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Kumari K, Sharma PK, Singh RP. Unraveling the Virulence Factors and Secreted Proteins of an Environmental Isolate Enterobacter sp. S-16. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:88. [PMID: 36719538 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Enterobacter genus include many pathogenic microbes of humans and plants, secrete proteins that contribute to the interactions of bacteria and their environment. Therefore, understanding of secreted proteins is vital to understand bacterial physiology and behavior. Here, we explored the secretome of an environmental isolate Enterobacter sp. S-16 by nanoLC-MS/MS and identified 572 proteins in the culture supernatant. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that proteins were related to biological processes, molecular as well as cellular functions. The majority of the identified proteins are involved in microbial metabolism, chemotaxis & motility, flagellar hook-associated proteins, biosynthesis of antibiotics, and molecular chaperones to assist the protein folding. Bioinformatics analysis of the secretome revealed the presence of type I and type VI secretion system proteins. Presence of these diverse secretion system proteins in Enterobacter sp. S-16 are likely to be involved in the transport of various proteins including nutrient acquisition, adhesion, colonization, and homeostasis maintenance. Among the secreted bacterial proteins with industrial importance, lignocellulolytic enzymes play a major role, therefore, we analyzed our secretome results for any presence of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and other hydrolytic enzymes (CAZymes). Overall, the secreted proteins may be considered an attractive reservoir of potential antigens for drug development, diagnostic markers, and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumari
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, BIT Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Parva Kumar Sharma
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Rajnish Prakash Singh
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, BIT Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India.
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Wildi K, Bouquet M, Ainola C, Livingstone S, Colombo SM, Heinsar S, Sato N, Sato K, Wilson E, Abbate G, Passmore MR, Hyslop K, Liu K, Li Bassi G, Suen JY, Fraser JF. Differential Protein Expression among Two Different Ovine ARDS Phenotypes-A Preclinical Randomized Study. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070655. [PMID: 35888779 PMCID: PMC9319228 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of comprehensive research, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) remains a disease with high mortality and morbidity worldwide. The discovery of inflammatory subphenotypes in human ARDS provides a new approach to study the disease. In two different ovine ARDS lung injury models, one induced by additional endotoxin infusion (phenotype 2), mimicking some key features as described in the human hyperinflammatory group, we aim to describe protein expression among the two different ovine models. Nine animals on mechanical ventilation were included in this study and were randomized into (a) phenotype 1, n = 5 (Ph1) and (b) phenotype 2, n = 4 (Ph2). Plasma was collected at baseline, 2, 6, 12, and 24 h. After protein extraction, data-independent SWATH-MS was applied to inspect protein abundance at baseline, 2, 6, 12, and 24 h. Cluster analysis revealed protein patterns emerging over the study observation time, more pronounced by the factor of time than different injury models of ARDS. A protein signature consisting of 33 proteins differentiated among Ph1/2 with high diagnostic accuracy. Applying network analysis, proteins involved in the inflammatory and defense response, complement and coagulation cascade, oxygen binding, and regulation of lipid metabolism were activated over time. Five proteins, namely LUM, CA2, KNG1, AGT, and IGJ, were more expressed in Ph2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wildi
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia; (M.B.); (C.A.); (S.L.); (S.M.C.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (E.W.); (G.A.); (M.R.P.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (G.L.B.); (J.Y.S.); (J.F.F.)
- Medical Faculty, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4067, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Mahe Bouquet
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia; (M.B.); (C.A.); (S.L.); (S.M.C.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (E.W.); (G.A.); (M.R.P.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (G.L.B.); (J.Y.S.); (J.F.F.)
- Medical Faculty, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4067, Australia
| | - Carmen Ainola
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia; (M.B.); (C.A.); (S.L.); (S.M.C.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (E.W.); (G.A.); (M.R.P.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (G.L.B.); (J.Y.S.); (J.F.F.)
- Medical Faculty, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4067, Australia
| | - Samantha Livingstone
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia; (M.B.); (C.A.); (S.L.); (S.M.C.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (E.W.); (G.A.); (M.R.P.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (G.L.B.); (J.Y.S.); (J.F.F.)
- Medical Faculty, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4067, Australia
| | - Sebastiano Maria Colombo
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia; (M.B.); (C.A.); (S.L.); (S.M.C.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (E.W.); (G.A.); (M.R.P.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (G.L.B.); (J.Y.S.); (J.F.F.)
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Silver Heinsar
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia; (M.B.); (C.A.); (S.L.); (S.M.C.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (E.W.); (G.A.); (M.R.P.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (G.L.B.); (J.Y.S.); (J.F.F.)
- Medical Faculty, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4067, Australia
| | - Noriko Sato
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia; (M.B.); (C.A.); (S.L.); (S.M.C.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (E.W.); (G.A.); (M.R.P.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (G.L.B.); (J.Y.S.); (J.F.F.)
| | - Kei Sato
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia; (M.B.); (C.A.); (S.L.); (S.M.C.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (E.W.); (G.A.); (M.R.P.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (G.L.B.); (J.Y.S.); (J.F.F.)
- Medical Faculty, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4067, Australia
| | - Emily Wilson
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia; (M.B.); (C.A.); (S.L.); (S.M.C.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (E.W.); (G.A.); (M.R.P.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (G.L.B.); (J.Y.S.); (J.F.F.)
- Medical Faculty, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4067, Australia
| | - Gabriella Abbate
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia; (M.B.); (C.A.); (S.L.); (S.M.C.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (E.W.); (G.A.); (M.R.P.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (G.L.B.); (J.Y.S.); (J.F.F.)
- Medical Faculty, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4067, Australia
| | - Margaret R. Passmore
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia; (M.B.); (C.A.); (S.L.); (S.M.C.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (E.W.); (G.A.); (M.R.P.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (G.L.B.); (J.Y.S.); (J.F.F.)
- Medical Faculty, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4067, Australia
| | - Kieran Hyslop
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia; (M.B.); (C.A.); (S.L.); (S.M.C.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (E.W.); (G.A.); (M.R.P.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (G.L.B.); (J.Y.S.); (J.F.F.)
- Medical Faculty, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4067, Australia
| | - Keibun Liu
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia; (M.B.); (C.A.); (S.L.); (S.M.C.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (E.W.); (G.A.); (M.R.P.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (G.L.B.); (J.Y.S.); (J.F.F.)
| | - Gianluigi Li Bassi
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia; (M.B.); (C.A.); (S.L.); (S.M.C.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (E.W.); (G.A.); (M.R.P.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (G.L.B.); (J.Y.S.); (J.F.F.)
- Medical Faculty, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4067, Australia
- Medical Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Australia
- Uniting Care Hospitals, St Andrews War Memorial and The Wesley Intensive Care Units, Brisbane 4001, Australia
| | - Jacky Y. Suen
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia; (M.B.); (C.A.); (S.L.); (S.M.C.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (E.W.); (G.A.); (M.R.P.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (G.L.B.); (J.Y.S.); (J.F.F.)
- Medical Faculty, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4067, Australia
| | - John F. Fraser
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4032, Australia; (M.B.); (C.A.); (S.L.); (S.M.C.); (S.H.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (E.W.); (G.A.); (M.R.P.); (K.H.); (K.L.); (G.L.B.); (J.Y.S.); (J.F.F.)
- Medical Faculty, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4067, Australia
- Uniting Care Hospitals, St Andrews War Memorial and The Wesley Intensive Care Units, Brisbane 4001, Australia
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Self RA, Harrison MD, Te'o VS, Van Sluyter S. Development of simple, scalable protease production from Botrytis cinerea. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2219-2233. [PMID: 35171338 PMCID: PMC8930891 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Heat haze-forming proteins are stable during winemaking and are typically removed via adsorption to bentonite. Proteolytic degradation is an alternative method to prevent wine-haze and offers the opportunity to reduce the environmental impacts and labor cost of the process. Herein, we describe the development of a production system for Botrytis cinerea proteases for the enzymatic degradation of heat haze-forming proteins. The effect of culture medium on the secretion of glucan by B. cinerea was investigated and methods to inactivate B. cinerea laccase in liquid culture medium were assessed. Protease production by B. cinerea was scaled up from 50 mL in shake flasks to 1 L in bioreactors, resulting in an increase in protease yield from 0.30 to 3.04 g L−1. Glucan secretion by B. cinerea was minimal in culture medium containing lactose as a carbon source and either lactic or sulfuric acid for pH control. B. cinerea laccases were inactivated by reducing the pH of culture supernatant to 1.5 for 1 h. B. cinerea proteases were concentrated and partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation. SWATH-MS identified aspartic acid protease BcAP8 amongst the precipitated proteins. These results demonstrate a simple, affordable, and scalable process to produce proteases from B. cinerea as a replacement for bentonite in winemaking. Key points • Isolates of B. cinerea that produce proteases with potential for reducing wine heat-haze forming proteins were identified. • Media and fermentation optimization increased protease yield tenfold and reduced glucan secretion. • Low pH treatment inactivated laccases but not proteases. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-11817-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Self
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia. .,School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
| | - Mark D Harrison
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Valentino S Te'o
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Steve Van Sluyter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Schalich KM, Herren AW, Selvaraj V. Analysis of differential strategies to enhance detection of low-abundance proteins in the bovine serum proteome. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13388. [PMID: 32578273 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Serum-based biomarkers hold propitious applications for addressing livestock health, and management. However, discovery of protein biomarkers in complex biological fluids like serum is wholly intractable due to the large dynamic range of protein concentrations; that is, ˜10-12 high abundance proteins constitute >90% of the total protein content and effectively mask proteomic detection of low-abundance biomarkers. Toward addressing this limitation, we test a continuous elution size-based fractionation method, and two approaches that use affinity interaction-based separation of proteins in preparing bovine serum, and compare liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry protein identification to neat serum. Our results identify the high-abundance proteins in bovine serum, and demonstrate dynamic range compression and improved protein identification with the different enrichment methods. Although these findings indicate the highest protein number identified in bovine serum (445 proteins, all methods combined), and by any single sample processing method (312 proteins) to date, they still remain lower than levels deemed necessary for biomarker discovery. As such, this investigation revealed limitations to resolving the bovine serum proteome, and the need for species-specific tools for immunodepleting high-abundance proteins. In concert, this study represents a step toward advancing sample preparation methods for bovine serum biomarker identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey M Schalich
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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5
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Peiro JL, Oria M, Aydin E, Joshi R, Cabanas N, Schmidt R, Schroeder C, Marotta M, Varisco BM. Proteomic profiling of tracheal fluid in an ovine model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and fetal tracheal occlusion. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L1028-L1041. [PMID: 30260286 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00148.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) occurs in ~1:2,000 pregnancies and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Fetal tracheal occlusion (TO) is an emerging therapy that improves lung growth and reduces mortality, although substantial respiratory compromise persists in survivors. In this study, we used tracheal fluid in a fetal sheep model of CDH with TO for proteomic analysis with subsequent validation of findings in sheep lung tissue. We found that the proteomic profiles of CDH tracheal fluid was most similar to control lung and CDH/TO lung most similar to TO lung. Among 118 proteins altered in CDH, only 11 were reciprocally regulated in CDH/TO. The most significantly altered pathways and processes were cell proliferation, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, inflammation, and microtubule dynamics. CDH suppressed and TO promoted cell proliferation and AKT-related signaling cascades. By Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, epithelial PCNA and phosphorylated AKT were decreased in CDH and increased in TO and CDH/TO lungs. The Wnt target Axin2 was decreased threefold in CDH lung compared with control without a significant increase in CDH/TO lung. Cilia-related pathways were among the most dysregulated with CDH lung having a nearly twofold increase in acetylated α-tubulin and a relative increase in the number of ciliated cells. While TO improves lung growth and patient survival in CDH, the procedure substantially alters many processes important in lung development and cell differentiation. Further elucidation of these changes will be critical to improving lung health in infants with CDH treated with TO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Peiro
- The Center for Fetal, Cellular, and Molecular Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio.,University of Cincinnati School of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marc Oria
- The Center for Fetal, Cellular, and Molecular Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Emrah Aydin
- Department of Surgery, Koc University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Rashika Joshi
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nichole Cabanas
- University of Puerto Rico , Aguadilla, Puerto Rico.,Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | | | - Mario Marotta
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Brian M Varisco
- University of Cincinnati School of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
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Washington EA, Barber SR, Murray CM, Davies HMS, Kimpton WG, Yen HH. Lymphatic cannulation models in sheep: Recent advances for immunological and biomedical research. J Immunol Methods 2018; 457:6-14. [PMID: 29625076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic cannulation models are useful tools for studying the immunobiology of the lymphatic system and the immunopathology of specific tissues in diseases. Sheep cannulations have been used extensively, as models for human physiology, fetal and neonatal development, human diseases, and for studies of ruminant pathobiology. The development of new and improved cannulation techniques in recent years has meant that difficult to access sites, such as mucosal associated tissues, are now more readily available to researchers. This review highlights the new approaches to cannulation and how these, in combination with advanced omics technologies, will direct future research using the sheep model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Washington
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stuart R Barber
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christina M Murray
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helen M S Davies
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wayne G Kimpton
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hung-Hsun Yen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia..
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Proffitt JM, Glenn J, Cesnik AJ, Jadhav A, Shortreed MR, Smith LM, Kavanagh K, Cox LA, Olivier M. Proteomics in non-human primates: utilizing RNA-Seq data to improve protein identification by mass spectrometry in vervet monkeys. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:877. [PMID: 29132314 PMCID: PMC5683380 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Shotgun proteomics utilizes a database search strategy to compare detected mass spectra to a library of theoretical spectra derived from reference genome information. As such, the robustness of proteomics results is contingent upon the completeness and accuracy of the gene annotation in the reference genome. For animal models of disease where genomic annotation is incomplete, such as non-human primates, proteogenomic methods can improve the detection of proteins by incorporating transcriptional data from RNA-Seq to improve proteomics search databases used for peptide spectral matching. Customized search databases derived from RNA-Seq data are capable of identifying unannotated genetic and splice variants while simultaneously reducing the number of comparisons to only those transcripts actively expressed in the tissue. Results We collected RNA-Seq and proteomic data from 10 vervet monkey liver samples and used the RNA-Seq data to curate sample-specific search databases which were analyzed in the program Morpheus. We compared these results against those from a search database generated from the reference vervet genome. A total of 284 previously unannotated splice junctions were predicted by the RNA-Seq data, 92 of which were confirmed by peptide spectral matches. More than half (53/92) of these unannotated splice variants had orthologs in other non-human primates, suggesting that failure to match these peptides in the reference analyses likely arose from incomplete gene model information. The sample-specific databases also identified 101 unique peptides containing single amino acid substitutions which were missed by the reference database. Because the sample-specific searches were restricted to actively expressed transcripts, the search databases were smaller, more computationally efficient, and identified more peptides at the empirically derived 1 % false discovery rate. Conclusion Proteogenomic approaches are ideally suited to facilitate the discovery and annotation of proteins in less widely studies animal models such as non-human primates. We expect that these approaches will help to improve existing genome annotations of non-human primate species such as vervet. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-4279-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Proffitt
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jeremy Glenn
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Anthony J Cesnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Avinash Jadhav
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Current address: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, NRC Building, G-55, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
| | | | - Lloyd M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kylie Kavanagh
- Department of Pathology and Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura A Cox
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Olivier
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA. .,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA. .,Current address: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, NRC Building, G-55, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA.
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