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Nikhil K, Shah K. CDK5: an oncogene or an anti-oncogene: location location location. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:186. [PMID: 37993880 PMCID: PMC10666462 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01895-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have uncovered various physiological functions of CDK5 in many nonneuronal tissues. Upregulation of CDK5 and/or its activator p35 in neurons promotes healthy neuronal functions, but their overexpression in nonneuronal tissues is causally linked to cancer of many origins. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms by which CDK5 recruits diverse tissue-specific substrates to elicit distinct phenotypes in sixteen different human cancers. The emerging theme suggests that CDK5's role as an oncogene or anti-oncogene depends upon its subcellular localization. CDK5 mostly acts as an oncogene, but in gastric cancer, it is a tumor suppressor due to its unique nuclear localization. This indicates that CDK5's access to certain nuclear substrates converts it into an anti-oncogenic kinase. While acting as a bonafide oncogene, CDK5 also activates a few cancer-suppressive pathways in some cancers, presumably due to the mislocalization of nuclear substrates in the cytoplasm. Therefore, directing CDK5 to the nucleus or exporting tumor-suppressive nuclear substrates to the cytoplasm may be promising approaches to combat CDK5-induced oncogenicity, analogous to neurotoxicity triggered by nuclear CDK5. Furthermore, while p35 overexpression is oncogenic, hyperactivation of CDK5 by inducing p25 formation results in apoptosis, which could be exploited to selectively kill cancer cells by dialing up CDK5 activity, instead of inhibiting it. CDK5 thus acts as a molecular rheostat, with different activity levels eliciting distinct functional outcomes. Finally, as CDK5's role is defined by its substrates, targeting them individually or in conjunction with CDK5 should create potentially valuable new clinical opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Nikhil
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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2
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Chai Y, Ma Y, Feng W, Lu H, Jin L. Effect of surgery on survival in patients with stage III N2 small cell lung cancer: propensity score matching analysis and nomogram development and validation. World J Surg Oncol 2021; 19:258. [PMID: 34461929 PMCID: PMC8404296 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The standard treatment of stage III N2 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is concurrent chemoradiation, and surgery is not recommended. This study was aimed to evaluate whether surgery has survival benefits in patients with stage III N2 SCLC and investigate the factors influencing survival of surgery. Methods Patients diagnosed with stage T1-4N2M0 SCLC from 2004 to 2015 were selected from the Surveillance Epidemiology End Results database. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance confounders between patients who underwent surgery and those treated with radiation and/or chemotherapy. We compared overall survival (OS) of the two groups using Kaplan-Meier curves and a Cox proportional hazard model. We also identified prognostic factors in patients with surgical resection, and a nomogram was developed and validated for predicting postoperative OS. Results −A total of 5576 patients were included in the analysis; of these, 211 patients underwent surgery. PSM balanced the differences between the two groups. The median OS was longer in the surgery group than in the non-surgery group (20 vs. 15 months; p = 0.0024). Surgery was an independent prognostic factor for longer OS in the multivariate Cox regression analysis, and subgroup analysis revealed a higher survival rate in T1 stage patients treated with surgery (hazard ratio = 0.565, 95% confidence interval: 0.401–0.798; p = 0.001). In patients who underwent surgery, four prognostic factors, including age, T stage, number of positive lymph nodes, and radiation, were selected into nomogram development for predicting postoperative OS. C-index, decision curve analyses, integrated discrimination improvement, and time-dependent receiver operating characteristics showed better performance in nomogram than in the tumor-node-metastasis staging system. Calibration plots demonstrated good consistency between nomogram predicted survival and actual observed survival. The patients were stratified into three different risk groups by prognostic scores and Kaplan-Meier curves showed significant difference between these groups. Conclusions These results indicate that surgery can prolong survival in patients with operable stage III N2 SCLC, particularly those with T1 disease. A nomogram that includes age, T stage, number of positive lymph nodes, and radiation can be used to predict their long-term postoperative survival. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-021-02364-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Chai
- Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yuchao Ma
- Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Hongwei Lu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Longyu Jin
- Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China.
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3
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Gao GB, Sun Y, Fang RD, Wang Y, Wang Y, He QY. Post-translational modifications of CDK5 and their biological roles in cancer. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:22. [PMID: 35006426 PMCID: PMC8607427 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) have emerged as important regulatory mechanisms that modulate cancer development in patients. Though CDK5 is an atypical member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family, its aberrant expression links to cell proliferation, DNA damage response, apoptosis, migration and angiogenesis in cancer. Current studies suggested that, new PTMs on CDK5, including S-nitrosylation, sumoylation, and acetylation, serve as molecular switches to control the kinase activity of CDK5 in the cell. However, a majority of these modifications and their biological significance in cancer remain uncharacterized. In this review, we discussed the role of PTMs on CDK5-mediated signaling cascade, and their possible mechanisms of action in malignant tumors, as well as the challenges and future perspectives in this field. On the basis of the newly identified regulatory signaling pathways of CDK5 related to PTMs, researchers have investigated the cancer therapeutic potential of chemical compounds, small-molecule inhibitors, and competitive peptides by targeting CDK5 and its PTMs. Results of these preclinical studies demonstrated that targeting PTMs of CDK5 yields promising antitumor effects and that clinical translation of these therapeutic strategies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Bin Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yue Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Run-Dong Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Qing-Yu He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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4
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Gao L, Xia L, Ji W, Zhang Y, Xia W, Lu S. Knockdown of CDK5 down-regulates PD-L1 via the ubiquitination-proteasome pathway and improves antitumor immunity in lung adenocarcinoma. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101148. [PMID: 34130052 PMCID: PMC8215302 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockdown of CDK5 down-regulates PD-L1 in lung adenocarcinoma and improves tumor immunity. Interference of CDK5 leads to ubiquitination and degradation of PD-L1 protein. TRIM21 mediates the ubiquitination and degradation process of PD-L1. Combination of CDK5 disruption and anti-PD-L1 therapy has a stronger effect on inhibiting tumor formation, compared with CDK5 knockdown alone.
Although immunotherapy (anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies) has been approved for clinical treatment of lung cancer, only a small proportion of patients respond to monotherapy. Hence, understanding the regulatory mechanism of PD-L1 is particularly important to identify optimal combinations. In this study, we found that inhibition of CDK5 induced by shRNA or CDK5 inhibitor leads to reduced expression of PD-L1 protein in human lung adenocarcinoma cells, while the mRNA level is not substantially altered. The PD-L1 protein degradation is mediated by E3 ligase TRIM21 via ubiquitination-proteasome pathway. Subsequently, we studied the function of CDK5/PD-L1 axis in LUAD. In vitro, the absence of CDK5 in mouse Lewis lung cancer cell (LLC) has no effect on cell proliferation. However, the attenuation of CDK5 or combined with anti-PD-L1 greatly suppresses tumor growth in LLC implanted mouse models in vivo. Disruption of CDK5 elicits a higher level of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in spleens and lower PD-1 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Our findings highlight a role for CDK5 in promoting antitumor immunity, which provide a potential therapeutic target for combined immunotherapy in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gao
- Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Liliang Xia
- Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Wenxiang Ji
- Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Yanshuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 HuashanRoad, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 HuashanRoad, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
| | - Shun Lu
- Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huaihai West Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
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5
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Li X, Huang J, Yu T, Fang X, Lou L, Xin S, Ji L, Jiang F, Lou Y. Fusobacterium nucleatum Promotes the Progression of Colorectal Cancer Through Cdk5-Activated Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:545251. [PMID: 33488528 PMCID: PMC7815597 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.545251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Growing evidence supports the direct link of Fusobacterium nucleatum with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, to date, the underlying mechanism of action remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of F. nucleatum on the progression of CRC and investigated whether cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is involved in the effect through activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Materials and Methods CRC tissues and matched histologically normal specimens were collected from patients who were diagnosed with CRC and underwent surgical treatment in our hospital between January 2018 and January 2019. Two human CRC cell lines, including DLD-1 and SW480, were utilized mainly for in vitro mechanistic investigations. Results The abundance of F. nucleatum was significantly greater in CRC tissues than in cancer-free specimens, which was significantly correlated with the progression of CRC. In vitro investigations revealed that F. nucleatum significantly enhanced the proliferation and migration of CRC cells. Furthermore, F. nucleatum significantly induced the expression of Cdk5 and activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Notably, knockdown of Cdk5 significantly abrogated the effects of F. nucleatum on cellular processes and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in relation to the progression of CRC. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate that F. nucleatum orchestrates a molecular network involving the direct role of Cdk5 in activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling to modulate CRC progression. Thus, in-depth investigations of F. nucleatum-associated molecular pathways may offer valuable insight into the pathogenesis of CRC, which may help further the development of treatment for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiepeng Huang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Fang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liqin Lou
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shijun Xin
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ling Ji
- Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feizhao Jiang
- Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Lou
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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6
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Do PA, Lee CH. The Role of CDK5 in Tumours and Tumour Microenvironments. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:E101. [PMID: 33396266 PMCID: PMC7795262 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), which belongs to the protein kinase family, regulates neuronal function but is also associated with cancer development and has been proposed as a target for cancer treatment. Indeed, CDK5 has roles in cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and immune response. Aberrant CDK5 activation triggers tumour progression in numerous types of cancer. In this review, we summarise the role of CDK5 in cancer and neurons and CDK5 inhibitors. We expect that our review helps researchers to develop CDK5 inhibitors as treatments for refractory cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- Phamaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, BK21 FOUR Team, and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University, Goyang 100-715, Korea;
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Abstract
Disparities in cancer patient responses have prompted widespread searches to identify differences in sensitive vs. nonsensitive populations and form the basis of personalized medicine. This customized approach is dependent upon the development of pathway-specific therapeutics in conjunction with biomarkers that predict patient responses. Here, we show that Cdk5 drives growth in subgroups of patients with multiple types of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Phosphoproteomics and high throughput screening identified phosphorylation sites downstream of Cdk5. These phosphorylation events serve as biomarkers and effectively pinpoint Cdk5-driven tumors. Toward achieving targeted therapy, we demonstrate that mouse models of neuroendocrine cancer are responsive to selective Cdk5 inhibitors and biomimetic nanoparticles are effective vehicles for enhanced tumor targeting and reduction of drug toxicity. Finally, we show that biomarkers of Cdk5-dependent tumors effectively predict response to anti-Cdk5 therapy in patient-derived xenografts. Thus, a phosphoprotein-based diagnostic assay combined with Cdk5-targeted therapy is a rational treatment approach for neuroendocrine malignancies.
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8
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Huang R, Chen Z, Li W, Fan C, Liu J. Immune system‑associated genes increase malignant progression and can be used to predict clinical outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1199-1211. [PMID: 32319580 PMCID: PMC7115743 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.4998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most malignant types of cancer, and is associated with high recurrence rates and a poor response to chemotherapy. Immune signatures in the microenvironment of HCC have not been well explored systematically. The aim of the present study was to identify prognostic immune signatures and build a nomogram for use in clinical evaluation. Using bioinformatics analysis, RNA‑seq data and overall survival (OS) information on 370 HCC cases from TCGA and 232 HCC cases from ICGC were analyzed. The differential expression of select immune genes, based on previously published studies, between HCC and adjacent tissue were analyzed using the limma package in R. Enrichment of pathways and gene ontology analysis was performed using clusterProfiler. Subsequently, univariate Cox regression analysis, Lasso penalty linear regression and multivariate Cox regression models were used to construct a model for immune risk score (IRS). The R packages, survival and survivalROC, were used to plot survival and the associated receiver operating characteristic curves. Infiltration of immune cells was calculated using Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource, with significance examined using a Pearson's correlation test. P<0.05 was considered significant. Based on the analysis, expression of 200 immune genes were upregulated and 47 immune genes were downregulated immune genes. In the multivariate Cox model, 5 genes (enhancer of zest homology 2, ferritin light chain, complement factor H related 3, isthmin 2, cyclin dependent kinase 5) were used to generate the IRS. By stratifying according to the median IRS, it was shown that patients with a high IRS had poor OS rates after 1, 2, 3 and 5 years, and this result was consistent across the testing, training and independent validation cohorts. Additionally, the IRS was correlated with the abundance of infiltrating immune cells. The nomogram built using IRS and clinical characteristics, was able to predict 1, 3 and 5 year OS with area under the curve values of >0.8. These results suggest that the model developed to calculate the IRS may be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment strategies and for prognostic prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfu Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000
| | - Zheng Chen
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200000
| | | | - Chunmei Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yue Bei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, Guangdong 512026, P.R. China
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Saidy B, Rakha EA, Green AR, Ellis IO, Martin SG, Storr SJ. Retrospective assessment of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 mRNA and protein expression and its association with patient survival in breast cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:6263-6271. [PMID: 32352232 PMCID: PMC7294162 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is an atypical member of the cyclin‐dependent kinase family and functions as a serine/threonine kinase that can be activated by non‐cyclin binding activators p35 or p39. Cdk5 expression and activity has been linked with the development and progression of cancer; however, its expression in breast cancer has not been fully described. Protein expression of Cdk5 was determined in a large cohort of early‐stage invasive breast cancer tumours (n = 1110) with long‐term follow‐up data using immunohistochemistry. Expression of CDK5 mRNA was assessed in the METABRIC cohort (n = 1980). Low nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of Cdk5 expression was significantly associated with shorter breast cancer‐specific survival (P = .004 and P = .001, respectively). Importantly, low nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of Cdk5 remained associated with survival in multivariate analysis, including potentially confounding factors (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.612, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.418‐0.896, P = .011 and HR = 0.507, 95% CI = 0.318‐0.809, P = .004, respectively). In addition, low nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of Cdk5 was significantly associated with clinicopathological criteria associated with adverse patient prognosis. Low CDK5 mRNA expression was associated with shorter patient survival (P = .005) in the METABRIC cohort; no associations between copy gain or loss and survival were observed. These data suggest that low Cdk5 expression is associated with poor clinical outcome of breast cancer patients and may be of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Saidy
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sarah J Storr
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, UK
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Tang H, Xu L, Cen X, Yang L, Feng J, Li G, Zhu H, Gao S, Yu Y, Zhao Y, Tian Z, Hou L, Yu S, Gao G. CDK5 inhibition in vitro and in vivo induces cell death in myeloma and overcomes the obstacle of bortezomib resistance. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1661-1672. [PMID: 32236619 PMCID: PMC7169959 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new drugs is a major feature of the treatment history of multiple myeloma (MM), which also reflects the current incurability of MM. As a unique member of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) family, CDK5 participates in numerous tumorigenic or non-tumorigenic processes. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of CDK5 on the viability of MM cells and bortezomib resistance using western blotting, immunohistochemistry, transient transfection, MTT assays, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assays and a myeloma xenograft mouse model. The present study found that MM patients with high CDK5 expression in the bone marrow do not respond well to bortezomib, have higher DS stage and worse prognosis. Genetic and pharmacological (dinaciclib) inhibition of CDK5 triggers MM cell viability inhibition. Dinaciclib induces G2/M arrest and apoptosis of MM cells. In vivo experiments with myeloma xenograft mice indicate that dinaciclib significantly reduces the volume of tumors with good tolerance. Dinaciclib combined with bortezomib exerts a synergistic anti-myeloma activity accompanied by inhibiting the activation of the nuclear factor-κB pathway. This study demonstrates the important role of CDK5 in the pathogenesis, viability, prognosis and resistance to bortezomib of MM, laying a solid theoretical foundation for further clinical use of CDK5 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Tang
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xi Cen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Huafeng Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Tian
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Liping Hou
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Shuchun Yu
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Guangxun Gao
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), originally described as a neuronal-specific kinase, is also frequently activated in human cancers. Using conditional CDK5 knockout mice and a mouse model of highly metastatic melanoma, we found that CDK5 is dispensable for the growth of primary tumors. However, we observed that ablation of CDK5 completely abrogated the metastasis, revealing that CDK5 is essential for the metastatic spread. In mouse and human melanoma cells CDK5 promotes cell invasiveness by directly phosphorylating an intermediate filament protein, vimentin, thereby inhibiting assembly of vimentin filaments. Chemical inhibition of CDK5 blocks the metastatic spread of patient-derived melanomas in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models. Hence, inhibition of CDK5 might represent a very potent therapeutic strategy to impede the metastatic dissemination of malignant cells.
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12
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Sharma S, Sicinski P. A kinase of many talents: non-neuronal functions of CDK5 in development and disease. Open Biol 2020; 10:190287. [PMID: 31910742 PMCID: PMC7014686 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) represents an unusual member of the family of cyclin-dependent kinases, which is activated upon binding to non-cyclin p35 and p39 proteins. The role of CDK5 in the nervous system has been very well established. In addition, there is growing evidence that CDK5 is also active in non-neuronal tissues, where it has been postulated to affect a variety of functions such as the immune response, angiogenesis, myogenesis, melanogenesis and regulation of insulin levels. Moreover, high levels of CDK5 have been observed in different tumour types, and CDK5 was proposed to play various roles in the tumorigenic process. In this review, we discuss these various CDK5 functions in normal physiology and disease, and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting CDK5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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13
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Shen S, Dean DC, Yu Z, Duan Z. Role of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in hepatocellular carcinoma: Therapeutic potential of targeting the CDK signaling pathway. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:1097-1108. [PMID: 31009153 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer related mortality in the world, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) representing the most common primary subtype. Two-thirds of HCC patients have advanced disease when diagnosed, and for these patients, treatment strategies remain limited. In addition, there is a high incidence of tumor recurrence after surgical resection with the current treatment regimens. The development of novel and more effective agents is required. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) constitute a family of 21 different protein kinases involved in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and drug resistance, and are evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials as chemotherapeutics. To summarize and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting CDKs in HCC, recent published articles identified from PubMed were comprehensively reviewed. The key words included hepatocellular carcinoma, cyclin-dependent kinases, and CDK inhibitors. This review focuses on the emerging evidence from studies describing the genetic and functional aspects of CDKs in HCC. We also present an overview of CDK inhibitors that have shown efficacy in laboratory studies of HCC. Although many of the studies assessing CDK-targeting therapies in HCC are at the preclinical stage, there is significant evidence that CDK inhibitors used alone or in combination with established chemotherapy drugs could have significant applications in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Shen
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dylan C Dean
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zujiang Yu
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Zhang X, Wang J, Jia Y, Liu T, Wang M, Lv W, Zhang R, Shi J, Liu L. CDK5 neutralizes the tumor suppressing effect of BIN1 via mediating phosphorylation of c-MYC at Ser-62 site in NSCLC. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:226. [PMID: 31496920 PMCID: PMC6720419 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) has showed outstanding tumor-suppressive potential via inhibiting c-MYC-mediated tumorigenesis. However, a frequent phosphorylation of c-MYC at Ser-62 site could block the BIN1/c-MYC interaction and limits the tumor-suppressive effect of BIN1. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), a generally dysregulated protein in various carcinomas, can mediate c-MYC phosphorylation at Ser-62 site. However, whether the existence of CDK5 could block the BIN1/c-MYC interaction remains unclear. Materials and methods The expression of CDK5 and BIN1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines were measured. CDK5 was knocked down and overexpressed in H460 and PC9 cells, respectively. CCK-8, wound healing and transwell were used to detect the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of NSCLC cells. Tumor-bearing nude mouse model was built with H460 cells. Dinaciclib was added to realize the effect of CDK5 inhibition in vivo. NSCLC and matched para-carcinoma specimens were collected from 153 patients who underwent radical operation. IHC was performed to determine the expression of CDK5 in the specimens. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the postoperative survival and CDK5 expression. Results CDK5 was highly expressed in H460 cells, and knockdown of CDK5 could restore the BIN1/c-MYC interaction. Meanwhile, low expression of CDK5 was observed in PC9 cells, and overexpression of CDK5 blocked the BIN1/c-MYC interaction. Consequently, the growth, migration, invasion and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) ability of H460 and PC9 cells could be facilitated by CDK5. The addition of CDK5 inhibitor Dinaciclib significantly suppressed the tumorigenesis ability of NSCLC cells in tumor-bearing mouse model. Furthermore, high expression of CDK5, along with low expression of BIN1, could predict poor postoperative prognosis of NSCLC patients. The patients with high expression of CDK5 and low expression of BIN1 showed similar prognosis, indicating that CDK5 could neutralize the tumor suppressing effect of BIN1 in clinical situation. Conclusions CDK5 blocked the interaction of BIN1 and c-MYC via promoting phosphorylation of c-MYC at ser-62 site, ultimately facilitated the progression of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhang
- 1Department of Tumor Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Hebei Cancer Institute, Tianshan Street 169, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- 1Department of Tumor Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Hebei Cancer Institute, Tianshan Street 169, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yunlong Jia
- 1Department of Tumor Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Hebei Cancer Institute, Tianshan Street 169, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tianxu Liu
- 1Department of Tumor Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Hebei Cancer Institute, Tianshan Street 169, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengjie Wang
- 1Department of Tumor Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Hebei Cancer Institute, Tianshan Street 169, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Lv
- 1Department of Tumor Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Hebei Cancer Institute, Tianshan Street 169, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- 2Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Juan Shi
- 3State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Liu
- 1Department of Tumor Immunotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Hebei Cancer Institute, Tianshan Street 169, Shijiazhuang, China
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15
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Zhang YK, Tian WZ, Zhang RS, Zhang YJ, Ma HT. Ubiquitin-specific protease 44 inhibits cell growth by suppressing AKT signaling in non-small cell lung cancer. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2019; 35:535-541. [PMID: 31197957 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 44 (USP44) has been reported as a tumor suppressor or promoter in some tumors, but its function in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still unclear. In this study, USP44 was found significantly downregulated in both of NSCLC tissues and cell lines, and low expression of USP44 predicted a poor prognosis for NSCLC patients. Overexpression of USP44 markedly downregulated the expression levels of Cyclin D1 and CDK4, but upregulated p53 expression, as a result of which, suppressing the cell growth of NSCLC cells. Further studies indicated that overexpression of USP44 significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT, and its down-stream signals, including mTOR and P70S6K. Moreover, overexpression of USP44 increased PTEN protein but not its mRNA levels, which suggested that USP44 inhibited AKT signaling by stabilizing PTEN in NSCLC cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated that USP44 showed prior evidence of a tumor suppressive function in NSCLC cells, and inhibited NSCLC cell growth by suppressing AKT signaling, suggesting that USP44 could be as a novel target for NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kui Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Tumor Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wen-Ze Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Tumor Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Tumor Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hai-Tao Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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16
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Pérez-Morales J, Mejías-Morales D, Rivera-Rivera S, González-Flores J, González-Loperena M, Cordero-Báez FY, Pedreira-García WM, Chardón-Colón C, Cabán-Rivera J, Cress WD, Gordian ER, Muñoz-Antonia T, Cabrera-Ríos M, Isidro A, Coppola D, Rosa M, Boyle TA, Izumi V, Koomen JM, Santiago-Cardona PG. Hyper-phosphorylation of Rb S249 together with CDK5R2/p39 overexpression are associated with impaired cell adhesion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition: Implications as a potential lung cancer grading and staging biomarker. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207483. [PMID: 30452490 PMCID: PMC6242691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediction of lung cancer metastasis relies on post-resection assessment of tumor histology, which is a severe limitation since only a minority of lung cancer patients are diagnosed with resectable disease. Therefore, characterization of metastasis-predicting biomarkers in pre-resection small biopsy specimens is urgently needed. Here we report a biomarker consisting of the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) on serine 249 combined with elevated p39 expression. This biomarker correlates with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition traits in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells. Immunohistochemistry staining of NSCLC tumor microarrays showed that strong phospho-Rb S249 staining positively correlated with tumor grade specifically in the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) subtype. Strong immunoreactivity for p39 positively correlated with tumor stage, lymph node invasion, and distant metastases, also in SCC. Linear regression analyses showed that the combined scoring for phospho-Rb S249, p39 and E-cadherin in SCC is even more accurate at predicting tumor staging, relative to each score individually. We propose that combined immunohistochemistry staining of NSCLC samples for Rb phosphorylation on S249, p39, and E-cadherin protein expression could aid in the assessment of tumor staging and metastatic potential when tested in small primary tumor biopsies. The intense staining for phospho-Rb S249 that we observed in high grade SCC could also aid in the precise sub-classification of poorly differentiated SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaileene Pérez-Morales
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Darielys Mejías-Morales
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Stephanie Rivera-Rivera
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Jonathan González-Flores
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Mónica González-Loperena
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Fernando Y. Cordero-Báez
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Wilfredo M. Pedreira-García
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Camille Chardón-Colón
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Jennifer Cabán-Rivera
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - W. Douglas Cress
- Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology Departments, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Edna R. Gordian
- Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology Departments, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Teresita Muñoz-Antonia
- Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology Departments, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Cabrera-Ríos
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - Angel Isidro
- Physiology Division, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marilin Rosa
- Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Theresa A. Boyle
- Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Victoria Izumi
- Proteomics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - John M. Koomen
- Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology Departments, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pedro G. Santiago-Cardona
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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17
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Abstract
Cdk5 is an atypical cyclin-dependent kinase that is well characterized for its role in the central nervous system rather than in the cell cycle. However Cdk5 has been recently implicated in the development and progression of a variety of cancers including breast, lung, colon, pancreatic, melanoma, thyroid and brain tumors. This broad pro-tumorigenic role makes Cdk5 a promising drug target for the development of new cancer therapies. Here we review the contribution of Cdk5 to molecular mechanisms that confer upon tumors the ability to grow, proliferate and disseminate to secondary organs, as well as resistance to chemotherapies. We subsequently discuss existing and new strategies for targeting Cdk5 and its downstream mechanisms as anti-cancer treatments.
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18
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He Q, He R, Luo W, Gan X, Ma J, Chen G, Li P, Lan D, Hu X. Expression of RSK4 in lung adenocarcinoma tissue and its clinicopathological value: a study based on RNA-seq data and immunohistochemistry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:11405-11414. [PMID: 31966496 PMCID: PMC6966026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The clinical significance of p90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family members in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze genomic alterations in RSK family membersand investigate the expression and clinicopathological significance of RSK4 in LUAD tissues. Genomic calterations of RSK family, overall survival, andinteraction networks were analyzed in patients with LUAD (n=522), using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The expression of RSK4 protein was investigated in an independent cohort of patients with LUAD (n=127) by immunohistochemistry, and relationships between RSK4 protein levels and clinicopathological parameters of LUAD were analyzed. Patients with LUAD with RSK genomic alterations had significantly better overall survival than patients without alterations (P=0.026). RSK4 mRNA was overexpressed in LUAD compared with noncancerous lung tissue (P=0.013), and the diagnostic value of RSK4 expression was moderate, as evaluated by a value of 0.603 for the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (95% CI, 0.551-0.655; P=0.01). RSK4 protein levels were significantly higher in LUAD than in para-carcinoma tissue (P=0.002); moreover, RSK4 protein expression was closely associated with TNM stage (P<0.001), tumor diameter (P<0.001), lymphatic metastasis (P<0.001), and distant metastasis (P=0.003). In conclusion, alterations to RSK family members may affect tumor progression in LUAD. RSK4 is a potentially useful molecular biomarker for LAUD diagnosis and may predict disease progression in patients with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiancheng He
- Department of General Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Rongquan He
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Luo
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Xuli Gan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Dong Lan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
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19
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Zhao X, Zhou D, Liu Y, Li C, Zhao X, Li Y, Li W. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide inhibits prostate cancer cell migration via the protein arginine methyltransferase 6 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:147-157. [PMID: 29115463 PMCID: PMC5780085 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of malignant tumor of men worldwide and the incidence and mortality rate is gradually increasing. At present, the molecular mechanisms of growth and migration in human prostate cancer have not been completely elucidated. Studies have demonstrated that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) can inhibit cancer. Therefore the present study investigated the effect and molecular mechanism of GLP on cell growth and migration of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. LNCaP cells were transfected with either a protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) overexpression plasmid or PRMT6 small interfering (si)RNA. The cell growth and migration, and the expression of PRMT6 signaling-associated proteins, were investigated following treatment with 5 and 20 µg/ml GLP. The results demonstrated that GLP inhibited cell growth, induced cell cycle arrest, decreased PRMT6, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and steroid receptor coactivator, (SRC) expression, and increased p21 expression in LNCaP cells, as determined by using a Coulter counter, flow cytometry, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Furthermore, GLP significantly inhibited cell migration, as determined by Transwell migration and scratch assays, and altered CDK2, FAK, SRC and p21 expression in LNCaP cells transfected with the PRMT6 overexpression plasmid. By contrast, PRMT6 knockdown by siRNA reduced the effect of GLP on cell migration. These results indicate that GLP was effective in inhibiting cell growth, the cell cycle and cell migration, and the suppressive effect of GLP on cell migration may occur via the PRMT6 signaling pathway. Therefore, it is suggested that GLP may act as a tumor suppressor with applications in the treatment of prostate cancer. The results of the present study provide both the preliminary theoretical and experimental basis for the investigation of GLP as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhao
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Dayu Zhou
- Virology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, The Center of Jinzhou Disease Control and Prevention, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Yunen Liu
- Laboratory of Rescue Center of Severe Wound and Trauma PLA, Emergency Medicine Department, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Chun Li
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhao
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
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20
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Toviwek B, Suphakun P, Choowongkomon K, Hannongbua S, Gleeson MP. Synthesis and evaluation of the NSCLC anti-cancer activity and physical properties of 4-aryl- N -phenylpyrimidin-2-amines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4749-4754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Park SJ, Kim E, Yoo M, Lee JY, Park CH, Hwang JY, Ha JD. Synthesis and biological evaluation of N9-cis-cyclobutylpurine derivatives for use as cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4399-4404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Qiu J, Hao Y, Huang S, Ma Y, Li X, Li D, Mao Y. MiR-557 works as a tumor suppressor in human lung cancers by negatively regulating LEF1 expression. Tumour Biol 2017. [PMID: 28639890 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317709467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs play an important role in regulating post-transcriptional gene expression in the progression of various human cancers. In this study, we investigated the role of microRNA-557 in human lung cancer cells. The molecular mechanism of microRNA-557 was also clarified in the proliferation and invasion of human lung cancer cells. Our results showed microRNA-557 levels were obviously decreased in clinical lung cancer specimens and lung cancer cell lines. Cell viability of A549 and NCI-H460 cells transfected with microRNA-557 mimics was significantly decreased than those transfected with negative control mimics. MicroRNA-557 promoted cell death of A549 and NCI-H460 but did not affect the cell apoptosis of lung cancer cells. Overexpression of microRNA-557 inhibited cell invasion of A549 and NCI-H460 cells. TargetScan analysis showed that microRNA-557 might target 3' untranslated region of lymphocyte enhancement factor 1, and the western blotting results showed that transfection of microRNA-557 mimics significantly decreased the levels of lymphocyte enhancement factor 1 in A549 and H460 cells. MicroRNA-557 might work as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating the expression of lymphocyte enhancement factor 1 in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayong Qiu
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yingying Hao
- 2 Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shenshen Huang
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yaqing Ma
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Danyang Li
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yimin Mao
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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23
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Ding L, Shen Y, Ni J, Ou Y, Ou Y, Liu H. EphA4 promotes cell proliferation and cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance via the AKT pathway in multiple myeloma. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317694298. [PMID: 28351297 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317694298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph receptor A4 (EphA4), a member of the erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) family, has been reported to upregulate in several tumors. However, the role of EphA4 in multiple myeloma has not been clarified yet. In this study, we found that EphA4 promoted proliferation of multiple myeloma cells via the regulation of cell cycle. Besides, EphA4 was closely related to cell adhesion of multiple myeloma cells and promoted cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance by enhancing the phosphorylation levels of Akt (p-AKT) expression in multiple myeloma. More interestingly, we discovered that EphA4 can interact with cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and regulate its expression in multiple myeloma. CDK5 has been reported to be overexpressed in multiple myeloma which mediated bortezomib resistance and also participated in AKT pathway. And we have also proved the fact. So, we supposed that EphA4 interacted with CDK5 and promoted its expression which in turn enhanced p-AKT expression and promoted cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance in multiple myeloma. Therefore, this study clarifies the molecular mechanism of cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance and may be useful in identifying potential target for treatment of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Ding
- 1 Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaodong Shen
- 1 Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ni
- 1 Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqing Ou
- 1 Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyu Ou
- 2 Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- 1 Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
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24
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Liu W, Li J, Song YS, Li Y, Jia YH, Zhao HD. Cdk5 links with DNA damage response and cancer. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:60. [PMID: 28288624 PMCID: PMC5348798 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As an atypical member of cyclin dependent kinase family, Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is considered as a neuron-specific kinase in the past decade due to the abundant existence of its activator p35 in post-mitotic neurons. Recent studies show that Cdk5 participates in a series of biological and pathological processes in non-neuronal cells, and is generally dysregulated in various cancer cells. The inhibition or knockdown of Cdk5 has been proven to play an anti-cancer role through various mechanisms, and can synergize the killing effect of chemotherapeutics. DNA damage response (DDR) is a series of regulatory events including DNA damage, cell-cycle arrest, regulation of DNA replication, and repair or bypass of DNA damage to ensure the maintenance of genomic stability and cell viability. Here we describe the regulatory mechanisms of Cdk5, its controversial roles in apoptosis and focus on its links to DDR and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 467, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 467, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yu-Shu Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 467, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 467, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yu-Hong Jia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road West 9, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Hai-Dong Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 467, Dalian, 116023, China.
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