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Lopez-Saavedra J, Abad-Santos F. Cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetic screening in the management of major depressive disorder in the Spanish Healthcare System. J Affect Disord 2024:S0165-0327(24)01388-0. [PMID: 39187185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) represents a sizable economic burden in Spain. Pharmacogenetic (PGx) screening to guide the choice of antidepressant medication (ADM) in MDD patients yields higher response and remission rates, which could reduce both healthcare and indirect costs. METHODS We built a cost-effectiveness probabilistic Markov model with microsimulation using Tree Age Pro 2022, simulating a patient cohort from the SNHS starting ADM for MDD, and comparing PGx screening before starting ADM versus no screening (No PGx). We carried out a probabilistic sensitivity analysis using the Monte Carlo simulation with microsimulation, set for 1000 iterations and 1000 microsimulation trials, both from societal and healthcare provider perspectives, for a time horizon of 3 years. RESULTS From a societal perspective, the model estimated a mean cost of 3172.85€ and effectiveness of 2.64 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for the No PGx strategy, and a mean cost of 1687.02€ and effectiveness of 2.84 QALYs for the PGx strategy. The mean ICER was -7820.56 €/QALY. From a healthcare provider perspective (no indirect costs considered), the mean cost was 662.62€ for the No PGx strategy, and 446.60€ for the PGx strategy. The mean ICER was -1130.16 €/QALY. LIMITATIONS The heterogeneity of input data from the literature, the need for assumptions of homogeneous distribution of variables and events across population and time, and the inherent limitations of cost-effectiveness analysis should be considered. The model omits combined therapies (ADMs with mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, cognitive behavioral therapy…). CONCLUSIONS PGx screening in MDD prior to ADM start is a dominant strategy in the SNHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Lopez-Saavedra
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Abad-Santos
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Jiang H, Zeng Y, He P, Zhu X, Zhu J, Gao Y. Aberrant resting-state voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity in major depressive disorder with and without anxiety. J Affect Disord 2024:S0165-0327(24)01321-1. [PMID: 39173924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior researchers have identified distinct differences in functional connectivity neuroimaging characteristics among MDD patients. However, the auxiliary diagnosis and subtype differentiation roles of VMHC values in MDD patients have yet to be fully understood. We aim to explore the separating ability of VMHC values in patients with anxious MDD or with non-anxious MDD and HCs. METHODS We recruited 90 patients with anxious MDD, 69 patients with non-anxious MDD and 84 HCs. We collected a set of clinical variables included HAMD-17 scores, HAMA scores and rs-fMRI data. The data were analyzed combining difference analysis, SVM, correlation analysis and ROC analysis. RESULTS Relative to HCs, non-anxious MDD patients displayed significant lower VMHC values in the insula and PCG, and anxious MDD patients displayed a significant decrease in VMHC values in the cerebellum_crus2, STG, postCG, MFG and IFG. Compared with non-anxious MDD patients, the anxious MDD showed significant enhanced VMHC values in the PCG. The VMHC values in the insula and cerebellum_crus2 regions showed a better ability to discriminate HCs from patients with non-anxious MDD or with anxious MDD. The VMHC values in PCG showed a better ability to discriminate patients with anxious MDD and non-anxious MDD patients. CONCLUSION The VMHC values in the insula and cerebellum_crus2 regions could be served as imaging markers to differentiate HCs from patients with non-anxious MDD or with anxious MDD respectively. And the VMHC values in the PCG could be used to discriminate patients with anxious MDD from the non-anxious MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - YanPing Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Peidong He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Xiwei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Jiangrui Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Yujun Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430063, China; Yichang City Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China.
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Ul Husnain MI, Hajizadeh M, Ahmad H, Khanam R. The Hidden Toll of Psychological Distress in Australian Adults and Its Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life Measured as Health State Utilities. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2024; 22:583-598. [PMID: 38530626 PMCID: PMC11178635 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-024-00879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological distress (PD) is a major health problem that affects all aspects of health-related quality of life including physical, mental and social health, leading to a substantial human and economic burden. Studies have revealed a concerning rise in the prevalence of PD and various mental health conditions among Australians, particularly in female individuals. There is a scarcity of studies that estimate health state utilities (HSUs), which reflect the overall health-related quality of life in individuals with PD. No such studies have been conducted in Australia thus far. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the age-specific, sex-specific and PD category-specific HSUs (disutilities) in Australian adults with PD to inform healthcare decision making in the management of PD. METHODS Data on age, sex, SF-36/SF6D responses, Kessler psychological distress (K10) scale scores and other characteristics of N = 15,139 participants (n = 8149 female individuals) aged >15 years were derived from the latest wave (21) of the nationally representative Household, Income and Labor Dynamics in Australia survey. Participants were grouped into the severity categories of no (K10 score: 10-19), mild (K10: 20-24), moderate (K10: 25-29) and severe PD (K10: 30-50). Both crude and adjusted HSUs were calculated from participants' SF-36 profiles, considering potential confounders such as smoking, marital status, remoteness, education and income levels. The calculations were based on the SF-6D algorithm and aligned with Australian population norms. Additionally, the HSUs were stratified by age, sex and PD categories. Disutilities of PD, representing the mean difference between HSUs of people with PD and those without, were also calculated for each group. RESULTS The average age of individuals was 46.130 years (46% male), and 31% experienced PD in the last 4 weeks. Overall, individuals with PD had significantly lower mean HSUs than those likely to be no PD, 0.637 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.636, 0.640) vs 0.776 (95% CI 0.775, 0.777) i.e. disutility: -0.139 [95% CI -0.139, -0.138]). Mean disutilities of -0.108 (95% CI -0.110, -0.104), -0.140 (95% CI -0.142, -0.138), and -0.188 (95% CI -0.190, -0.187) were observed for mild PD, moderate PD and severe PD, respectively. Disutilities of PD also differed by age and sex groups. For instance, female individuals had up to 0.049 points lower mean HSUs than male individuals across the three classifications of PD. There was a clear decline in health-related quality of life with increasing age, demonstrated by lower mean HSUs in older population age groups, that ranged from 0.818 (95% CI 0.817, 0.818) for the 15-24 years age group with no PD to 0.496 (95% CI 0.491, 0.500) for the 65+ years age group with severe PD). Across all ages and genders, respondents were more likely to report issues in certain dimensions, notably vitality, and these responses did not uniformly align with ageing. CONCLUSIONS The burden of PD in Australia is substantial, with a significant impact on female individuals and older individuals. Implementing age-specific and sex-specific healthcare interventions to address PD among Australian adults may greatly alleviate this burden. The PD state-specific HSUs calculated in our study can serve as valuable inputs for future health economic evaluations of PD in Australia and similar populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rasheda Khanam
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowomba, QLD, Australia
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Sun F, Kong Z, Tang Y, Yang J, Huang G, Liu Y, Jiang W, Yang M, Jia X. Functional Connectivity Differences in the Resting-state of the Amygdala in Alcohol-dependent Patients with Depression. Acad Radiol 2024:S1076-6332(24)00279-4. [PMID: 38755068 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2024.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The mechanism of comorbidity between alcohol dependence and depressive disorders are not well understood. This study investigated differences in the brain function of alcohol-dependent patients with and without depression by performing functional connectivity analysis using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 29 alcohol-dependent patients with depression, 31 alcohol-dependent patients without depression and 31 healthy control subjects were included in this study. The resting-state functional connectivity between the amygdala and the whole brain was compared among the three groups. Additionally, we examined the correlation between functional connectivity values in significantly different brain regions and levels of alcohol dependence and depression. RESULTS The resting-state functional connectivity between the left amygdala and the right caudate nucleus was decreased in alcohol-dependent patients. Additionally, the resting-state functional connectivity of the right amygdala with the right caudate nucleus, right transverse temporal gyrus, right temporal pole: superior temporal gyrus were also decreased. In alcohol-dependent patients with depression, not only was functional connectivity between the above brain regions significantly decreased, but so was functional connectivity between the right amygdala and the left middle temporal gyrus. Also, there was no significant correlation between the resting-state functional connectivity values in statistically significant brain regions and the levels of alcohol dependence and depression. CONCLUSION The impairment of the functional connectivity of the amygdala with caudate nucleus and partial temporal lobe may be involved in the neural mechanism of alcohol dependence comorbidity depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Sun
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital & Shenzhen Mental Health Center; Clinical College of Mental Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center; Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Zhi Kong
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital & Shenzhen Mental Health Center; Clinical College of Mental Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center; Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital & Shenzhen Mental Health Center; Clinical College of Mental Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center; Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Jihui Yang
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital & Shenzhen Mental Health Center; Clinical College of Mental Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center; Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Gengdi Huang
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital & Shenzhen Mental Health Center; Clinical College of Mental Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center; Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital & Shenzhen Mental Health Center; Clinical College of Mental Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center; Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Wentao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital & Shenzhen Mental Health Center; Clinical College of Mental Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center; Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital & Shenzhen Mental Health Center; Clinical College of Mental Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center; Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Xiaojian Jia
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital & Shenzhen Mental Health Center; Clinical College of Mental Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center; Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518118, China.
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Abula G, Li J, Ma R, Zhang T, Aji A, Zhang Y. Serum Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Methylation Level and Its Significance in Patients With Comorbid Major Depressive Disorder and Hypertension. Clin Neuropharmacol 2023:00002826-990000000-00050. [PMID: 37104682 DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Major depressive disorder (MDD) often coexists with hypertension (HYT). DNA methylation has elicited vital functionality in their development. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a vital enzyme in blood pressure. This study investigated the effect of ACE methylation on depression and HYT severity in patients with comorbid MDD and HYT (MDD + HYT). METHODS A total of 119 patients (41 men, 78 women, average age: 56.8 ± 9.1 years) with MDD + HYT were enrolled, with 89 healthy subjects (29 men, 60 women, average age: 57.4 ± 9.7 years) were enrolled. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 and self-rating depression scale scoring scales were used to assess the depression degree of patients, serum ACE methylation level in MDD + HYT patients was measured by means of bisulfite sequencing polymerase chain reaction, with subsequent analysis of the diagnostic efficacy of ACE methylation for MDD + HYT. The independent risk factors for sMDD + HYT were explored. RESULTS Serum ACE methylation levels were significantly increased in MDD + HYT patients. The area under the curve of serum ACE methylation level for accurate diagnosis of MDD + HYT was 0.8471, and the cut-off value was 26.9 (sensitivity 83.19%, specificity 73.03%). ACE methylation was an independent risk factor for sMDD + HYT (P = 0.014; odds ratio, 1.071; 95% confidence interval = 1.014-1.131). CONCLUSION The elevated serum ACE methylation level (P < 0.001) in patients with MDD + HYT elicited definite diagnostic values for MDD + HYT, and ACE methylation level was independently correlated with sMDD + HYT (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulibakeranmu Abula
- Department of Clinical Psychology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinxian Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Clinical Psychology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tin Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Adila Aji
- Department of Clinical Psychology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Balázs PG, Erdősi D, Zemplényi A, Brodszky V. Time trade-off health state utility values for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Qual Life Res 2023; 32:923-937. [PMID: 36178658 PMCID: PMC10063515 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-022-03253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to systematically review the literature on health utility in depression generated by time trade-off (TTO) method and to compare health state vignettes. METHODS Systematic literature search was conducted following PRISMA guideline in 2020 November (updated in 2022 March) in Pubmed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Random effect meta-analysis was conducted to pool vignette-based utility values of mild, moderate, and severe depression and to compare the preferences of depressed and nondepressed population. RESULTS Overall, 264 records were found, 143 screened by title and abstract after removing duplicates, 18 assessed full text, and 14 original publications included. Majority of the studies (n = 9) used conventional TTO method, and most of the studies (n = 8) applied 10-year timeframe. Eight studies evaluated self-experienced health (own-current depression). Six studies assessed vignette-based health states of remitted, mild, moderate, and severe depression, half of them applied McSad measure based health description. Altogether, 61 different utility values have been cataloged, mean utility of self-experienced depression states (n = 33) ranged between 0.89 (current-own depression) and 0.24 (worst experienced depression). Pooled utility estimates for vignette-based mild, moderate, and severe depression was 0.75, 0.66 and 0.50, respectively. Meta-regression showed that severe depression (β = -0.16) and depressed sample populations (β = -0.13) significantly decrease vignette-based utility scores. CONCLUSION Our review revealed extent heterogeneity both in TTO methodology and health state vignette development. Patient's perception of depression health states was worse than healthy respondents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter György Balázs
- Doctoral School of Business and Management, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Social and Political Sciences, Department of Health Policy, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dalma Erdősi
- Center for Health Technology Assessment and Pharmacoeconomic Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antal Zemplényi
- Center for Health Technology Assessment and Pharmacoeconomic Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Valentin Brodszky
- Institute of Social and Political Sciences, Department of Health Policy, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
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Nutraceuticals in mood disorders: current knowledge and future directions. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2023; 36:54-59. [PMID: 36044293 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is a large evidence base of clinical trials that have investigated the efficacy of a range of nutraceuticals on mood disorders. The aim of the current review is to provide an update regarding the efficacy and safety of nutraceutical agents in mood disorders and to highlight considerations for future research. RECENT FINDINGS Nutraceuticals such as omega-3, probiotics, zinc, saffron and curcumin have been recommended as adjunctive interventions to standard treatments for people with depression, while St John's wort has been recommended as a monotherapy. In contrast, less research has been devoted to investigating the effect of nutraceuticals in bipolar disorder, with omega-3 being weakly recommended as an adjunctive to standard treatments. Although the safety profile of most nutraceuticals appears acceptable, more insight into the long-term effects within a range of cohorts is recommended. SUMMARY There are a number of nutraceuticals that have clinical trial support for their use as either adjunctive interventions for depression; however, there is mostly limited support for their use in bipolar disorder. Further randomized controlled trials that take into consideration a number of emerging mechanisms, potential nutraceutical combinations and factors that may predict treatment response are required to inform clinical use.
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Mokhtari T. Targeting autophagy and neuroinflammation pathways with plant-derived natural compounds as potential antidepressant agents. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3470-3489. [PMID: 35794794 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a life-threatening disease that presents several characteristics. The pathogenesis of depression still remains poorly understood. Moreover, the mechanistic interactions of natural components in treating depression to target autophagy and neuroinflammation are yet to be evaluated. This study overviewed the effects of plant-derived natural components in regulating critical pathways, particularly neuroinflammation and autophagy, associated with depression. A list of natural components, including luteolin, apigenin, hyperforin, resveratrol, salvianolic acid b, isoliquiritin, nobiletin, andrographolide, and oridonin, have been investigated. All peer-reviewed journal articles were searched by Scopus, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using the appropriated keywords, including depression, neuroinflammation, autophagy, plant, natural components, etc. The neuroinflammation and autophagy dysfunction are critically associated with the pathophysiology of depression. Natural components with higher efficiency and lower complications can be used for targeting neuroinflammation and autophagy. These components with different doses showed the beneficial antidepressant properties in rodents. These can modulate autophagy markers, mainly AMPK, LC3II/LC3I ratio, Beclin-1. Moreover, they can regulate the NLRP3 inflammasome, resulting in the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β and IL-18). Future in vitro and in vivo studies are required to develop novel therapeutic approaches based on plant-derived active components to treat MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahmineh Mokhtari
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Witkoś J, Fusińska-Korpik A, Hartman-Petrycka M, Nowak A. An assessment of sensory sensitivity in women suffering from depression using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13373. [PMID: 35573182 PMCID: PMC9097666 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Perception is the process or result of the process arising from the mental interpretation of the phenomena occurring, therefore it depends not only on physiology, but is also psychologically and socially conditioned. The aim of this study was to assess if there is a difference in the sensory sensitivity to an electrical stimulus in women suffering from depression and what the hedonic rating is of the lived experience of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Methods The depression group: 44 women, who were inpatients treated for depression at the Psychiatric Ward in the Clinical Hospital, and the control group: 41 women, matched by the age, height and weight, with no mental illness. Measures: threshold for sensing current, type of sensation evoked, hedonic rating. Results Median sensing threshold of electric current (depression vs. control: 7.75 mA vs. 8.35 mA; no significant), type of sensation evoked (depression vs. control: tingling 90.9% vs. 92.7%, no significant), hedonic rating (depression vs. control: unpleasant 11.4% vs. 2.4%; p = 0.003), hedonic rating (mildly ill vs. moderately ill vs. markedly ill: unpleasant 5.3% vs. 6.3% vs. 33.3%; p = 0.066). Conclusions Women suffering from depression exhibit a similar threshold of sensitivity to an electrical stimulus as mentally healthy women, however the hedonic rating of the stimulus acting on the skin in the group of clinically depressed women was more negative than in the mentally healthy subjects. The stimulus was described as 'unpleasant' for many of the mentally unhealthy women. The most negative sensations related to the electrical stimulus were experienced by women with the highest severity of mental illness according to The Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Witkoś
- Medicine and Health Science, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Fusińska-Korpik
- Medicine and Health Science, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Kraków, Poland,Józef Babiński Clinical Hospital in Krakow, Psychiatric Ward, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Hartman-Petrycka
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nowak
- Józef Babiński Clinical Hospital in Krakow, Psychiatric Ward, Kraków, Poland
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