum biochemical parameters, liver and kidney weights, adiposity index and on liver histology was investigated in the Tunisian gerbil Psammomys obesus (P. obesus), which is recognized as a relevant animal model of human obesity and diabetes. P. obesus animals were firstly randomly divided into two groups: the first received a natural low-calorie chow diet (LCD), and the second group received a high-calorie diet (HCD) over 12 weeks. On day 90, animals were divided into four groups receiving or not receiving SADE (LCD, LCD + SADE, HCD, and HCD + SADE). If compared to the HCD group, SADE oral administration (300 mg/kg per day during 4 weeks) in HCD + SADE group showed on day 120 a significant decrease in body weight (−34%), blood glucose (−47.85%), serum levels of total cholesterol (−54.92%), LDL cholesterol (−60%), triglycerides (−48.03%), and of the levels of hepatic enzymes: ASAT (−66.28%) and ALAT (−31.87%). Oral administration of SADE restored the relative liver weight and adiposity index and significantly limited HCD-induced hepatic injury in P. obesus. SADE seems to have promising in vivo anti-obesity and anti-dyslipidemic effects.

Morphological changes in the heart and aorta of rats with diet-induced metabolic syndrome

Aim. To identify early morphological changes in the heart and aorta of rats with experimental metabolic syndrome induced by a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet (HFHCD).

Materials and methods. The study was carried out on male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into two groups: a control group (n = 10) and an experimental group (n = 10). The rats from the control group were fed with a standard laboratory diet. The rats from the experimental group received HFHCD for 12 weeks. Body weight, blood pressure (BP), and individual parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were assessed in the rats.   A histologic examination of the heart and aorta in the animals was performed.

Results. Feeding rats with HFHCD led to an increase in body weight, elevation of BP, obesity, hyperglycemia, and triglyceridemia. The histologic examination of the heart in the rats of the experimental group showed signs of vascular disease, lipomatosis, and focal myocardial degeneration. Lipid accumulation in the cells of the media, hyperplasia of adipocytes in the adventitia, and depletion and fragmentation of the elastic lamina were revealed in the aortic wall of the rats receiving HFHCD.

Conclusion. The study indicated that HFHCD is an effective way to model metabolic syndrome. Structural disorders in the heart and aorta may be the mainstay for the development of cardiomyopathy and arterial hypertension in diet-induced metabolic syndrome.

Scolymus hispanicus (Golden Thistle) Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Metabolic Syndrome by Reducing Lipid Accumulation, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Rats under Hyperfatty Diet

Background

Lipotoxicity is characterized by a metabolic disturbance leading to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Some medicinal plant extracts exert hepatoprotective activity by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic disorders. Scolymus hispanicus or the golden thistle can be considered an important natural source of antioxidants. In traditional medicine, the consumption of this plant is recommended for diseases of the liver and intestines.

Objective

In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of Scolymus hispanicus on a hyperfatty diet- (HFD-) induced metabolic disorders, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

Materials and Methods

Our experiment focused on the administration of an HFD (40%) in Rattus norvegicus for 2 months and treatment with the aqueous extract of Scolymus hispanicus at a rate of 100 mg/kg during the last eight days of experimentation. In this context, several aspects were studied: the evaluation of blood biochemical parameters, liver function such as lipids and glycogen, markers of oxidative stress (TBARS, carbonyl proteins, advanced oxidation proteins, catalase, and SOD) and inflammation (NO and NFkB), morphological study of hepatocytes in primary culture, and histological study of the liver.

Results

Lipotoxicity induced metabolic disorders, both serum and tissue. HFD induced an increase in the total lipids and a decrease in glycogen reserve and an alteration in the oxidant-antioxidant balance. HFD induced an increase in markers of liver damage, which resulted in NAFLD, confirmed by histological study and hepatocytes cell culture. Scolymus appears to have lipid-lowering, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It improved glucose tolerance and the condition of fatty liver disease.

Conclusion

Golden thistle improves glucose tolerance and hyperlipidemia and ameliorates hepatic steatosis by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid accumulation. Its incorporation into a dietary program or as an aliment supplement would prevent hepatic complications associated with an HFD.

Effects of Three-Month Feeding High Fat Diets with Different Fatty Acid Composition on Myocardial Proteome in Mice

Westernized diet is characterized by a high content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and a low level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), often accompanied by an imbalance in the omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratio. Since increased intake of SFA and n-6 PUFA is considered as a cardiovascular disease risk factor, this study was conducted to determine whether a three-month dietary supplementation of high-fat diets (HFDs) with saturated fatty acids and a significant proportion of various n-6 and n-3 PUFA ratios would affect the architecture and protein expression patterns of the murine heart. Therefore, three HFD (n = 6) feeding groups: rich in SFA, dominated by PUFA with the n-6/n-3–14:1, and n-6/n-3–5:1, ratios were compared to animals fed standard mouse chow. For this purpose, we performed two-dimensional electrophoresis with MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry-based identification of differentially expressed cardiac proteins, and a histological examination of cardiac morphology. The results indicated that mice fed with all HFDs developed signs of hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis. Animals fed SFA-rich HFD manifested the most severe cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis lesions, whereas less pronounced changes were observed in the group of animals that ingested the highest amount of omega-3 FA. In general, all HFDs, regardless of FA composition, evoked a comparable pattern of cardiac protein changes and affected the following biological processes: lipid metabolism and FA β-oxidation, glycolysis, TCA cycle, respiratory chain, myocardium contractility, oxidative stress and PUFA eicosanoid metabolism. However, it should be noted that three proteins, namely IDH3A, LDHB, and AK1, were affected differently by various FA contents. High expression of these myocardial proteins found in the group of animals fed a HFD with the highest n-3 PUFA content could be closely related to the observed development of hypertrophy.

Divergent genes in gerbils: prevalence, relation to GC-biased substitution, and phenotypic relevance

Background

Two gerbil species, sand rat (Psammomys obesus) and Mongolian jird (Meriones unguiculatus), can become obese and show signs of metabolic dysregulation when maintained on standard laboratory diets. The genetic basis of this phenotype is unknown. Recently, genome sequencing has uncovered very unusual regions of high guanine and cytosine (GC) content scattered across the sand rat genome, most likely generated by extreme and localized biased gene conversion. A key pancreatic transcription factor PDX1 is encoded by a gene in the most extreme GC-rich region, is remarkably divergent and exhibits altered biochemical properties. Here, we ask if gerbils have proteins in addition to PDX1 that are aberrantly divergent in amino acid sequence, whether they have also become divergent due to GC-biased nucleotide changes, and whether these proteins could plausibly be connected to metabolic dysfunction exhibited by gerbils.

Results

We analyzed ~ 10,000 proteins with 1-to-1 orthologues in human and rodents and identified 50 proteins that accumulated unusually high levels of amino acid change in the sand rat and 41 in Mongolian jird. We show that more than half of the aberrantly divergent proteins are associated with GC biased nucleotide change and many are in previously defined high GC regions. We highlight four aberrantly divergent gerbil proteins, PDX1, INSR, MEDAG and SPP1, that may plausibly be associated with dietary metabolism.

Conclusions

We show that through the course of gerbil evolution, many aberrantly divergent proteins have accumulated in the gerbil lineage, and GC-biased nucleotide substitution rather than positive selection is the likely cause of extreme divergence in more than half of these. Some proteins carry putatively deleterious changes that could be associated with metabolic and physiological phenotypes observed in some gerbil species. We propose that these animals provide a useful model to study the ‘tug-of-war’ between natural selection and the excessive accumulation of deleterious substitutions mutations through biased gene conversion.