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Chang KH, Liu CH, Wang YR, Lo YS, Chang CW, Wu HC, Chen CM. Upregulation of APAF1 and CSF1R in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087095. [PMID: 37108258 PMCID: PMC10139006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, the expression levels of 52 genes related to oxidative stress and inflammation were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the discovery cohort including 48 PD patients and 25 healthy controls. Four genes, including ALDH1A, APAF1, CR1, and CSF1R, were found to be upregulated in PD patients. The expression patterns of these genes were validated in a second cohort of 101 PD patients and 61 healthy controls. The results confirmed the upregulation of APAF1 (PD: 0.34 ± 0.18, control: 0.26 ± 0.11, p < 0.001) and CSF1R (PD: 0.38 ± 0.12, control: 0.33 ± 0.10, p = 0.005) in PD patients. The expression level of APAF1 was correlated with the scores of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS, r = 0.235, p = 0.018) and 39-item PD questionnaire (PDQ-39, r = 0.250, p = 0.012). The expression level of CSF1R was negatively correlated with the scores of the mini-mental status examination (MMSE, r = -0.200, p = 0.047) and Montréal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA, r = -0.226, p = 0.023). These results highly suggest that oxidative stress biomarkers in peripheral blood may be useful in monitoring the progression of motor disabilities and cognitive decline in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Shi Lo
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Chang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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Shrestha B, Tang L, Hood RL. Nanotechnology for Personalized Medicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8984-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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3
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The Utilization of Tunable Transducer Elements Formed by the Manipulation of Magnetic Beads with Different Sizes via Optically Induced Dielectrophoresis (ODEP) for High Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNRs) and Multiplex Fluorescence-Based Biosensing Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090755. [PMID: 36140140 PMCID: PMC9496456 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic beads improve biosensing performance by means of their small volume and controllability by magnetic force. In this study, a new technique composed of optically induced dielectrodphoresis (ODEP) manipulation and image processing was used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the fluorescence for stained magnetic beads. According to natural advantages of size-dependent particle isolation by ODEP manipulation, biomarkers in clinical samples can be easily separated by different sizes of magnetic beads with corresponding captured antibodies, and rapidly distinguished by separated location of immunofluorescence. To verify the feasibility of the concept, magnetic beads with three different diameters, including 21.8, 8.7, and 4.2 μm, were easily separated and collected into specific patterns in the defined target zone treated as three dynamic transducer elements to evaluate fluorescence results. In magnetic beads with diameter of 4.2 μm, the lowest signal-to-noise ratio between stained and nonstained magnetic beads was 3.5. With the help of ODEP accumulation and detection threshold setting of 32, the signal-to-noise ratio was increased to 77.4, which makes this method more reliable. With the further optimization of specific antibodies immobilized on different-size magnetic beads in the future, this platform can be a potential candidate for a high-efficiency sensor array in clinical applications.
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Ultrasensitive probeless capacitive biosensor for amyloid beta (Aβ1-42) detection in human plasma using interdigitated electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 212:114365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Increased Levels of Plasma Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers and Their Associations with Brain Structural Changes and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Cognitively Normal Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071522. [PMID: 35885428 PMCID: PMC9324500 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and amyloid deposition in the brain. OSA is further linked to the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In this study, we analyzed the plasma levels of AD neuropathology biomarkers and their relationships with structural changes of the brain and atherosclerosis. Thirty OSA patients with normal cognition and 34 normal controls were enrolled. Cognitive functions were assessed by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale third edition and Cognitive Ability Screening Instrument. Plasma Aβ-40, Aβ-42, and T-tau levels were assayed using immunomagnetic reduction. The carotid intima-media thickness was measured to assess the severity of atherosclerosis. Structural MR images of brain were acquired with voxel-based morphometric analysis of T1 structural images. The OSA patients exhibited significantly elevated plasma levels of Aβ-42 and T-tau, as well as increased gray matter volume in the right precuneus. Plasma T-tau level is associated with carotid intima-media thickness and gray matter volume of the precuneus. These findings may indicate early changes that precede clinically apparent cognitive impairment. The measurement of these biomarkers may aid in the early detection of OSA-associated morbidity and possible treatment planning for the prevention of irreversible neuronal damage and cognitive dysfunction.
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Detection and assessment of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson disease. Neurochem Int 2022; 158:105358. [PMID: 35561817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Different studies have reported varying alpha-synuclein values in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum, and plasma, making determination of the alpha-synuclein cutoff value for Parkinson's disease difficult and rendering identifying the cause of variation essential. METHOD We searched PubMed from inception to June 2021 and identified 76 eligible studies. Included studies reported data on total, phosphorylated, and oligomeric alpha-synuclein in the CSF, serum, or plasma from individuals with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls. The mean or median alpha-synuclein values from the included studies were summarized and categorized through laboratory assays to visualize potential trends. RESULTS The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most common assay used to determine alpha-synuclein concentrations. Less common assays include Luminex, single molecule arrays, electrochemiluminescence, and immunomagnetic reduction (IMR). IMR is a single-antibody and wash-free immunoassay designed for determining the extremely low concentration of bio-molecules. For patients with Parkinson's disease, the median or mean testing values ranged from 60.9 to 55,000 pg/mL in the CSF, 0.446 to 1,777,100 pg/mL in plasma, and 0.0292 to 38,200,000 pg/mL in serum. The antibody selection was diverse between studies. The tendency of distribution was more centralized among studies that used the same kit. Studies adopting specific antibodies or in-house assays contribute to the extreme values. Only a few studies on phosphorylated and oligomeric alpha-synuclein were included. CONCLUSION The type of assay and antibody selection in the laboratory played major roles in the alpha-synuclein variation. Studies that used the same assay and kit yielded relatively unanimous results. Furthermore, IMR may be a promising assay for plasma and serum alpha-synuclein quantification. A consensus on sample preparation and testing protocol unification is warranted in the future.
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Alterations of Sphingolipid and Phospholipid Pathways and Ornithine Level in the Plasma as Biomarkers of Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030395. [PMID: 35159203 PMCID: PMC8834036 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease (PD) remain to be investigated. This work aimed to identify blood biomarkers for PD using targeted metabolomics analysis. We quantified the plasma levels of 255 metabolites in 92 PD patients and 60 healthy controls (HC). PD patients were sub-grouped into early (Hoehn–Yahr stage ≤ 2, n = 72) and advanced (Hoehn–Yahr stage > 2, n = 20) stages. Fifty-nine phospholipids, 3 fatty acids, 3 amino acids, and 7 biogenic amines, demonstrated significant alterations in PD patients. Six of them, dihydro sphingomyelin (SM) 24:0, 22:0, 20:0, phosphatidylethanolamine-plasmalogen (PEp) 38:6, and phosphatidylcholine 38:5 and 36:6, demonstrated lowest levels in PD patients in the advanced stage, followed by those in the early stage and HC. By contrast, the level of ornithine was highest in PD patients at the advanced stage, followed by those at the early stage and HC. These biomarker candidates demonstrated significant correlations with scores of motor disability, cognitive dysfunction, depression, and quality of daily life. The support vector machine algorithm using α-synuclein, dihydro SM 24:0, and PEp 38:6 demonstrated good ability to separate PD from HC (AUC: 0.820). This metabolomic analysis demonstrates new plasma biomarker candidates for PD and supports their role in participating PD pathogenesis and monitoring disease progression.
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Lin W, Shaw J, Cheng F, Chen P. Plasma total tau predicts executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2022; 145:30-37. [PMID: 34398474 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive impairment is an important non-motor aspect of Parkinson's disease (PD). Amyloid-β and tau pathologies are well-established in Alzheimer's disease and commonly coexist with synucleinopathy in PD. However, the levels of these biomarkers in the plasma of patients with PD and their relationship with specific cognition domains remain to be clarified. The current study compared the motor severity and neuropsychological assessment of general and specific cognition, with plasma levels of α-synuclein (α-syn), amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42), and total tau (t-tau) in PD subjects. METHODS Plasma levels of α-syn, Aβ42, and t-tau were measured in 55 participants with PD through immunomagnetic reduction assay. The evaluation of motor severity and comprehensive neuropsychological assessment was performed in all participants. RESULTS The level of plasma α-syn was negatively correlated with the scores of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III [r = (-.352), p = .008]. The level of plasma t-tau was negatively correlated with the scores of digits recall forwards and digits recall backwards [r = (-.446), p = .001; r = (-.417), p = .002, respectively]. No correlations were found between the levels of α-syn and Aβ42 and any neuropsychological tests. CONCLUSIONS This study concluded a lower level of plasma α-syn was correlated with motor dysfunction in PD patients, and a higher level of plasma t-tau was correlated with lower cognitive performance, especially for attention and executive function. These results propose the possibility of using plasma biomarkers to predict specific cognitive performance in PD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Ting Lin
- Department of Neurology MacKay Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jin‐Siang Shaw
- Institute of Mechatronic Engineering National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Fang‐Yu Cheng
- Institute of Long‐Term Care MacKay Medical College New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Hao Chen
- Department of Neurology MacKay Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medicine MacKay Medical College New Taipei City Taiwan
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
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Shrestha B, Tang L, Hood RL. Nanotechnology for Personalized Medicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9374-7_18-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Chang KH, Liu KC, Lai CS, Yang SY, Chen CM. Assessing Plasma Levels of α-Synuclein and Neurofilament Light Chain by Different Blood Preparation Methods. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:759182. [PMID: 34858161 PMCID: PMC8630588 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.759182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease are α-synuclein and neurofilament light chain (NFL). However, inconsistent preanalytical preparation of plasma could lead to variations in levels of these biomarkers. Different types of potassium salts of EDTA and different centrifugation temperatures during plasma preparation may affect the results of α-synuclein and NFL measurements. In this study, we prepared plasma from eight patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and seven healthy controls (HCs) by using di- and tri-potassium (K2- and K3-) EDTA tubes and recruited a separated cohort with 42 PD patients and 40 HCs for plasma samples prepared from whole blood by centrifugation at room temperature and 4°C, respectively, in K2-EDTA tubes. The plasma levels of α-synuclein and NFL in K2- and K3-EDTA were similar. However, the levels of α-synuclein in the plasma prepared at 4°C (101.57 ± 43.43 fg/ml) were significantly lower compared with those at room temperature (181.23 ± 196.31 fg/ml, P < 0.001). Room temperature preparation demonstrated elevated plasma levels of α-synuclein in PD patients (256.6 ± 50.2 fg/ml) compared with the HCs (102.1 ± 0.66 fg/ml, P < 0.001), whereas this increase in PD was not present by preparation at 4°C. Both plasma preparations at room temperature and 4°C demonstrated consistent results of NFL, which are increased in PD patients compared with HCs. Our findings confirmed that K2- and K3-EDTA tubes were interchangeable for analyzing plasma levels of α-synuclein and NFL. Centrifugation at 4°C during plasma preparation generates considerable reduction and variation of α-synuclein level that might hinder the detection of α-synuclein level changes in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Chen Liu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Artificial Intelligence and Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Sung Lai
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Artificial Intelligence and Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Ullah Khan A, Chen L, Ge G. Recent development for biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021; 134:108995. [PMID: 34658663 PMCID: PMC8500685 DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the use of engineered nanoparticles has been increasing in various sectors, including biomedicine, diagnosis, water treatment, and environmental remediation leading to significant public concerns. Among these nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained many attentions in medicine, pharmacology, drug delivery system, molecular imaging, and bio-sensing due to their various properties. In addition, various studies have reviewed MNPs main applications in the biomedical engineering area with intense progress and recent achievements. Nanoparticles, especially the magnetic nanoparticles, have recently been confirmed with excellent antiviral activity against different viruses, including SARS-CoV-2(Covid-19) and their recent development against Covid-19 also has also been discussed. This review aims to highlight the recent development of the magnetic nanoparticles and their biomedical applications such as diagnosis of diseases, molecular imaging, hyperthermia, bio-sensing, gene therapy, drug delivery and the diagnosis of Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta Ullah Khan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 Zhongguancun Beiyitiao, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 Zhongguancun Beiyitiao, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guanglu Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 Zhongguancun Beiyitiao, Beijing 100190, China
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Enhanced Plasmonic Biosensor Utilizing Paired Antibody and Label-Free Fe 3O 4 Nanoparticles for Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Parkinson's α-Synuclein in Serum. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11100402. [PMID: 34677358 PMCID: PMC8534275 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an acute and progressive neurodegenerative disorder, and diagnosis of the disease at its earliest stage is of paramount importance to improve the life expectancy of patients. α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of PD, and there is a great need to develop a biosensing platform that precisely detects α-syn in human body fluids. Herein, we developed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor based on the label-free iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) and paired antibody for the highly sensitive and selective detection of α-syn in serum samples. The sensitivity of the SPR platform is enhanced significantly by directly depositing Fe3O4 NPs on the Au surface at a high density to increase the decay length of the evanescent field on the Au film. Moreover, the utilization of rabbit-type monoclonal antibody (α-syn-RmAb) immobilized on Au films allows the SPR platform to have a high affinity-selectivity binding performance compared to mouse-type monoclonal antibodies as a common bioreceptor for capturing α-syn molecules. As a result, the current platform has a detection limit of 5.6 fg/mL, which is 20,000-fold lower than that of commercial ELISA. The improved sensor chip can also be easily regenerated to repeat the α-syn measurement with the same sensitivity. Furthermore, the SPR sensor was applied to the direct analysis of α-syn in serum samples. By using a format of paired α-syn-RmAb, the SPR sensor provides a recovery rate in the range from 94.5% to 104.3% to detect the α-syn in diluted serum samples precisely. This work demonstrates a highly sensitive and selective quantification approach to detect α-syn in human biofluids and paves the way for the future development in the early diagnosis of PD.
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Chung CC, Chan L, Chen JH, Bamodu OA, Chiu HW, Hong CT. Plasma extracellular vesicles tau and β-amyloid as biomarkers of cognitive dysfunction of Parkinson's disease. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21895. [PMID: 34478572 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100787r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of circulatory tau and β-amyloid in Parkinson's disease (PD), especially the cognitive function, remains inconclusive. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) cargo these proteins throughout the bloodstream after they are directly secreted from many cells, including neurons. The present study aims to investigate the role of the plasma EV-borne tau and β-amyloid as biomarkers for cognitive dysfunction in PD by investigating subjects with mild to moderate stage of PD (n = 116) and non-PD controls (n = 46). Plasma EVs were isolated, and immunomagnetic reduction-based immunoassay was used to assess the levels of α-synuclein, tau, and β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ1-42) within the EVs. Artificial neural network (ANN) models were then applied to predict cognitive dysfunction. We observed no significant difference in plasma EV tau and Aβ1-42 between PD patients and controls. Plasma EV tau was significantly associated with cognitive function. Moreover, plasma EV tau and Aβ1-42 were significantly elevated in PD patients with cognitive impairment when compared to PD patients with optimal cognition. The ANN model used the plasma EV α-synuclein, tau, and Aβ1-42, as well as the patient's age and gender, as predicting factors. The model achieved an accuracy of 91.3% in identifying cognitive dysfunction in PD patients, and plasma EV tau and Aβ1-42 are the most valuable factors. In conclusion, plasma EV tau and Aβ1-42 are significant markers of cognitive function in PD patients. Combining with the plasma EV α-synuclein, age, and sex, plasma EV tau and Aβ1-42 can identify cognitive dysfunction in PD patients. This study corroborates the prognostic roles of plasma EV tau and Aβ1-42 in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chih Chung
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lung Chan
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hung Chen
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Oluwaseun Adebayo Bamodu
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research & Education, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Clinical Big Data Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tai Hong
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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The Potential Effects of Oxidative Stress-Related Plasma Abnormal Protein Aggregate Levels on Brain Volume and Its Neuropsychiatric Consequences in Parkinson's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3666327. [PMID: 34434484 PMCID: PMC8382529 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3666327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Large protein aggregates may be produced after the breakdown of the proteostasis network due to overt oxidative stress. Meanwhile, brain volume loss and neuropsychiatric deficits are common comorbidities in Parkinson's disease patients. In this study, we applied a mediation model to determine the potential influences of oxidative stress-related plasma abnormal protein aggregate levels on brain volume and neuropsychiatric consequences in Parkinson's disease. Method 31 patients with PD and 24 healthy controls participated in this study. The PD patients were further grouped according to the presentation of cognitive decline or not. All participants received complete examinations to determine plasma abnormal protein aggregates levels, brain volume, and neuropsychiatric performance. The results were collected and analyzed in a single-level three-variable mediation model. Results Patients with PD cognitive decline exhibited higher plasma NfL levels, decreased regional brain volume, and poor neuropsychiatric subtest results compared with PD patients with normal cognition, with several correlations among these clinical presentations. The mediation model showed that the superior temporal gyrus completely mediated the effects of elevated plasma NfL levels due to the poor psychiatric performance of picture completion and digit span. Conclusion This study provides insight into the effects of oxidative stress-related plasma abnormal protein aggregate levels on regional brain volume and neuropsychiatric consequences in Parkinson's disease patients.
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Lin WC, Lee PL, Lu CH, Lin CP, Chou KH. Linking Stage-Specific Plasma Biomarkers to Gray Matter Atrophy in Parkinson Disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2021; 42:1444-1451. [PMID: 34045303 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The shortcomings of synucleinopathy-based Parkinson disease staging highlight the need for systematic clinicopathologic elucidation and biomarkers. In this study, we investigated associations of proteinopathy and inflammation markers with changes in gray matter volume that accompany Parkinson disease progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prospectively enrolled 42 patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease, subdivided into early-/late-stage groups and 27 healthy controls. Parkinson disease severity and participants' functional and cognitive performance were evaluated. Peripheral plasma α-synuclein, β-amyloid42, and tau were quantified with immunomagnetic reduction assays, and nuclear DNA by polymerase chain reaction, and regional gray matter volumes were determined by MR imaging. Statistical tests identified stage-specific biomarkers and gray matter volume patterns in the early-stage Parkinson disease, late-stage Parkinson disease, and control groups. Correlations between gray matter volume atrophy, plasma biomarkers, Parkinson disease severity, and cognitive performance were analyzed. RESULTS Patients with Parkinson disease had significantly elevated α-synuclein, tau, and β-amyloid42 levels compared with controls; nuclear DNA levels were similar in early-stage Parkinson disease and controls, but higher in late-stage Parkinson disease (all P < .01). We identified 3 stage-specific gray matter volume atrophy patterns: 1) control > early-stage Parkinson disease = late-stage Parkinson disease: right midfrontal, left lingual, and fusiform gyri, left hippocampus, and cerebellum; 2) control > early-stage Parkinson disease > late-stage Parkinson disease: precentral, postcentral, parahippocampal, left superior-temporal, right temporal, right superior-frontal, and left cingulate gyri, occipital lobe, and bilateral parts of the cerebellum; 3) control = early-stage Parkinson disease > late-stage Parkinson disease: left midfrontal, superior-frontal and temporal, amygdala, and posterior cingulate gyri, caudate nucleus, and putamen. We discovered stage-specific correlations among proteinopathy, inflammation makers, topographic gray matter volume patterns, and cognitive performance that accompanied Parkinson disease progression. CONCLUSIONS Identifying associations linking peripheral plasma biomarkers, gray matter volume, and clinical status in Parkinson disease may facilitate earlier diagnosis and improve prognostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-C Lin
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (W.-C.L.), Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - P-L Lee
- Institute of Neuroscience (P.-L.L., C.-P.L., K.-H.C.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-H Lu
- Department of Neurology (C.-H.L.), Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-P Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience (P.-L.L., C.-P.L., K.-H.C.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences (C.-P.L.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center (C.-P.L., K.-H.C.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - K-H Chou
- Institute of Neuroscience (P.-L.L., C.-P.L., K.-H.C.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center (C.-P.L., K.-H.C.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Brain Atrophy Mediates the Relationship between Misfolded Proteins Deposition and Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11080702. [PMID: 34442345 PMCID: PMC8401428 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11080702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is associated with cognitive decline, misfolded protein deposition and brain atrophy. We herein hypothesized that structural abnormalities may be mediators between plasma misfolded proteins and cognitive functions. Neuropsychological assessments including five domains (attention, executive, speech and language, memory and visuospatial functions), ultra-sensitive immunomagnetic reduction-based immunoassay (IMR) measured misfolded protein levels (phosphorylated-Tau, Amyloidβ-42 and 40, α-synuclein and neurofilament light chain) and auto-segmented brain volumetry using FreeSurfur were performed for 54 Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and 37 normal participants. Our results revealed that PD patients have higher plasma misfolded protein levels. Phosphorylated-Tau (p-Tau) and Amyloidβ-42 (Aβ-42) were correlated with atrophy of bilateral cerebellum, right caudate nucleus, and right accumbens area (RAA). In mediation analysis, RAA atrophy completely mediated the relationship between p-Tau and digit symbol coding (DSC). RAA and bilateral cerebellar cortex atrophy partially mediated the Aβ-42 and executive function (DSC and abstract thinking) relationship. Our study concluded that, in PD, p-Tau deposition adversely impacts DSC by causing RAA atrophy. Aβ-42 deposition adversely impacts executive functions by causing RAA and bilateral cerebellum atrophy.
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Tandon A, Singh SJ, Chaturvedi RK. Nanomedicine against Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1507-1545. [PMID: 33087025 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201021140904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's are the two most rampant neurodegenerative disorders worldwide. Existing treatments have a limited effect on the pathophysiology but are unable to fully arrest the progression of the disease. This is due to the inability of these therapeutic molecules to efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier. We discuss how nanotechnology has enabled researchers to develop novel and efficient nano-therapeutics against these diseases. The development of nanotized drug delivery systems has permitted an efficient, site-targeted, and controlled release of drugs in the brain, thereby presenting a revolutionary therapeutic approach. Nanoparticles are also being thoroughly studied and exploited for their role in the efficient and precise diagnosis of neurodegenerative conditions. We summarize the role of different nano-carriers and RNAi-conjugated nanoparticle-based therapeutics for their efficacy in pre-clinical studies. We also discuss the challenges underlying the use of nanomedicine with a focus on their route of administration, concentration, metabolism, and any toxic effects for successful therapeutics in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Tandon
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sangh J Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnish K Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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18
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Chung CC, Chan L, Chen JH, Hung YC, Hong CT. Plasma Extracellular Vesicle α-Synuclein Level in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050744. [PMID: 34067663 PMCID: PMC8155846 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most established pathognomonic protein of Parkinson's disease (PD), α-synuclein, is extensively investigated for disease diagnosis and prognosis; however, investigations into whether the free form of α-synuclein in the blood functions as a PD biomarker have not been fruitful. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from cells and present in blood transport molecules are novel platforms for biomarker identification. In blood EVs, α-synuclein originates predominantly from the brain without the interference of the blood-brain barrier. The present study investigated the role of plasma EV-borne α-synuclein as a biomarker of PD. METHODS Patients with mild to moderate stages of PD (n = 116) and individuals without PD (n = 46) were recruited to serve as the PD study group and the control group, respectively. Plasma EVs were isolated, and immunomagnetic reduction-based immunoassay was used to assess EV α-synuclein levels. Conventional statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Compared with controls, we observed significantly lower plasma EV α-synuclein levels in the patients with PD (PD: 56.0 ± 3.7 fg/mL vs. control: 74.5 ± 4.3 fg/mL, p = 0.009), and the significance remained after adjustment for age and sex. Plasma EV α-synuclein levels in the patients with PD did not correlate with age, disease duration, Part I and II scores of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), or the Mini-Mental State Examination scores. However, such levels were significantly correlated with UPDRS Part III score, which assesses motor dysfunction. Furthermore, the severity of akinetic-rigidity symptoms, but not tremor, was inversely associated with plasma EV α-synuclein level. CONCLUSION Plasma EV α-synuclein was significantly different between the control and PD group and was associated with akinetic-rigidity symptom severity in patients with PD. This study corroborates the possible diagnostic and subtyping roles of plasma EV α-synuclein in patients with PD, and it further provides a basis for this protein's clinical relevance and feasibility as a PD biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chih Chung
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University–Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (L.C.); (J.-H.C.)
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Lung Chan
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University–Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (L.C.); (J.-H.C.)
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hung Chen
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University–Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (L.C.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Yi-Chieh Hung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
- Department of Recreation and Healthcare Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.H.); (C.-T.H.); Tel.: +886-2-224-900-88 (ext. 811) (C.-T.H.)
| | - Chien-Tai Hong
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University–Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (L.C.); (J.-H.C.)
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.H.); (C.-T.H.); Tel.: +886-2-224-900-88 (ext. 811) (C.-T.H.)
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Chiu MJ, Yang SY, Chen TF, Lin CH, Yang FC, Chen WP, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. Synergistic Association between Plasma Aβ 1-42 and p-tau in Alzheimer's Disease but Not in Parkinson's Disease or Frontotemporal Dementia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1376-1383. [PMID: 33825443 PMCID: PMC9278807 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Beta-amyloid (Aβ1–42) triggers the phosphorylation
of tau protein in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the relationship
between phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and Aβ1–42 in the blood is not elucidated. We investigated the association
in individuals with AD (n = 62, including amnesic
mild cognitive impairment and dementia), Parkinson’s disease
(n = 30), frontotemporal dementia (n = 25), and cognitively unimpaired controls (n =
41) using immunomagnetic reduction assays to measure plasma Aβ1–42 and p-tau181 concentrations. Correlation and regression
analyses were performed to examine the relation between plasma levels,
demographic factors, and clinical severity. Both plasma Aβ1–42 and p-tau concentrations were significantly higher
in AD and frontotemporal dementia than in the controls and Parkinson’s
disease. A significant positive association was found between plasma
p-tau and Aβ1–42 in controls (r = 0.579, P < 0.001) and AD (r = 0.699, P < 0.001) but not in frontotemporal
dementia or Parkinson’s disease. Plasma p-tau was significantly
associated with clinical severity in the AD in terms of scores of
clinical dementia rating (r = 0.288, P = 0.025) and mini-mental state examination (r =
−0.253, P = 0.049). Regression analysis showed
that plasma Aβ1–42 levels explain approximately
47.7% of the plasma p-tau levels in the AD after controlling age,
gender, and clinical severity. While in non-AD participants, the clinical
dementia rating explained about 47.5% of the plasma p-tau levels.
The disease-specific association between plasma Aβ1–42 and p-tau levels in AD implies a possible synergic effect in mechanisms
involving these two pathological proteins’ genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jang Chiu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Shieh-Yueh Yang
- MagQu Co., Ltd., New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- MagQu LLC, Surprise, Arizona 85378, United States
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal 405 30, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal 405 30, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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Silva S, Almeida AJ, Vale N. Importance of Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Antiparkinsonian Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:508. [PMID: 33917696 PMCID: PMC8068059 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) affects around ten million people worldwide and is considered the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. In addition, there is a higher risk incidence in the elderly population. The main PD hallmarks include the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the development of Lewy bodies. Unfortunately, motor symptoms only start to appear when around 50-70% of dopaminergic neurons have already been lost. This particularly poses a huge challenge for early diagnosis and therapeutic effectiveness. Actually, pharmaceutical therapy is able to relief motor symptoms, but as the disease progresses motor complications and severe side-effects start to appear. In this review, we explore the research conducted so far in order to repurpose drugs for PD with the use of nanodelivery systems, alternative administration routes, and nanotheranostics. Overall, studies have demonstrated great potential for these nanosystems to target the brain, improve drug pharmacokinetic profile, and decrease side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Silva
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - António J. Almeida
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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21
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Liu X, Wang Q, Yang Y, Stewart T, Shi M, Soltys D, Liu G, Thorland E, Cilento EM, Hou Y, Liu Z, Feng T, Zhang J. Reduced erythrocytic CHCHD2 mRNA is associated with brain pathology of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:37. [PMID: 33685516 PMCID: PMC7941904 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral biomarkers indicative of brain pathology are critically needed for early detection of Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this study, using NanoString and digital PCR technologies, we began by screening for alterations in genes associated with PD or atypical Parkinsonism in erythrocytes of PD patients, in which PD-related changes have been reported, and which contain ~ 99% of blood α-synuclein. Erythrocytic CHCHD2 mRNA was significantly reduced even at the early stages of the disease. A significant reduction in protein and/or mRNA expression of CHCHD2 was confirmed in PD brains collected at autopsy as well as in the brains of a PD animal model overexpressing α-synuclein, in addition to seeing a reduction of CHCHD2 in erythrocytes of the same animals. Overexpression of α-synuclein in cellular models of PD also resulted in reduced CHCHD2, via mechanisms likely involving altered subcellular localization of p300 histone acetyltransferase. Finally, the utility of reduced CHCHD2 mRNA as a biomarker for detecting PD, including early-stage PD, was validated in a larger cohort of 205 PD patients and 135 normal controls, with a receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrating > 80% sensitivity and specificity.
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22
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Chen NC, Chen HL, Li SH, Chang YH, Chen MH, Tsai NW, Yu CC, Yang SY, Lu CH, Lin WC. Plasma Levels of α-Synuclein, Aβ-40 and T-tau as Biomarkers to Predict Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:112. [PMID: 32410983 PMCID: PMC7198695 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In this study, we assessed plasma biomarkers to identify cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients by applying ultra-sensitive immunomagnetic reduction-based immunoassay (IMR). Methods The study enrolled 60 PD patients and 28 age- and sex-matched normal controls. Complete cognitive function assessments were performed on participants using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating. PD patients with an MMSE score of ≦26 were defined as having cognitive impairment. Meanwhile, a 99mTc-TRODAT-1 scan was performed and plasma levels of Aβ-40, Aβ-42, T-tau, and α-synuclein were evaluated using IMR, subsequent correlation analyses were then performed. Results Compared with normal adults, PD patients have higher plasma levels of α-synuclein and T-tau, and a lower level of Aβ-40 (p < 0.05). Plasma levels of α-synuclein (r = −0.323, p = 0.002), Aβ-40 (r = 0.276, p = 0.01), and T-tau (r = −0.322, p = 0.002) are significantly correlated with MMSE scores. The TRODAT scan results, including visual inspection and quantification, revealed significant correlations between Aβ-40 and PD. Multiple regression analysis showed that the plasma levels of Aβ-40 (OR = 0.921, 95% CI = 0.879–0.962), α-synuclein (OR = 3.016, 95% CI = 1.703–5.339), and T-tau (OR = 1.069, 95% CI = 1.026–1.115) were independently associated with PD patients with cognitive impairment. The cutoff values for predicting cognitive deficits in PD patients were 45.101 pg/ml of Aβ-40, (Area under curve (AUC) = 0.791), 0.389 pg/ml of α-synuclein, (AUC = 0.790), and 30.555 pg/ml of T-tau (AUC = 0.726). Conclusion Plasma levels of α-synuclein, Aβ-40, and T-tau are potential biomarkers to detect cognitive impairment in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Ching Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Hsuan Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiun-Chieh Yu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Cheng-Hsien Lu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Che Lin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Luo S, Ma C, Zhu MQ, Ju WN, Yang Y, Wang X. Application of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases With Emphasis on Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:21. [PMID: 32184709 PMCID: PMC7058693 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by chronic progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the nervous system, which brings an enormous burden on patients, their families, and society. It is difficult to make early diagnosis, resulting from the insidious onset and progressive development of neurodegenerative diseases. The drugs on the market cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) effectively, which leads to unfavorable prognosis and less effective treatments. Therefore, there is an urgent demand to develop a novel detection method and therapeutic strategies. Recently, nanomedicine has aroused considerable attention for diagnosis and therapy of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Nanoparticles integrate targeting, imaging, and therapy in one system and facilitate the entry of drug molecules across the blood-brain barrier, offering new hope to patients. In this review, we summarize the application of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative disease, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We focus on IONPs as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs) and drug carriers in AD. What most neurodegenerative diseases have in common is that hall marker lesions are represented by protein aggregates (Soto and Pritzkow, 2018). These diseases are of unknown etiology and unfavorable prognosis, and the treatments toward them are less effective (Soto and Pritzkow, 2018). Such diseases usually develop in aged people, and early clinical manifestations are atypical, resulting in difficulty in early diagnosis. Recently, nanomedicine has aroused considerable attention for therapy and diagnosis of CNS diseases because it integrates targeting, imaging, and therapy in one system (Gupta et al., 2019). In this review article, we first introduce the neurodegenerative diseases and commonly used MRI CAs. Then we review the application of IONPs in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with the purpose of assisting early theranostics (therapy and diagnosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Luo
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming-Qin Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei-Na Ju
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Chang CW, Yang SY, Yang CC, Chang CW, Wu YR. Plasma and Serum Alpha-Synuclein as a Biomarker of Diagnosis in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1388. [PMID: 32038461 PMCID: PMC6990107 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and α-synuclein plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of PD. Studies have revealed controversial results regarding the correlation between motor severity and α-synuclein levels in peripheral blood from patients with PD. Objective: We examined α-synuclein levels in plasma or serum in patients with PD and investigated the relationship between plasma or serum α-synuclein level and motor symptom severity. Methods: We recruited 88 participants (48 patients with PD and 40 healthy controls). Clinical information was collected, and venous blood was drawn from each participant to be processed to obtain plasma or serum. The plasma or serum α-synuclein level was detected using monoclonal antibodies with magnetic nanoparticles, and was measured through immunomagnetic reduction. Plasma or serum α-synuclein levels were quantitatively detected. Results: In patients with PD, the means of plasma and serum α-synuclein level were 3.60 ± 2.53 and 0.03 ± 0.04 pg/mL, respectively. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of plasma and serum α-synuclein for distinguishing patients with PD from healthy controls were 0.992 and 0.917, respectively. The serum α-synuclein level also showed a significant correlation with patients in H-Y stages 1–3 (r = 0.40, p = 0.025), implying that the serum α-synuclein level may be a potential marker of motor symptom severity in patients with early PD. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the α-synuclein level in serum or plasma can differentiate between healthy controls and patients with PD. Serum α-synuclein levels moderately correlate with motor severity in patients with early PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chang
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chia-Wen Chang
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Ru Wu
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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Chen CH, Lee BC, Lin CH. Integrated Plasma and Neuroimaging Biomarkers Associated with Motor and Cognition Severity in Parkinson’s Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 10:77-88. [DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Ching Lee
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lin CH, Liu HC, Yang SY, Yang KC, Wu CC, Chiu MJ. Plasma pS129-α-Synuclein Is a Surrogate Biofluid Marker of Motor Severity and Progression in Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101601. [PMID: 31623323 PMCID: PMC6832465 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylated α-synuclein accounts for more than 90% of α-synuclein found in Lewy bodies of Parkinson’s disease (PD). We aimed to examine whether plasma Ser129-phosphorylated α-synuclein (pS129-α-synuclein) is a surrogate marker of PD progression. This prospective study enrolled 170 participants (122 PD patients, 68 controls). We measured plasma levels of total and pS129-α-synuclein using immunomagnetic reduction-based immunoassay. PD patients received evaluations of motor and cognition at baseline and at a mean follow-up interval of three years. Changes in the Movement Disorder Society revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale motor score (MDS-UPDRS part III) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score were used to assess motor and cognition progression. Our results showed that plasma levels of total and pS129-α-synuclein were significantly higher in PD patients than controls (total: 1302.3 ± 886.6 fg/mL vs. 77.8 ± 36.6 fg/mL, p < 0.001; pS129-α-synuclein: 12.9 ± 8.7 fg/mL vs. 0.8 ± 0.6 fg/mL, p < 0.001), as was the pS129-α-synuclein/total α-synuclein ratio (2.8 ± 1.1% vs. 1.1 ± 0.6%, p = 0.01). Among PD patients, pS129-α-synuclein levels were higher with advanced motor stage (p < 0.001) and correlated with MDS-UPDRS part III scores (r = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.09–0.43, p = 0.004). However, we found no remarkable difference between PD patients with and without dementia (p = 0.75). After a mean follow-up of 3.5 ± 2.1 years, PD patients with baseline pS129-α-synuclein > 8.5 fg/mL were at higher risk of motor symptom progression of at least 3 points in the MDS-UPDRS part III scores than those with pS129-α-synuclein < 8.5 fg/mL (p = 0.03, log rank test). In conclusion, our data suggest that plasma pS129-α-synuclein levels correlate with motor severity and progression, but not cognitive decline, in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Huei-Chun Liu
- MagQu Co., Ltd., Xindian District, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan.
| | - Shieh-Yueh Yang
- MagQu Co., Ltd., Xindian District, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan.
- MagQu LLC, 12425 W Bell Rd, C107, Surprise, AZ 85378, USA.
| | - Kai-Chien Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Chau-Chung Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
- Graduate institute of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
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27
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Wang HL, Lu CS, Yeh TH, Shen YM, Weng YH, Huang YZ, Chen RS, Liu YC, Cheng YC, Chang HC, Chen YL, Chen YJ, Lin YW, Hsu CC, Lin HL, Chiu CH, Chiu CC. Combined Assessment of Serum Alpha-Synuclein and Rab35 is a Better Biomarker for Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Neurol 2019; 15:488-495. [PMID: 31591837 PMCID: PMC6785464 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2019.15.4.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It is essential to develop a reliable predictive serum biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD). The accumulation of alpha-synuclein (αSyn) and up-regulated expression of Rab35 participate in the etiology of PD. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the combined assessment of serum αSyn and Rab35 is a useful predictive biomarker for PD. METHODS Serum levels of αSyn or Rab35 were determined in serum samples from 59 sporadic PD patients, 19 progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patients, 20 multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients, and 60 normal controls (NC). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were calculated to determine the diagnostic accuracy of αSyn or/and Rab35 in discriminating PD patients from NC or atypical parkinsonian patients. RESULTS The levels of αSyn and Rab35 were increased in PD patients. The serum level of Rab35 was positively correlated with that of αSyn in PD patients. Compared to analyzing αSyn or Rab35 alone, the combined analysis of αSyn and Rab35 produced a larger area under the ROC curve and performed better in discriminating PD patients from NC, MSA patients, or PSP patients. When age was dichotomized at 55, 60, 65, or 70 years, the combined assessment of αSyn and Rab35 for classifying PD was better in the group below the cutoff age than in the group above the cutoff age. CONCLUSIONS Combined assessment of serum αSyn and Rab35 is a better biomarker for discriminating PD patients from NC or atypical parkinsonian patients, and is a useful predictive biomarker for younger sporadic PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Li Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin Song Lu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tu Hsueh Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Ming Shen
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Yi Hsin Weng
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying Zu Huang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rou Shayn Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu Chuan Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi Chuan Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu Chen Chang
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying Ling Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu Jie Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yan Wei Lin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia Chen Hsu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huang Li Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi Han Chiu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching Chi Chiu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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28
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Magnetic Nanoparticles Applications for Amyloidosis Study and Detection: A Review. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8090740. [PMID: 30231587 PMCID: PMC6164038 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have great potential in biomedical and clinical applications because of their many unique properties. This contribution provides an overview of the MNPs mainly used in the field of amyloid diseases. The first part discusses their use in understanding the amyloid mechanisms of fibrillation, with emphasis on their ability to control aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins. The second part deals with the functionalization by various moieties of numerous MNPs’ surfaces (molecules, peptides, antibody fragments, or whole antibodies of MNPs) for the detection and the quantification of amyloid aggregates. The last part of this review focuses on the use of MNPs for magnetic-resonance-based amyloid imaging in biomedical fields, with particular attention to the application of gadolinium-based paramagnetic nanoparticles (AGuIX), which have been recently developed. Biocompatible AGuIX nanoparticles show favorable characteristics for in vivo use, such as nanometric and straightforward functionalization. Their properties have enabled their application in MRI. Here, we report that AGuIX nanoparticles grafted with the Pittsburgh compound B can actively target amyloid aggregates in the brain, beyond the blood–brain barrier, and remain the first step in observing amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Fan LY, Tzen KY, Chen YF, Chen TF, Lai YM, Yen RF, Huang YY, Shiue CY, Yang SY, Chiu MJ. The Relation Between Brain Amyloid Deposition, Cortical Atrophy, and Plasma Biomarkers in Amnesic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:175. [PMID: 29967578 PMCID: PMC6015901 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), while the role of brain amyloid deposition in the clinical manifestation or brain atrophy remains unresolved. We aimed to explore the relation between brain amyloid deposition, cortical thickness, and plasma biomarkers. Methods: We used 11C-Pittsburgh compound B-positron emission tomography to assay brain amyloid deposition, magnetic resonance imaging to estimate cortical thickness, and an immunomagnetic reduction assay to measure plasma biomarkers. We recruited 39 controls, 25 subjects with amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and 16 subjects with AD. PiB positivity (PiB+) was defined by the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the mean cortical SUVR from six predefined regions (1.0511 in this study). Results: All plasma biomarkers showed significant between-group differences. The plasma Aβ40 level was positively correlated with the mean cortical thickness of both the PiB+ and PiB- subjects. The plasma Aβ40 level of the subjects who were PiB+ was negatively correlated with brain amyloid deposition. In addition, the plasma tau level was negatively correlated with cortical thickness in both the PiB+ and PiB- subjects. Moreover, cortical thickness was negatively correlated with brain amyloid deposition in the PiB+ subjects. In addition, the cut-off point of plasma tau for differentiating between controls and AD was higher in the PiB- group than in the PiB+ group (37.5 versus 25.6 pg/ml, respectively). Lastly, ApoE4 increased the PiB+ rate in the aMCI and control groups. Conclusion: The contributions of brain amyloid deposition to cortical atrophy are spatially distinct. Plasma Aβ40 might be a protective indicator of less brain amyloid deposition and cortical atrophy. It takes more tau pathology to reach the same level of cognitive decline in subjects without brain amyloid deposition, and ApoE4 plays an early role in amyloid pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yun Fan
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yuan Tzen
- PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan.,Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Mei Lai
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruoh-Fang Yen
- PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yao Huang
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chyng-Yann Shiue
- PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,PET Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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30
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Khodadadian A, Hemmati-Dinarvand M, Kalantary-Charvadeh A, Ghobadi A, Mazaheri M. Candidate biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:699-704. [PMID: 29803930 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common diseases associated with neurodegenerative disorders. It affects 3% to 4% of the population over the age of 65 years. The neuropathological dominant symptoms of PD include the destruction of neurons in the substantia nigra, thus causing striatal dopamine deficiency and the presence of intracellular inclusions that contain aggregates of α‑synuclein. The premature form of PD is familial and is known as early onset PD (EOPD). It involves a small portion of patients with PD, displaying symptoms before the age of 60 years. Although individuals who are suffering from the EOPD may have genetic changes, the molecular mechanisms that differentiate between EOPD and late onset PD (LOPD) remain unclear. Owing to the complexity of discriminating between the different forms, treatment, and management of PD, the identification of biomarkers for early diagnosis seems necessary. For this purpose, many studies have been undertaken for the introduction of several biological molecules through various techniques as potential biomarkers. The main focus of these studies was on α-synuclein. However, there are other molecules that are potential biomarkers, such as microRNAs and peptoids. In this article, we tried to review some of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khodadadian
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohsen Hemmati-Dinarvand
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ashkan Kalantary-Charvadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Ghobadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahta Mazaheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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31
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Lin CH, Yang SY, Horng HE, Yang CC, Chieh JJ, Chen HH, Liu BH, Chiu MJ. Plasma Biomarkers Differentiate Parkinson's Disease From Atypical Parkinsonism Syndromes. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:123. [PMID: 29755341 PMCID: PMC5934438 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Parkinson’s disease (PD) has significant clinical overlaps with atypical parkinsonism syndromes (APS), which have a poorer treatment response and a more aggressive course than PD. We aimed to identify plasma biomarkers to differentiate PD from APS. Methods: Plasma samples (n = 204) were obtained from healthy controls and from patients with PD, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), or frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with parkinsonism (FTD-P) or without parkinsonism. We measured plasma levels of α-synuclein, total tau, p-Tau181, and amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) by immunomagnetic reduction-based immunoassay. Results: Plasma α-synuclein level was significantly increased in patients with PD and APS when compared with controls and FTD without parkinsonism (p < 0.01). Total tau and p-Tau181 were significantly increased in all disease groups compared to controls, especially in patients with FTD (p < 0.01). A multivariate and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that a cut-off value for Aβ42 multiplied by p-Tau181 for discriminating patients with FTD from patients with PD and APS was 92.66 (pg/ml)2, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.932. An α-synuclein cut-off of 0.1977 pg/ml could separate FTD-P from FTD without parkinsonism (AUC 0.947). In patients with predominant parkinsonism, an α-synuclein cut-off of 1.388 pg/ml differentiated patients with PD from those with APS (AUC 0.87). Conclusion: Our results suggest that integrated plasma biomarkers improve the differential diagnosis of PD from APS (PSP, CBD, DLB, and FTD-P).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Herng-Er Horng
- Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Technology, College of Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Jen-Jie Chieh
- Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Technology, College of Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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32
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Aarsland D, Rajkumar AP, Hye A. Novel evidence associates higher plasma α-synuclein levels and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:808. [PMID: 28607120 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-315821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Mental Health of Older Adults and Dementia Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anto P Rajkumar
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Mental Health of Older Adults and Dementia Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Abdul Hye
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation trust, London, UK
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33
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Lin CH, Yang SY, Horng HE, Yang CC, Chieh JJ, Chen HH, Liu BH, Chiu MJ. Plasma α-synuclein predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:818-824. [PMID: 28550072 PMCID: PMC5629933 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-314857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE α-Synuclein is critical to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Few studies examined the plasma levels of α-synuclein due to the exceptionally low level of α-synuclein in plasma compared with cerebrospinal fluid. We aimed to investigate plasma α-synuclein in patients with PD of different disease severity. METHODS There were total 114 participants, including 80 patients with PD and 34 controls, in the study. Participants received a complete evaluation of motor and non-motor symptoms, including cognitive function. We applied immunomagnetic reduction-based immunoassay to measure plasma levels of α-synuclein. RESULTS Plasma levels of α-synuclein were significantly higher in patients with PD compared with controls (median: 1.56 pg/mL, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.98 pg/mL vs 0.02 pg/mL, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.03 pg/mL; p<0.0001). Although there was a significant increase in plasma α-synuclein levels in PD patients with a higher Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) stage, there was no correlation with motor symptom severity, as assessed by Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III scores, after confounders (age, gender, and disease duration) were taken into account. However, plasma α-synuclein levels were significantly higher in PD patients with dementia (PDD) than in PD patients with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) or normal cognition (0.42 pg/mL, (95% CI 0.25 to 0.93) for PD with normal cognition; 1.29 pg/mL (95% CI 0.76 to 1.93) for PD-MCI and 4.09 pg/mL (95% CI 1.99 to 6.19) for PDD, p<0.01) and were negatively correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination scores (R2-adjusted=0.3004, p<0.001), even after confounder adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that plasma α-synuclein level correlates with cognitive decline but not motor severity in patients with PD. Plasma α-synuclein could serve as a surrogate biomarker for patients at risk of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsien Lin
- Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Herng-Er Horng
- Institute of Electro-optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Jen-Jie Chieh
- Institute of Electro-optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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34
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Yang SY, Chiu MJ, Chen TF, Horng HE. Detection of Plasma Biomarkers Using Immunomagnetic Reduction: A Promising Method for the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurol Ther 2017; 6:37-56. [PMID: 28733955 PMCID: PMC5520821 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-017-0075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. The development of assay technologies able to diagnose early-stage AD is important. Blood tests to detect biomarkers, such as amyloid and total Tau protein, are among the most promising diagnostic methods due to their low cost, low risk, and ease of operation. However, such biomarkers in blood occur at extremely low levels and are difficult to detect precisely. In the early 2000s, a highly sensitive assay technology, immunomagnetic reduction (IMR), was developed. IMR involves the use of antibody-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous solution. The concentrations of detected molecules are converted to reductions in the ac magnetic susceptibility of this reagent due to the association between the magnetic nanoparticles and molecules. To achieve ultra-high sensitivity, a high-Tc superconducting-quantum-interference-device (SQUID) ac magnetosusceptometer was designed and applied to detect the tiny reduction in the ac magnetic susceptibility of the reagent. Currently, a 36-channeled high-Tc SQUID-based ac magnetosusceptometer is available. Using the reagent and this analyzer, extremely low concentrations of amyloid and total Tau protein in human plasma could be detected. Further, the feasibility of identifying subjects in early-stage AD via assaying plasma amyloid and total Tau protein is demonstrated. The results show a diagnostic accuracy for prodromal AD higher than 80% and reveal the possibility of screening for early-stage AD using SQUID-based IMR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Herng-Er Horng
- Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
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35
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Abstract
Peptide antibodies, with their high specificities and affinities, are invaluable reagents for peptide and protein recognition in biological specimens. Depending on the application and the assay, in which the peptide antibody is to used, several factors influence successful antibody production, including peptide selection and antibody screening. Peptide antibodies have been used in clinical laboratory diagnostics with great success for decades, primarily because they can be produced to multiple targets, recognizing native wildtype proteins, denatured proteins, and newly generated epitopes. Especially mutation-specific peptide antibodies have become important as diagnostic tools in the detection of various cancers. In addition to their use as diagnostic tools in malignant and premalignant conditions, peptide antibodies are applied in all other areas of clinical laboratory diagnostics, including endocrinology, hematology, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and amyloidoses.
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36
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Wong CH, Chen CP, Chang CC, Chen CY. Bio-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for the immunoassay of fetal fibronectin: a feasibility study for the prediction of preterm birth. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42461. [PMID: 28198381 PMCID: PMC5309779 DOI: 10.1038/srep42461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is an important cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Various biomarkers in cervicovaginal secretions related to preterm birth have been investigated, of which foetal fibronectin (fFN) shows the greatest potential because of its high negative predictive value. The immunomagnetic reduction (IMR) assay has emerged as a novel quantitative method to detect biomarkers. In this prospective case-control study, we analysed 33 samples of cervicovaginal secretions from pregnant women between 22 and 34 weeks of gestation at high risk of preterm birth. Seventeen samples were from women with term deliveries and 16 from those with preterm deliveries. The fFN concentration in each sample was measured using both an IMR assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The low detection limits of the IMR assay and ELISA were 0.0001 ng/mL and 0.789 ng/mL, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the IMR assay were 0.833 and 0.944, respectively, compared to 0.583 and 0.611 by ELISA. Our results suggest that measuring the concentration of fFN with the IMR assay is a good alternative method to accurately predict the risk of preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chian-Huey Wong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chie-Pein Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Giacomelli C, Daniele S, Martini C. Potential biomarkers and novel pharmacological targets in protein aggregation-related neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 131:1-15. [PMID: 28159621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of specific proteins plays a pivotal role in the etiopathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). β-Amyloid (Aβ) peptide-containing plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated protein tau are the two main neuropathological lesions in Alzheimer's disease. Meanwhile, Parkinson's disease is defined by the presence of intraneuronal inclusions (Lewy bodies), in which α-synuclein (α-syn) has been identified as a major protein component. The current literature provides considerable insights into the mechanisms underlying oligomeric-related neurodegeneration, as well as the relationship between protein aggregation and ND, thus facilitating the development of novel putative biomarkers and/or pharmacological targets. Recently, α-syn, tau and Aβ have been shown to interact each other or with other "pathological proteins" to form toxic heteroaggregates. These latest findings are overcoming the concept that each neurodegenerative disease is related to the misfolding of a single specific protein. In this review, potential opportunities and pharmacological approaches targeting α-syn, tau and Aβ and their oligomeric forms are highlighted with examples from recent studies. Protein aggregation as a biomarker of NDs, in both the brain and peripheral fluids, is deeply explored. Finally, the relationship between biomarker establishment and assessment and their use as diagnostics or therapeutic targets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giacomelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Lin Z, Li Y, Guo M, Xu T, Wang C, Zhao M, Wang H, Chen T, Zhu B. The inhibition of H1N1 influenza virus-induced apoptosis by silver nanoparticles functionalized with zanamivir. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25010f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most effective drugs for influenza virus infection, clinical application of zanamivir is restricted with the emergence of resistant influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfang Lin
- Center Laboratory
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Center Laboratory
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Min Guo
- Center Laboratory
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Xu
- Center Laboratory
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Changbing Wang
- Center Laboratory
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Mingqi Zhao
- Center Laboratory
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- Wuhan Institute of Virology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Center Laboratory
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
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