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Boucher J, Gilbert C, Bose S, Tessier PA. S100A9: The Unusual Suspect Connecting Viral Infection and Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1523-1529. [PMID: 38709994 PMCID: PMC11076006 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The study of S100A9 in viral infections has seen increased interest since the COVID-19 pandemic. S100A8/A9 levels were found to be correlated with the severity of COVID-19 disease, cytokine storm, and changes in myeloid cell subsets. These data led to the hypothesis that S100A8/A9 proteins might play an active role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. This review explores the structures and functions of S100A8/9 and the current knowledge on the involvement of S100A8/A9 and its constituents in viral infections. The potential roles of S100A9 in SARS-CoV-2 infections are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Boucher
- Axe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, and Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d’immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Gilbert
- Axe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, and Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d’immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Santanu Bose
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Philippe A. Tessier
- Axe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, and Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d’immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Vos WAJW, Navas A, Meeder EMG, Blaauw MJT, Groenendijk AL, van Eekeren LE, Otten T, Vadaq N, Matzaraki V, van Cranenbroek B, Brinkman K, van Lunzen J, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Blok WL, van der Ven AJAM, Koenen HJPM, Stalenhoef JE. HIV immunological non-responders are characterized by extensive immunosenescence and impaired lymphocyte cytokine production capacity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1350065. [PMID: 38779686 PMCID: PMC11109418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1350065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immunological non-responders (INR) are people living with HIV (PLHIV) who fail to fully restore CD4+ T-cell counts despite complete viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART). INR are at higher risk for non-HIV related morbidity and mortality. Previous research suggest persistent qualitative defects. Methods The 2000HIV study (clinical trials NTC03994835) enrolled 1895 PLHIV, divided in a discovery and validation cohort. PLHIV with CD4 T-cell count <350 cells/mm3 after ≥2 years of suppressive ART were defined as INR and were compared to immunological responders (IR) with CD4 T-cell count >500 cells/mm3. Logistic and rank based regression were used to analyze clinical data, extensive innate and adaptive immunophenotyping, and ex vivo monocyte and lymphocyte cytokine production after stimulation with various stimuli. Results The discovery cohort consisted of 62 INR and 1224 IR, the validation cohort of 26 INR and 243 IR. INR were older, had more advanced HIV disease before starting ART and had more frequently a history of non-AIDS related malignancy. INR had lower absolute CD4+ T-cell numbers in all subsets. Activated (HLA-DR+, CD38+) and exhausted (PD1+) subpopulations were proportionally increased in CD4 T-cells. Monocyte and granulocyte immunophenotypes were comparable. INR lymphocytes produced less IL-22, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17 to stimuli. In contrast, monocyte cytokine production did not differ. The proportions of CD4+CD38+HLA-DR+ and CD4+PD1+ subpopulations showed an inversed correlation to lymphocyte cytokine production. Conclusions INR compared to IR have hyperactivated and exhausted CD4+ T-cells in combination with lymphocyte functional impairment, while innate immune responses were comparable. Our data provide a rationale to consider the use of anti-PD1 therapy in INR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm A. J. W. Vos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adriana Navas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Elise M. G. Meeder
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Cognition and Behavior, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marc J. T. Blaauw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Elizabeth-Tweesteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Albert L. Groenendijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, ErasmusMC, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious diseases, ErasmusMC, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Louise E. van Eekeren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Twan Otten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Elizabeth-Tweesteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Nadira Vadaq
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bram van Cranenbroek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Kees Brinkman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan van Lunzen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Willem L. Blok
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Hans J. P. M. Koenen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Janneke E. Stalenhoef
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Munjoma PT, Chandiwana P, Wyss J, Mazhandu AJ, Jordi SBU, Gutsire R, Katsidzira L, Yilmaz B, Misselwitz B, Duri K. Immune activation and inflammation in lactating women on combination antiretroviral therapy: role of gut dysfunction and gut microbiota imbalance. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1280262. [PMID: 38045684 PMCID: PMC10693333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1280262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) effectively controls HIV; however, chronic low-level viremia and gut microbiota dysbiosis remain significant drivers of gut and systemic inflammation. In this study, we explored the relationship between gut microbiota composition, intestinal inflammation, microbial translocation, and systemic inflammation in women on cART in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We conducted a study in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected lactating women followed up at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum in Harare, Zimbabwe. We used 16S ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid (rRNA) sequencing and MesoScale Discovery V-Plex assays to examine the gut microbiome and to quantify plasma inflammatory biomarkers, respectively. In addition, we measured fecal calprotectin, plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to assess gut inflammation, microbial translocation, and monocyte/macrophage activation. Results A group of 77 lactating women were studied, of which 35% were HIV-infected. Fecal calprotectin levels were similar by HIV status at both follow-up time points. In the HIV-infected group at 6 weeks postpartum, fecal calprotectin was elevated: median (interquartile range) [158.1 µg/g (75.3-230.2)] in women who had CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts <350 cells/µL compared with those with ≥350 cells/µL [21.1 µg/g (0-58.4)], p = 0.032. Plasma sCD14 levels were significantly higher in the HIV-infected group at both 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum, p < 0.001. Plasma LBP levels were similar, but higher levels were observed in HIV-infected women with elevated fecal calprotectin. We found significant correlations between fecal calprotectin, LBP, and sCD14 with proinflammatory cytokines. Gut microbial alpha diversity was not affected by HIV status and was not affected by use of antibiotic prophylaxis. HIV significantly affected microbial beta diversity, and significant differences in microbial composition were noted. The genera Slackia and Collinsella were relatively more abundant in the HIV-infected group, whereas a lower relative abundance of Clostriduim sensu_stricto_1 was observed. Our study also found correlations between gut microbial taxa abundance and systemic inflammatory biomarkers. Discussion and conclusion HIV-infected lactating women had increased immune activation and increased microbial translocation associated with increased gut inflammation. We identified correlations between the gut inflammation and microbial composition, microbial translocation, and systemic inflammation. The interplay of these parameters might affect the health of this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Privilege Tendai Munjoma
- Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Investigative Sciences, University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (UZ-FMHS), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Panashe Chandiwana
- Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Investigative Sciences, University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (UZ-FMHS), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jacqueline Wyss
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, Maurice Müller Laboratories, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arthur John Mazhandu
- Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Investigative Sciences, University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (UZ-FMHS), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Sebastian Bruno Ulrich Jordi
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, Maurice Müller Laboratories, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rutendo Gutsire
- Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Investigative Sciences, University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (UZ-FMHS), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Leolin Katsidzira
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (UZ-FMHS), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Bahtiyar Yilmaz
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, Maurice Müller Laboratories, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Misselwitz
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, Maurice Müller Laboratories, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kerina Duri
- Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Investigative Sciences, University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (UZ-FMHS), Harare, Zimbabwe
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Tian X, Xie Y, Chen J, Yin W, Zhao YL, Yao P, Dong M, Jin C, Wu N. Increased Microbial Translocation is a Prognostic Biomarker of Different Immune Responses to ART in People Living with HIV. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:3871-3878. [PMID: 37351382 PMCID: PMC10284156 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s404384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microbial translocation (MT) is a characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Whether MT is also a biomarker of different immune responses to antiretroviral therapy (ART) received by people living with HIV (PLWH) is not known. Methods We examined the presence of MT in a cohort of 33 HIV-infected immunological responders (IRs) and 28 immunological non-responders (INRs) (≥500 and <200 cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T-cell counts/µL after 2 years of HIV-1 suppression, respectively) with no comorbidities. Plasma samples were used to measure the circulating levels of MT markers. All enrolled study participants had received 2 years of viral-suppression therapy. Results Levels of lipopolysaccharide (P = 0.0185), LPS-binding protein (P < 0.0001), soluble-CD14 (P < 0.0001), and endogenous endotoxin-core antibody (P < 0.0001) at baseline were significantly higher in INRs than in IRs and were associated with an increased risk of an immunological non-response, whereas the level of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein did not show this association. Analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated the utility of these individual microbial markers in discriminating INRs after ART in people living with HIV with high sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC curve. Conclusion INRs in HIV infection are characterized by increased MT at baseline. These markers could be used as a rapid prognostic tool for predicting immune responses in people infected with the HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Tian
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Xie
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Hospital Office, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanpeng Yin
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Long Zhao
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Yao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang Qingchun Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingqing Dong
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang Qingchun Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changzhong Jin
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nanping Wu
- Cell Biology Research Platform, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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Yan L, Xu K, Xiao Q, Tuo L, Luo T, Wang S, Yang R, Zhang F, Yang X. Cellular and molecular insights into incomplete immune recovery in HIV/AIDS patients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1152951. [PMID: 37205108 PMCID: PMC10185893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively inhibit virus replication and restore immune function in most people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, an important proportion of patients fail to achieve a satisfactory increase in CD4+ T cell counts. This state is called incomplete immune reconstitution or immunological nonresponse (INR). Patients with INR have an increased risk of clinical progression and higher rates of mortality. Despite widespread attention to INR, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. In this review, we will discuss the alterations in the quantity and quality of CD4+ T as well as multiple immunocytes, changes in soluble molecules and cytokines, and their relationship with INR, aimed to provide cellular and molecular insights into incomplete immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Yan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xingxiang Yang, ; Fujie Zhang, ; Liting Yan,
| | - Kaiju Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Xiao
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Tuo
- Department of Infectious Disease, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- Department of Infectious Disease, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuqiang Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Renguo Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Fujie Zhang
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xingxiang Yang, ; Fujie Zhang, ; Liting Yan,
| | - Xingxiang Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xingxiang Yang, ; Fujie Zhang, ; Liting Yan,
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Xiao Q, Han J, Yu F, Yan L, Li Q, Lao X, Zhao H, Zhang F. Elucidating the Gene Signatures and Immune Cell Types in HIV-Infected Immunological Non-Responders by Bioinformatics Analyses. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:8491-8507. [PMID: 36514742 PMCID: PMC9741855 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s390642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Numerous studies have reported on the pathogenesis of poor immune reconstitution (PIR) after antiretroviral treatment in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. However, fewer studies focused on both immune-related genes (IRGs) and immune cells, and the correlation between IRGs and immune cells was evaluated via bioinformatics analyses. Methods Gene expression profiling of GSE143742 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was analyzed to get differentially expressed immune-related genes (DEIRGs). The enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of DEIRGs were established. The relative fractions of 22 immune cell types were detected using the "CIBERSORT". The correlation analysis between DEIRGs and immune cells was constructed to discover the potential IRGs associated with immune cells. A logistic regression diagnostic model was built, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to evaluate the model's diagnostic efficacy. The CMap database was used to find molecules with therapeutic potential. RT-qPCR was used to verify the expression of the hub DEIRGs. Results We identified eight types of significantly changed immune cells and five hub IRGs in INRs. The DEIRGs were mainly enriched in lymphocyte activation, receptor-ligand activity, and T cell receptor signaling pathway. The correlation analysis showed that the expression of TNF, CXCR4 and TFRC correlate with CD8 cells, resting mast cells, activated NK cells, and naïve CD4 cells in INRs. Meanwhile, TFRC and IL7R relate to activated NK cells and resting memory CD4 cells respectively in IRs. A diagnostic model was constructed using multiple logistic regression and nine small molecules were identified as possible drugs. Conclusion In this study, we suggested that the process of PIR might be related to TNF, CXCR4, TFRC, CD48, and IL7R. And these IRGs play roles in regulating immune-competent cells. And our constructed diagnostic model has excellent effectiveness. Moreover, some small-molecule drugs are screened to alleviate PIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junyan Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Biomedical Innovation Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengting Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liting Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Lao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fujie Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Ditan Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Fujie Zhang, Beijing, Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 10 84322581, Email
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Xiao Q, Yu F, Yan L, Zhao H, Zhang F. Alterations in circulating markers in HIV/AIDS patients with poor immune reconstitution: Novel insights from microbial translocation and innate immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1026070. [PMID: 36325329 PMCID: PMC9618587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1026070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After long-term anti-retroviral therapy (ART) treatment, most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/Acquired Immure Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients can achieve virological suppression and gradual recovery of CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CD4+ T cell) counts. However, some patients still fail to attain normal CD4+ T cell counts; this group of patients are called immune non-responders (INRs), and these patients show severe immune dysfunction. The potential mechanism of poor immune reconstitution (PIR) remains unclear and the identification of uniform biomarkers to predict the occurrence of PIR is particularly vital. But limited information is available on the relationship between circulating markers of INRs and immune recovery. Hence, this review summarises alterations in the intestine microbiota and associated markers in the setting of PIR to better understand host-microbiota-metabolite interactions in HIV immune reconstitution and to identify biomarkers that can predict recovery of CD4+ T cell counts in INRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiao
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengting Yu
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liting Yan
- Infectious Disease Department, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fujie Zhang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Fujinaga Y, Namisaki T, Tsuji Y, Suzuki J, Murata K, Takeda S, Takaya H, Inoue T, Noguchi R, Fujimoto Y, Enomoto M, Nishimura N, Kitagawa K, Kaji K, Kawaratani H, Akahane T, Mitoro A, Yoshiji H. Macrophage Activation Markers Predict Liver-Related Complications in Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179814. [PMID: 36077228 PMCID: PMC9456095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) has a wide variation in clinical presentation and course. There is no significant correlation between these symptoms and the disease stage, although patients with more advanced stages generally have more symptoms. It is important to develop biomarkers in order to identify patients with an increased risk of complications and end-stage liver disease. This study investigated surrogate markers for risk estimation of PBC-related complications, including a study population of 77 patients with PBC who underwent liver biopsy and were measured for serum levels of macrophage activation markers, soluble CD163 (sCD163), soluble mannose receptor (sMR), and zonulin. Patients with PBC were divided into symptomatic (Group S, n = 20) and asymptomatic (Group A, n = 57) groups. The correlations of histological stages based on both Scheuer and Nakanuma classifications with the three serum markers were investigated. The Nakanuma classification involves grading for liver fibrosis and bile duct loss. The three biomarkers were assessed for their diagnostic ability to identify patients with PBC having high risk of developing complications. The predictive factors of these complications were examined as well. Group S had significantly higher serum sMR (p = 0.011) and sCD163 (p = 0.048) levels versus Group A. A composite index of sMR and sCD163 measurements had significantly better prediction performance than sCD163 alone (p = 0.012), although not when compared to sMR alone (p = 0.129). Serum sMR was an independent factor for developing complications on both univariate (Odds ratio (OR) = 30.20, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 3.410−267.0, p = 0.00220), and multivariate (OR = 33.70, 95% CI: 3.6600−311.0, p = 0.0019) analyses. Patients with PBC having sMR of ≥56.6 had a higher incidence of clinical complications versus those with a sMR of <56.6. Serum sMR predicts the development of complications in patients with PBC. sMR plus sCD163 showed better predictive power than either marker alone, although the addition of sCD163 did not improve the predictive power of sMR. Future prospective studies are required in order to validate the findings of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihisa Fujinaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Tadashi Namisaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-744-22-3015; Fax: +81-744-24-7122
| | - Yuki Tsuji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Junya Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Koji Murata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Soichi Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Noguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Masahide Enomoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Norihisa Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Koh Kitagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kaji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Hideto Kawaratani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Takemi Akahane
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Akira Mitoro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
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9
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Bai R, Li Z, Hou Y, Lv S, Wang R, Hua W, Wu H, Dai L. Identification of Diagnostic Markers Correlated With HIV + Immune Non-response Based on Bioinformatics Analysis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:809085. [PMID: 35004856 PMCID: PMC8727996 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.809085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: HIV-infected immunological non-responders (INRs) are characterized by their inability to reconstitute CD4+ T cell pools after antiretroviral therapy. The risk of non-AIDS-related diseases in INRs is increased, and the outcome and prognosis of INRs are inferior to that of immunological responders (IRs). However, few markers can be used to define INRs precisely. In this study, we aim to identify further potential diagnostic markers associated with INRs through bioinformatic analyses of public datasets. Methods: This study retrieved the microarray data sets of GSE106792 and GSE77939 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. After merging two microarray data and adjusting the batch effect, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) resource and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) resource were conducted to analyze the biological process and functional enrichment. We performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to filtrate potential diagnostic markers for INRs. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was conducted to perform the pathway enrichment analysis of individual genes. Single sample GSEA (ssGSEA) was performed to assess scores of immune cells within INRs and IRs. The correlations between the diagnostic markers and differential immune cells were examined by conducting Spearman’s rank correlation analysis. Subsequently, miRNA-mRNA-TF interaction networks in accordance with the potential diagnostic markers were built with Cytoscape. We finally verified the mRNA expression of the diagnostic markers in clinical samples of INRs and IRs by performing RT-qPCR. Results: We identified 52 DEGs in the samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) between INRs and IRs. A few inflammatory and immune-related pathways, including chronic inflammatory response, T cell receptor signaling pathway, were enriched. FAM120AOS, LTA, FAM179B, JUN, PTMA, and SH3YL1 were considered as potential diagnostic markers. ssGSEA results showed that the IRs had significantly higher enrichment scores of seven immune cells compared with IRs. The miRNA-mRNA-TF network was constructed with 97 miRNAs, 6 diagnostic markers, and 26 TFs, which implied a possible regulatory relationship. Conclusion: The six potential crucial genes, FAM120AOS, LTA, FAM179B, JUN, PTMA, and SH3YL1, may be associated with clinical diagnosis in INRs. Our study provided new insights into diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojing Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuying Hou
- Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyun Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hua
- Travel Clinic, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Dai
- Travel Clinic, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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10
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Bland JS. COVID-19 Risk: Clinical Tools for Assessing and Personalizing Immunity. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2021; 20:18-23. [PMID: 34393672 PMCID: PMC8352418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Researchers and clinicians all over the world are struggling to bring the spread of SARS-CoV-2 under control. Whether we refer to COVID-19 as a pandemic (a widely used word) or a syndemic (a new emerging term), we now know that specific immunotypes have been linked to both risk to infection and presentation of this disease. Application of assessment tools that support a fuller understanding of individual immune system status is next-level care that providers must prepare for and deliver. Commonly used biometric devices already gather data that can be relevant and useful to a phenotypic evaluation of immune function. These variables include pulse rate, blood oxygenation, sleep cycles, respiration rate, heart rate variability, continuous blood glucose monitoring, and ambulatory blood pressure. When coupled with traditional blood analytes and measurements of nutrient status, a more complete picture of immunological function may be revealed. Innovative questionnaires and algorithms can also be helpful additions to a clinician's toolkit. In a therapeutic relationship between provider and patient, this approach may lead to options for personalized immune intervention using diet, medical nutrition, and lifestyle medicine.
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