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Wang T, Lin B, Cai B, Cao Z, Liang C, Wu S, Xu E, Li L, Peng H, Liu H. Integrative pan-cancer analysis reveals the prognostic and immunotherapeutic value of ALKBH7 in HNSC. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:205981. [PMID: 39400540 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
The AlkB homolog 7 (ALKBH7) is a nonheme iron (II) α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily member, which may affect the progression of several types of human cancer. However, the biological effect, especially the immune-related effect, of ALKBH7 in HNSC remains unclear. Herein, several databases were employed at first to assess the different expression of ALKBH7 as well as their relationship to the prognosis, RNA modification, DNA methylation modulation, immune microenvironment and chemotherapeutic responses of various types of cancers. We found that ALKBH7 was expressed differentially in pan-cancer, and correlated with a satisfied prognosis especially in HNSC. The expression of ALKBH7 was also associated with the level of immune cell infiltration, TMB, MSI, HRD, MMR deficiency, and DNA methyltransferases in a wide variety of cancers, which might be potentially related to the responses against chemotherapeutic agents. Next, the role of ALKBH7 in HNSC was further investigated. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis in HNSC patients from the NMU cohort showed the reduced ALKBH7 expression level in tumor tissues. In vitro experiments of cell migration, invasion, and proliferation showed a potential protective effect of ALKBH7 in HNSC. Collectively, ALKBH7 might play a protective role in the development and progression of multiple cancers by affecting the metabolism and immune cell infiltration, especially HNSC, which could be a potential biomarker to predict prognosis and chemotherapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Bojian Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
- Department of Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Boyu Cai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwen Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Caiquan Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Shunyu Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Enhong Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Hu Peng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Huanhai Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
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Su Y, Zhang Y, Zhou M, Zhang R, Chen S, Zhang L, Wang H, Zhang D, Zhang T, Li X, Zhang C, Wang B, Yuan S, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Cao L, Zhang M, Luo J. Genetic alterations in juvenile cervical clear cell adenocarcinoma unrelated to human papillomavirus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1211888. [PMID: 37654657 PMCID: PMC10466801 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1211888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix (CCAC) is a special type of HPV-independent cervical cancer. It has a low incidence rate, can be difficult to diagnose early, has a poor prognosis. Its peak incidence is in adolescence, which poses a great threat to women's health. Therefore, it is very important to explore the pathogenesis of cervical clear cell adenocarcinoma to guide subsequent treatment and prevention. This study analyzed 3 juvenile patients with CCAC diagnosed at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Using next-generation sequencing methods, we analyzed the pathogenesis of the patients and their close relatives by analyzing the genetic alterations of patients. CMTM5 was identified as the only shared mutated gene. Using published literature and comparative analyses of related disease-causing genes, 6 of the 19 genes (ALKBH7, MYCBP, MZF1, RNF207, RRS1, and TUSC2) were screened as genes with mutations in patients and had higher mutation rates in reproductive cancers. Pathway analysis showed that downregulated genes in non-HPV cervical cancer were mainly related to the immune system response, suggesting that non-HPV cervical cancer differs from HPV-infected cervical cancer in that the immune response is weaker, which is consistent with the weak correlation with viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehui Su
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjiao Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruijin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siang Chen
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinqiang Li
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuyu Yuan
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengzhuo Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lili Cao
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengzhen Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Luo
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Li Q, Zhu Q. The role of demethylase AlkB homologs in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1153463. [PMID: 37007161 PMCID: PMC10060643 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1153463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The AlkB family (ALKBH1-8 and FTO), a member of the Fe (II)- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, has shown the ability to catalyze the demethylation of a variety of substrates, including DNA, RNA, and histones. Methylation is one of the natural organisms’ most prevalent forms of epigenetic modifications. Methylation and demethylation processes on genetic material regulate gene transcription and expression. A wide variety of enzymes are involved in these processes. The methylation levels of DNA, RNA, and histones are highly conserved. Stable methylation levels at different stages can coordinate the regulation of gene expression, DNA repair, and DNA replication. Dynamic methylation changes are essential for the abilities of cell growth, differentiation, and division. In some malignancies, the methylation of DNA, RNA, and histones is frequently altered. To date, nine AlkB homologs as demethylases have been identified in numerous cancers’ biological processes. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in the research of the structures, enzymatic activities, and substrates of the AlkB homologs and the role of these nine homologs as demethylases in cancer genesis, progression, metastasis, and invasion. We provide some new directions for the AlkB homologs in cancer research. In addition, the AlkB family is expected to be a new target for tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qingsan Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Qingsan Zhu,
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Huang Y, Luo W, Chen S, Su H, Zhu W, Wei Y, Qiu Y, Long Y, Shi Y, Wei J. Association of a Novel DOCK2 Mutation-Related Gene Signature With Immune in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:872224. [PMID: 35620462 PMCID: PMC9127407 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.872224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many studies have shown that dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2) has a crucial role as a prognostic factor in various cancers. However, the potentiality of DOCK2 in the diagnosis of HCC has not been fully elucidated. In this work, we aimed to investigate the prognostic role of DOCK2 mutation in HCC. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) cohorts were utilized to identify the mutation frequency of DOCK2. Then, univariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, random forest (RF), and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed to develop the risk score that was significantly related to DOCK2 mutation. Moreover, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA), and immune correlation analysis were conducted for an in-depth study of the biological process of DOCK2 mutation involved in HCC. The results revealed that the mutation frequency of DOCK2 was relatively higher than that in non-cancer control subjects, and patients with DOCK2 mutations had a low survival rate and a poor prognosis compared with the DOCK2-wild group. In addition, the secretin receptor (SCTR), tetratricopeptide repeat, ankyrin repeat and coiled-coil domain-containing 1 (TANC1), Alkb homolog 7 (ALKBH7), FRAS1-related extracellular matrix 2 (FREM2), and G protein subunit gamma 4 (GNG4) were found to be the most relevant prognostic genes of DOCK2 mutation, and the risk score based on the five genes played an excellent role in predicting the status of survival, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI) in DOCK2 mutant patients. In addition, DOCK2 mutation and the risk score were closely related to immune responses. In conclusion, the present study identifies a novel prognostic signature in light of DOCK2 mutation-related genes that shows great prognostic value in HCC patients; and this gene mutation might promote tumor progression by influencing immune responses. These data may provide valuable insights for future investigations into personalized forecasting methods and also shed light on stratified precision oncology treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushen Huang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Siyun Chen
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hongmei Su
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wuchang Zhu
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yan Long
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanxia Shi
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinbin Wei
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Chen K, Shen D, Tan L, Lai D, Han Y, Gu Y, Lu C, Gu X. A Pan-Cancer Analysis Reveals the Prognostic and Immunotherapeutic Value of ALKBH7. Front Genet 2022; 13:822261. [PMID: 35222541 PMCID: PMC8873580 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.822261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified a role for ALKBH7 in the occurrence and progression of cancer, and this protein is related to cellular immunity and immune cell infiltration. However, the prognostic and immunotherapeutic value of ALKBH7 in different cancers have not been explored. In this study, we observed high ALKBH7 expression in 17 cancers and low expression in 5 cancers compared to paired normal tissues. Although ALKBH7 expression did not correlate relatively significantly with the clinical parameters of age (6/33), sex (3/33) and stage (3/27) in the cancers studied, the results of the survival analysis reflect the pan-cancer prognostic value of ALKBH7. In addition, ALKBH7 expression was significantly correlated with the TMB (7/33), MSI (13/33), mDNAsi (12/33) and mRNAsi (13/33) in human cancers. Moreover, ALKBH7 expression was associated and predominantly negatively correlated with the expression of immune checkpoint (ICP) genes in many cancers. Furthermore, ALKBH7 correlated with infiltrating immune cells and ESTIMATE scores, especially in PAAD, PRAD and THCA. Finally, the ALKBH7 gene coexpression network is involved in the regulation of cellular immune, oxidative, phosphorylation, and metabolic pathways. In conclusion, ALKBH7 may serve as a potential prognostic pan-cancer biomarker and is involved in the immune response. Our pan-cancer analysis provides insight into the role of ALKBH7 in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongjie Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Tan
- Xiangya School of Medicine, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Donglin Lai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuru Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonggang Gu
- Department of TCM, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xuefeng Gu, ; Changlian Lu, ; Yonggang Gu,
| | - Changlian Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xuefeng Gu, ; Changlian Lu, ; Yonggang Gu,
| | - Xuefeng Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xuefeng Gu, ; Changlian Lu, ; Yonggang Gu,
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Xiao MZ, Liu JM, Xian CL, Chen KY, Liu ZQ, Cheng YY. Therapeutic potential of ALKB homologs for cardiovascular disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110645. [PMID: 32942149 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of human death. Recently, ALKB homologs, including ALKBH1-8 and FTO, have been found to have a variety of biological functions, such as histone demethylation, RNA demethylation, and DNA demethylation. These functions may regulate the physiological and pathological processes of CVDs, including inflammation, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and mitochondrial, endothelial, and fat metabolism dysfunction. In the present review, we summarize the biological functions of ALKB homologs and the relationship between the ALKB homologs and CVDs. Importantly, we discuss the roles of ALKB homologs in the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, and DNA damage in CVDs, as well as the practical applications of ALKB homologs inhibitors or agonists in treating CVDs. In conclusion, the ALKBH family might be a promising target for CVDs therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine, Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jia-Ming Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine, Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Cui-Ling Xian
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine, Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Keng-Yu Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine, Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Yunfu, 527300, China
| | - Zhong-Qiu Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine, Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine, Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
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Kulkarni CA, Nadtochiy SM, Kennedy L, Zhang J, Chhim S, Alwaseem H, Murphy E, Fu D, Brookes PS. ALKBH7 mediates necrosis via rewiring of glyoxal metabolism. eLife 2020; 9:58573. [PMID: 32795389 PMCID: PMC7442491 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkb homolog 7 (ALKBH7) is a mitochondrial α-ketoglutarate dioxygenase required for DNA alkylation-induced necrosis, but its function and substrates remain unclear. Herein, we show ALKBH7 regulates dialdehyde metabolism, which impacts the cardiac response to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Using a multi-omics approach, we find no evidence ALKBH7 functions as a prolyl-hydroxylase, but we do find Alkbh7-/- mice have elevated glyoxalase I (GLO-1), a dialdehyde detoxifying enzyme. Metabolic pathways related to the glycolytic by-product methylglyoxal (MGO) are rewired in Alkbh7-/- mice, along with elevated levels of MGO protein adducts. Despite greater glycative stress, hearts from Alkbh7-/- mice are protected against IR injury, in a manner blocked by GLO-1 inhibition. Integrating these observations, we propose ALKBH7 regulates glyoxal metabolism, and that protection against necrosis and cardiac IR injury bought on by ALKBH7 deficiency originates from the signaling response to elevated MGO stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya A Kulkarni
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sergiy M Nadtochiy
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Leslie Kennedy
- NHLBI Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Jimmy Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sophea Chhim
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Hanan Alwaseem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- NHLBI Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Dragony Fu
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Paul S Brookes
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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