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Juang TD, Riendeau J, Geiger PG, Datta R, Lares M, Yada RC, Singh AM, Seroogy CM, Gern JE, Skala MC, Beebe DJ, Kerr SC. Micro blood analysis technology (μBAT): multiplexed analysis of neutrophil phenotype and function from microliter whole blood samples. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:4198-4210. [PMID: 39104301 PMCID: PMC11335436 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00333k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
There is an ongoing need to do more with less and provide highly multiplexed analysis from limited sample volumes. Improved "sample sparing" assays would have a broad impact across pediatric and other rare sample type studies in addition to enabling sequential sampling. This capability would advance both clinical and basic research applications. Here we report the micro blood analysis technology (μBAT), a microfluidic platform that supports multiplexed analysis of neutrophils from a single drop of blood. We demonstrate the multiplexed orthogonal capabilities of μBAT including functional assays (phagocytosis, neutrophil extracellular traps, optical metabolic imaging) and molecular assays (gene expression, cytokine secretion). Importantly we validate our microscale platform using a macroscale benchmark assay. μBAT is compatible with lancet puncture or microdraw devices, and its design facilitates rapid operations without the need for specialized equipment. μBAT offers a new method for investigating neutrophil function in populations with restricted sample amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry D Juang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | | | - Peter G Geiger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rupsa Datta
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Marcos Lares
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ravi Chandra Yada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anne Marie Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christine M Seroogy
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Melissa C Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sheena C Kerr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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2
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Ponzini E, Astolfi G, Grandori R, Tavazzi S, Versura P. Development, Optimization, and Clinical Relevance of Lactoferrin Delivery Systems: A Focus on Ocular Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:804. [PMID: 38931931 PMCID: PMC11207246 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional protein found abundantly in secretions, including tears, plays a crucial role in ocular health through its antimicrobial, immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Advanced delivery systems are desirable to fully leverage its therapeutic potential in treating ocular diseases. The process of Lf quantification for diagnostic purposes underscores the importance of developing reliable, cost-effective detection methods, ranging from conventional techniques to advanced nano-based sensors. Despite the ease and non-invasiveness of topical administration for ocular surface diseases, challenges such as rapid drug elimination necessitate innovations, such as Lf-loaded contact lenses and biodegradable polymeric nanocapsules, to enhance drug stability and bioavailability. Furthermore, overcoming ocular barriers for the treatment of posterior segment disease calls for nano-formulations. The scope of this review is to underline the advancements in nanotechnology-based Lf delivery methods, emphasizing the pivotal role of multidisciplinary approaches and cross-field strategies in improving ocular drug delivery and achieving better therapeutic outcomes for a wide spectrum of eye conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ponzini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy
- COMiB Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Astolfi
- Ophthalmology Unit, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Palagi 9, I-40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (P.V.)
| | - Rita Grandori
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, I-20126 Milan, Italy;
- Institute for Advanced Simulations, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Silvia Tavazzi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy
- COMiB Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Piera Versura
- Ophthalmology Unit, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Palagi 9, I-40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (P.V.)
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Palagi 9, I-40138 Bologna, Italy
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3
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Flores-Hernandez DR, Leija Gutiérrez HM, Hernandez-Hernandez JA, Sánchez-Fernández JA, Bonilla-Rios J. Enhancing Solid-Phase Extraction of Tamoxifen and Its Metabolites from Human Plasma Using MOF-Integrated Polyacrylonitrile Composites: A Study on CuBTC and ZIF-8 Efficacy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:73. [PMID: 38202528 PMCID: PMC10780427 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates electrospun fibers of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), particularly CuBTC and ZIF-8, in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) for the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of Tamoxifen (TAM) and its metabolites (NDTAM, ENDO, and 4OHT) from human blood plasma. The focus is on the isolation, pre-concentration, and extraction of the analytes, aiming to provide a more accessible and affordable breast cancer patient-monitoring technology. The unique physicochemical properties of MOFs, such as high porosity and surface area, combined with PAN's stability and low density, are leveraged to improve SPE efficiency. The study meticulously examines the interactions of these MOFs with the analytes under various conditions, including elution solvents and protein precipitators. Results reveal that ZIF-8/PAN composites outperform CuBTC/PAN and PAN alone, especially when methanol is used as the protein precipitator. This superior performance is attributed to the physicochemical compatibility between the analytes' properties, like solubility and polarity, and the MOFs' structural features, including pore flexibility, active site availability, surface polarity, and surface area. The findings underscore MOFs' potential in SPE applications and provide valuable insights into the selectivity and sensitivity of different MOFs towards specific analytes, advancing more efficient targeted extraction methods in biomedical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo R. Flores-Hernandez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico;
| | - Héctor Manuel Leija Gutiérrez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, CICFM-FCFM. Av. Universidad S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66451, Mexico;
| | | | - José Antonio Sánchez-Fernández
- Procesos de Polimerización, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna No. 140, Saltillo 25294, Mexico
| | - Jaime Bonilla-Rios
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico;
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4
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Edwards M, Freitas DP, Hirtzel EA, White N, Wang H, Davidson LA, Chapkin RS, Sun Y, Yan X. Interfacial Electromigration for Analysis of Biofluid Lipids in Small Volumes. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18557-18563. [PMID: 38050376 PMCID: PMC10862378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are important biomarkers within the field of disease diagnostics and can serve as indicators of disease progression and predictors of treatment effectiveness. Although lipids can provide important insight into how diseases initiate and progress, mass spectrometric methods for lipid characterization and profiling are limited due to lipid structural diversity, particularly the presence of various lipid isomers. Moreover, the difficulty of handling small-volume samples exacerbates the intricacies of biological analyses. In this work, we have developed a strategy that electromigrates a thin film of a small-volume biological sample directly to the air-liquid interface formed at the tip of a theta capillary. Importantly, we seamlessly integrated in situ biological lipid extraction with accelerated chemical derivatization, enabled by the air-liquid interface, and conducted isomeric structural characterization within a unified platform utilizing theta capillary nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry, all tailored for small-volume sample analysis. We applied this unified platform to the analysis of lipids from small-volume human plasma and Alzheimer's disease mouse serum samples. Accelerated electro-epoxidation of unsaturated lipids at the interface allowed us to characterize lipid double-bond positional isomers. The unique application of electromigration of a thin film to the air-liquid interface in combination with accelerated interfacial reactions holds great potential in small-volume sample analysis for disease diagnosis and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison
E. Edwards
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Dallas P. Freitas
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Erin A. Hirtzel
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Nicholas White
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hongying Wang
- Department
of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, 373 Olsen Blvd, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Laurie A. Davidson
- Department
of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, 373 Olsen Blvd, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Department
of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, 373 Olsen Blvd, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department
of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, 373 Olsen Blvd, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Xin Yan
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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5
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Sánchez-Tirado E, Agüí L, González-Cortés A, Campuzano S, Yáñez-Sedeño P, Pingarrón JM. Electrochemical (Bio)Sensing Devices for Human-Microbiome-Related Biomarkers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:837. [PMID: 36679633 PMCID: PMC9864681 DOI: 10.3390/s23020837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of the human microbiome is a multidisciplinary area ranging from the field of technology to that of personalized medicine. The possibility of using microbiota biomarkers to improve the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases (e.g., cancer), health conditions (e.g., obesity) or relevant processes (e.g., aging) has raised great expectations, also in the field of bioelectroanalytical chemistry. The well-known advantages of electrochemical biosensors-high sensitivity, fast response, and the possibility of miniaturization, together with the potential for new nanomaterials to improve their design and performance-position them as unique tools to provide a better understanding of the entities of the human microbiome and raise the prospect of huge and important developments in the coming years. This review article compiles recent applications of electrochemical (bio)sensors for monitoring microbial metabolites and disease biomarkers related to different types of human microbiome, with a special focus on the gastrointestinal microbiome. Examples of electrochemical devices applied to real samples are critically discussed, as well as challenges to be faced and where future developments are expected to go.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Neyama D, Fakhruddin SMB, Inoue KY, Kurita H, Osana S, Miyamoto N, Tayama T, Chiba D, Watanabe M, Shiku H, Narita F. Batteryless wireless magnetostrictive Fe 30Co 70/Ni clad plate for human coronavirus 229E detection. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. A, PHYSICAL 2023; 349:114052. [PMID: 36447950 PMCID: PMC9686060 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2022.114052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been garnered increasing for its rapid worldwide spread. Each country had implemented city-wide lockdowns and immigration regulations to prevent the spread of the infection, resulting in severe economic consequences. Materials and technologies that monitor environmental conditions and wirelessly communicate such information to people are thus gaining considerable attention as a countermeasure. This study investigated the dynamic characteristics of batteryless magnetostrictive alloys for energy harvesting to detect human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E). Light and thin magnetostrictive Fe-Co/Ni clad plate with rectification, direct current (DC) voltage storage capacitor, and wireless information transmission circuits were developed for this purpose. The power consumption was reduced by improving the energy storage circuit, and the magnetostrictive clad plate under bending vibration stored a DC voltage of 1.9 V and wirelessly transmitted a signal to a personal computer once every 5 min and 10 s under bias magnetic fields of 0 and 10 mT, respectively. Then, on the clad plate surface, a novel CD13 biorecognition layer was immobilized using a self-assembled monolayer of -COOH groups, thus forming an amide bond with -NH2 groups for the detection of HCoV-229E. A bending vibration test demonstrated the resonance frequency changes because of HCoV-229E binding. The fluorescence signal demonstrated that HCoV-229E could be successfully detected. Thus, because HCoV-229E changed the dynamic characteristics of this plate, the CD13-modified magnetostrictive clad plate could detect HCoV-229E from the interval of wireless communication time. Therefore, a monitoring system that transmits/detects the presence of human coronavirus without batteries will be realized soon.
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Key Words
- AC, alternating current
- APS, aminopropyl silane
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CD13
- CTF, corrected total fluorescence
- DC, direct current
- EDC, 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide
- Energy harvesting
- Fluorescence microscopy
- HCoV, human coronavirus
- IC, integrated circuit
- IoT, Internet of things
- MES, 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid
- MUA, mercaptoundecanoic acid
- NHS, N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RC, rectifier circuit
- SAM, self-assembled monolayer
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
- Virrari effect
- Virus detection
- Wireless communications
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Neyama
- Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Siti Masturah Binti Fakhruddin
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kumi Y Inoue
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Center for Basic Education, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurita
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shion Osana
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoto Miyamoto
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsuyoki Tayama
- Advanced Material Division, Tohoku Steel Co. Ltd., Muratamachi, Shibatagun, Japan
| | - Daiki Chiba
- Advanced Material Division, Tohoku Steel Co. Ltd., Muratamachi, Shibatagun, Japan
| | - Masahito Watanabe
- Research and Development Department, Tohoku Steel Co. Ltd., Muratamachi, Shibatagun, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumio Narita
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Schardein JN, Fendereski K, Hotaling JM. Evolution of the basic semen analysis and processing sperm. Curr Opin Urol 2023; 33:16-23. [PMID: 36226727 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000001054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The sixth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen was recently published with specific step-by-step instructions for semen evaluation and sperm processing. Point-of-care (POC) testing for semen evaluation and microfluidics for sperm processing are rapidly evolving technologies that could impact how we evaluate and process sperm. Understanding the updated manual in the context of these novel technologies is important. RECENT FINDINGS Proper standardization of semen evaluation and sperm processing will allow for consistent high-quality results among laboratories worldwide. POC testing could improve access to semen evaluations that generate referrals to male infertility specialists for further assessment. Microfluidics can select functional sperm with decreased DNA fragmentation in semen and testicular biopsy samples for assisted reproductive technology (ART). Clinical outcomes, such as pregnancy rates and live birth rates, have not been shown to be consistently improved with these technologies compared to conventional techniques, although high level evidence research in this area is limited. SUMMARY POC testing and microfluidics have the potential to be combined with machine learning technologies to improve fertility care. If these technologies are appropriately optimized, they could change how we evaluate and process sperm, and potentially lead to improved ART outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Schardein
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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8
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Limongi T, Susa F. An Opinion on How Nanobiotechnology is Assisting Humankind to Overcome the Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:916165. [PMID: 35769099 PMCID: PMC9234451 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.916165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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Utility of urinary cytokine levels as predictors of the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of AS01-adjuvanted hepatitis B vaccine in healthy adults. Vaccine 2022; 40:2714-2722. [PMID: 35367070 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cytokines are useful indicators of the inflammatory response to vaccination, and can serve as potential biomarkers of the systemic reactogenicity and immunogenicity of vaccines. Measurement of cytokines in urine may represent a non-invasive alternative to the blood-based markers. To evaluate whether urinary cytokine levels can help predict vaccine responses to an AS01B-adjuvanted vaccine, we measured concentrations of 24 cytokines in the urine from 30 hepatitis B virus (HBV)-naïve adults following administration of AS01B-adjuvanted HBV surface antigen vaccine (NCT01777295). Levels post-dose 2 were compared with the levels measured following a single placebo (saline) injection, which was administered 1 month before the first vaccination in the same participants. Urine was collected at eight timepoints before or up to 1 week following each treatment. Urinary concentrations were normalized to creatinine levels, and paired with previously reported, participant-matched plasma levels, local and systemic reactogenicity scores, and antibody response magnitudes. Of the urine cytokine panel, only few analytes were detectable: IL-8, IL-18 and IL-6 receptor, each showing no clear changes after vaccination as compared to placebo administration, and MCP-1 (CCL2) and IP-10 (CXCL10), which displayed in most participants transient surges post-vaccination. Urine levels did not correlate with the matched plasma levels. Interestingly, urinary IP-10 levels at 1 day post-second vaccination were significantly correlated (P = 0.023) with the concurrent intensity scores of systemic reactogenicity, though not with the local reactogenicity scores or peak antibody responses. No significant correlations were detected for MCP-1. Altogether, most urinary cytokines have limited utility as a proxy for plasma cytokines to help predict the inflammatory response, the immunogenicity or the reactogenicity of AS01B-adjuvanted vaccine, with the possible exception of IP-10. The utility of urinary IP-10 as a potential complementary biomarker of systemic vaccine reactogenicity needs substantiation in larger studies.
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10
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Lv Z, Yang YX, Li J, Fei Y, Guo H, Sun Z, Lu J, Xu X, Jiang Q, Ikegawa S, Shi D. Molecular Classification of Knee Osteoarthritis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:725568. [PMID: 34513847 PMCID: PMC8429960 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.725568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is the most common form of joint degeneration with increasing prevalence and incidence in recent decades. KOA is a molecular disorder characterized by the interplay of numerous molecules, a considerable number of which can be detected in body fluids, including synovial fluid, urine, and blood. However, the current diagnosis and treatment of KOA mainly rely on clinical and imaging manifestations, neglecting its molecular pathophysiology. The mismatch between participants' molecular characteristics and drug therapeutic mechanisms might explain the failure of some disease-modifying drugs in clinical trials. Hence, according to the temporal alteration of representative molecules, we propose a novel molecular classification of KOA divided into pre-KOA, early KOA, progressive KOA, and end-stage KOA. Then, progressive KOA is furtherly divided into four subtypes as cartilage degradation-driven, bone remodeling-driven, inflammation-driven, and pain-driven subtype, based on the major pathophysiology in patient clusters. Multiple clinical findings of representatively investigated molecules in recent years will be reviewed and categorized. This molecular classification allows for the prediction of high-risk KOA individuals, the diagnosis of early KOA patients, the assessment of therapeutic efficacy, and in particular, the selection of homogenous patients who may benefit most from the appropriate therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yannick Xiaofan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxiang Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingquan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS, RIKEN), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dongquan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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