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D’Avenio G, Daniele C, Grigioni M. Nanostructured Medical Devices: Regulatory Perspective and Current Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1787. [PMID: 38673144 PMCID: PMC11051465 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) are having a huge impact in several domains, including the fabrication of medical devices (MDs). Hence, nanostructured MDs are becoming quite common; nevertheless, the associated risks must be carefully considered in order to demonstrate safety prior to their immission on the market. The biological effect of NMs requires the consideration of methodological issues since already established methods for, e.g., cytotoxicity can be subject to a loss of accuracy in the presence of certain NMs. The need for oversight of MDs containing NMs is reflected by the European Regulation 2017/745 on MDs, which states that MDs incorporating or consisting of NMs are in class III, at highest risk, unless the NM is encapsulated or bound in such a manner that the potential for its internal exposure is low or negligible (Rule 19). This study addresses the role of NMs in medical devices, highlighting the current applications and considering the regulatory requirements of such products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D’Avenio
- National Centre for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.D.); (M.G.)
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Hülsmann J, Lindemann H, Wegener J, Kühne M, Godmann M, Koschella A, Coldewey SM, Heinze T, Heinzel T. Dually Modified Cellulose as a Non-Viral Vector for the Delivery and Uptake of HDAC3 siRNA. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2659. [PMID: 38140000 PMCID: PMC10747125 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference can be applied to different target genes for treating a variety of diseases, but an appropriate delivery system is necessary to ensure the transport of intact siRNAs to the site of action. In this study, cellulose was dually modified to create a non-viral vector for HDAC3 short interfering RNA (siRNA) transfer into cells. A guanidinium group introduced positive charges into the cellulose to allow complexation of negatively charged genetic material. Furthermore, a biotin group fixed by a polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer was attached to the polymer to allow, if required, the binding of targeting ligands. The resulting polyplexes with HDAC3 siRNA had a size below 200 nm and a positive zeta potential of up to 15 mV. For N/P ratio 2 and higher, the polymer could efficiently complex siRNA. Nanoparticles, based on this dually modified derivative, revealed a low cytotoxicity. Only minor effects on the endothelial barrier integrity and a transfection efficiency in HEK293 cells higher than Lipofectamine 2000TM were found. The uptake and release of the polyplexes were confirmed by immunofluorescence imaging. This study indicates that the modified biopolymer is an auspicious biocompatible non-viral vector with biotin as a promising moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Hülsmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Henry Lindemann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (H.L.); (A.K.); (T.H.)
| | - Jamila Wegener
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (J.W.); (S.M.C.)
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Marie Kühne
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Maren Godmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Andreas Koschella
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (H.L.); (A.K.); (T.H.)
| | - Sina M. Coldewey
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (J.W.); (S.M.C.)
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Heinze
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (H.L.); (A.K.); (T.H.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Toscano F, Torres-Arias M. Nanoparticles cellular uptake, trafficking, activation, toxicity and in vitro evaluation. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 4:100073. [PMID: 38020531 PMCID: PMC10663637 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2023.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) physicochemical properties, such as size, shape, surface chemistry, charge, etc., play a critical role in biological systems interactions, which include NPs' cellular uptake, trafficking, activation, and toxicity. Although nano-bio interactions are multifaceted and complex, their assessment is essential for future therapeutic and diagnostic use since being carriers that deliver specific molecules (i.e., active pharmaceutical ingredients and imaging agents) in intracellular sites. The journey of NPs begins by reaching the plasma membrane and entering the cell mainly through endocytosis. After vesicles pinch off the cell membrane, the intracellular trafficking is mediated by a network of cellular endosomes which direct NPs to the different cellular components. Otherwise, NPs or their contents are released into the cytoplasm. In both cases, NPs can pass undetected or be recognized by the cell leading to a pro or anti-inflammatory response. Indeed, the cell response mostly depends on cell type and NPs physicochemical properties. The principal mechanism by which NPs activate the cell response is RONS production. Other mechanism includes signaling pathways modulation related to metabolic and enzymatic reactions, cell transduction, and immune modulation. Hence, the underlying mechanisms of cellular and subcellular interactions in vitro should be performed to provide insights into NPs' effect. This information helps us to improve their synthesis and design to maximize the clinical benefits while minimizing side effects. Most in vitro tests to evaluate NPs' effect in cells were developed focusing on cell dysfunctions, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, immunogenicity, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Toscano
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, GISAH, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Marbel Torres-Arias
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, GISAH, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
- Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Av. Gral. Rumiñahui s/n, P.O. Box 171-5-231B, Sangolquí, Ecuador
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Bozzuto G, Colone M, Toccacieli L, Molinari A, Calcabrini A, Stringaro A. Interaction of Drug-Sensitive and -Resistant Human Melanoma Cells with HUVEC Cells: A Label-Free Cell-Based Impedance Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1544. [PMID: 37371639 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell extravasation is a crucial step in cancer metastasis. However, many of the mechanisms involved in this process are only now being elucidated. Thus, in the present study we analysed the trans-endothelial invasion of melanoma cells by a high throughput label-free cell impedance assay applied to transwell chamber invasion assay. This technique monitors and quantifies in real-time the invasion of endothelial cells by malignant tumour cells, for a long time, avoiding artefacts due to preparation of the end point measurements. Results obtained by impedance analysis were compared with endpoint measurements. In this study, we used human melanoma M14 wild type (WT) cells and their drug resistant counterparts, M14 multidrug resistant (ADR) melanoma cells, selected by prolonged exposure to doxorubicin (DOX). Tumour cells were co-cultured with monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Results herein reported demonstrated that: (i) the trans-endothelial migration of resistant melanoma cells was faster than sensitive ones; (ii) the endothelial cells appeared to be strongly affected by the transmigration of melanoma cells which showed the ability to degrade their cytoplasm; (iii) resistant cells preferentially adopted the transcellular invasion vs. the paracellular one; (iv) the endothelial damage mediated by tumour metalloproteinases seemed to be reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Bozzuto
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marisa Colone
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Toccacieli
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Molinari
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Annarica Calcabrini
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Annarita Stringaro
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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