1
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Chang SC, Ke TW, Chen WTL, Shyu WC, Jeng LB. Effect of autologous dendritic cell cytokine-induced killer on refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: a matched case-control comparative study. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1329615. [PMID: 38476223 PMCID: PMC10927724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1329615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who are refractory to two or more lines of systemic chemotherapy have limited therapeutic options. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of autologous dendritic cell cytokine-induced killer (DC-CIK) transfer on the survival of patients with mCRC who are refractory or intolerant to at least two lines of systemic chemotherapies. Methods A matched case-control comparative study was conducted with patients who received DC-CIK immunotherapy in addition to standard chemotherapy (cases) and those with standard chemotherapy alone (controls). The primary objective was to compare the duration of oncologic survival, including overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), between the two groups. Results A total of 27 cases and 27 controls were included. The median OS in the DC-CIK case group was 18.73 ± 5.48 months, which was significantly longer than that in the control group (14.23 ± 1.90 months, p = 0.045). However, there was no significant difference in PFS between the two groups (p = 0.086). Subgroup analysis showed that in patients with liver or extra-regional lymph node metastasis, DC-CIK cases had longer OS than controls (17.0 vs. 11.87 months, p = 0.019; not match vs. 6.93 months, p = 0.002, respectively). In patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scale 0 or wild RAS/BRAF, DC-CIK cases showed a significant increase in OS duration compared to controls (28.03 vs. 14.53 months, p = 0.038; 18.73 vs. 11.87 months, p = 0.013, respectively). Conclusions The addition of autologous DC-CIK to standard chemotherapy had a positive effect on OS of patients with refractory mCRC, especially those with liver or extra-regional lymph node metastasis, ECOG = 0, and wild RAS/BRAF status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chi Chang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Cell Therapy Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tao-Wei Ke
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - William Tzu-Liang Chen
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Weoi-Cherng Shyu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Drug Development Center and Department of Neurology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Long-Bin Jeng
- Cell Therapy Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Organ Transfer Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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2
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Li CMY, Tomita Y, Dhakal B, Tin T, Li R, Wright JA, Vrbanac L, Woods SL, Drew P, Price T, Smith E, Maddern GJ, Fenix K. Generation and assessment of cytokine-induced killer cells for the treatment of colorectal cancer liver metastases. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:6. [PMID: 38231291 PMCID: PMC10794456 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are an adoptive immunotherapy reported to have strong anti-tumour activity across a range of cancers. They are a heterogeneous mix of lymphoid cells generated by culturing human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with cytokines and monoclonal antibodies in vitro. In this study, we investigated the yield and function of CIK cells generated from patients with CRC liver metastases. We first showed that CIK cells generated in serum free medium X-VIVO 15 were comparable to those from RPMI medium with 10% FBS in terms of the number and percentages of the main subsets of cells in the CIK culture, and the intracellular levels of granzyme B and perforin, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α. The CIK cells were cytotoxic to CRC cell lines grown in 2D cultures or as spheroids, and against autologous patient-derived tumour organoids. Donor attributes such as age, sex, or prior chemotherapy exposure had no significant impact on CIK cell numbers or function. These results suggest that functional CIK cells can be generated from patients with CRC liver metastatic disease, and support further investigations into the therapeutic application of autologous CIK cells in the management of patients with CRC liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Man Ying Li
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Yoko Tomita
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Bimala Dhakal
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Teresa Tin
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Runhao Li
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Josephine A Wright
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Laura Vrbanac
- Department of Medical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Susan L Woods
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- Department of Medical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Paul Drew
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Timothy Price
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Eric Smith
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Guy J Maddern
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Kevin Fenix
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia.
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3
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Ying Li CM, Li R, Drew P, Price T, Smith E, Maddern GJ, Tomita Y, Fenix K. Clinical application of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy in colorectal cancer: Current strategies and future challenges. Cancer Treat Rev 2024; 122:102665. [PMID: 38091655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2023.102665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant global health burden and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Cytokine induced killer (CIK) cell therapy is an immunotherapy which has the potential to meet this need. Clinical trials of CIK cell therapy for the management of CRC have reported improved clinical outcomes. However, production and delivery protocols varied significantly, and many studies were reported only in Chinese language journals. Here we present the most comprehensive review of the clinical CIK cell therapy trials for CRC management to date. We accessed both English and Chinese language clinical studies, and summarise how CIK cell therapy has been implemented, from manufacturing to patient delivery. We discuss current challenges that impede wider adoption of CIK cell therapy in CRC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Man Ying Li
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Runhao Li
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Paul Drew
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Timothy Price
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Eric Smith
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Guy J Maddern
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Yoko Tomita
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Kevin Fenix
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia.
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Wang S, Song Y, Shi Q, Qiao G, Zhao Y, Zhou L, Zhao J, Jiang N, Huang H. Safety of dendritic cell and cytokine-induced killer (DC-CIK) cell-based immunotherapy in patients with solid tumor: a retrospective study in China. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:4767-4782. [PMID: 37970341 PMCID: PMC10636667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Systematic assessment of adverse side effects of Adoptive T cell therapy, especially cytokine-induced killer cell and dendric cell treatment Dendritic cells-Cytokine-induced killer (DC-CIK) therapy, especially when combined with chemotherapy, has not been reported. Totally 1100 consecutive patients (2504 trail cycles) enrolled in DC-CIK treatment trials at Beijing Shijitian Hospital between August 2012 and August 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. The 370 patients (34%)/815 cycles enrolled in our trial combined with chemotherapy. In total, 548 (cases)/870 (cycles) patients experienced AEs. The AE class was mainly composed of Neurological 34 cycles (4%), Musculoskeletal 28 cycles (3%), Immunopathies 5 cycles (1%), Hematological 521 cycles (60%), 224 general disorders and administration site conditions cycles (26%), Gastrointestinal 209 cycles (24%), Skin 15 cycles (2%), and 119 Metabolism and Nutrition disorders cycles (14%). The AE class of gastrointestinal (vomiting, P=0.025), nutritional (anorexia, P=0.016), and hematological disorders (anemia P<0.0001, leukopenia P<0.0001) appeared in the DC-CIK treatment and were mainly correlated with chemotherapy. Multiple logistic regression analysis suggested that regardless of whether DC-CIK was combined with chemotherapy, multi-line treatment was more prone to nausea, anorexia, fatigue, anemia, and leukopenia than first-line treatment. However, correlation analysis verified that increasing the number of cycles of DC-CIK treatment alone could reduce the incidence rate of fatigue (P=0.001), anorexia (P<0.0001), and anxiety (P=0.01). Most of the adverse side effects that occurred during autologous DC-CIK treatment were associated with combined or previously applied chemotherapeutic treatment, which also indicated that autologous DC-CIK anti-tumor therapy was safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100038, China
| | - Yuguang Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100038, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100038, China
| | - Guoliang Qiao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General HospitalNo. 55, Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yanjie Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100038, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100038, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100038, China
| | - Ni Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100038, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100038, China
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Eralp Y, Ates U. Clinical Applications of Combined Immunotherapy Approaches in Gastrointestinal Cancer: A Case-Based Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1545. [PMID: 37896948 PMCID: PMC10610904 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant neoplasms arising from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are among the most common types of cancer with high mortality rates. Despite advances in treatment in a small subgroup harboring targetable mutations, the outcome remains poor, accounting for one in three cancer-related deaths observed globally. As a promising therapeutic option in various tumor types, immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has also been evaluated in GI cancer, albeit with limited efficacy except for a small subgroup expressing microsatellite instability. In the quest for more effective treatment options, energetic efforts have been placed to evaluate the role of several immunotherapy approaches comprising of cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we report our experience with a personalized dendritic cell cancer vaccine and cytokine-induced killer cell therapy in three patients with GI cancers and summarize current clinical data on combined immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Eralp
- Maslak Acıbadem Hospital, Acıbadem University, Istanbul 34398, Turkey
| | - Utku Ates
- Biotech4life Tissue and Cell R&D Center, Stembio Cell and Tissue Technologies, Inc., Istanbul 34398, Turkey
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6
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Li CMY, Tomita Y, Dhakal B, Li R, Li J, Drew P, Price T, Smith E, Maddern GJ, Fenix KA. Use of cytokine-induced killer cell therapy in patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006764. [PMID: 37117007 PMCID: PMC10152003 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-006764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of clinical studies evaluating the benefit of cytokine-induced killer cell (CIK) therapy, an adoptive immunotherapy, for colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing. In many of these trials, CIK therapy was coadministered with conventional cancer therapy. The aim of this review is to systematically assess the available literature, in which the majority were only in Chinese, on CIK therapy for the management of CRC using meta-analysis and to identify parameters associated with successful CIK therapy implementation. METHODS Prospective and retrospective clinical studies which compared CIK therapy to non-CIK therapy in patients with CRC were searched for electronically on MEDLINE, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data databases. The clinical endpoints of overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), OS and PFS rates, overall response rate (ORR), and toxicity were meta-analyzed using HR and relative ratio (RR), and subgroup analyses were performed using chi-square (χ2) test and I-squared (I2) statistics for study design, disease stage, cotherapy type, and timing of administration. RESULTS In total, 70 studies involving 6743 patients were analyzed. CIK therapy was favored over non-CIK therapy for OS (HR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.65), PFS (HR=0.55, 95% CI: 0.47 to 0.63), and ORR (RR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.74) without increasing toxicity (HR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.16 to 2.25). Subgroup analyses on OS and PFS by study design (randomized vs non-randomized study design), disease stage (Stage I-III vs Stage IV), cotreatment with dendritic cells (DCs) (CIK vs DC-CIK therapy), or timing of therapy administration (concurrent vs sequential with coadministered anticancer therapy) also showed that the clinical benefit of CIK therapy was robust in any subgroup analysis. Furthermore, cotreatment with DCs did not improve clinical outcomes over CIK therapy alone. CONCLUSION Compared with standard therapy, patients who received additional CIK cell therapy had favorable outcomes without increased toxicity, warranting further investigation into CIK therapy for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Man Ying Li
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yoko Tomita
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bimala Dhakal
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - Runhao Li
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jun Li
- Urinary Surgery of Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, Henan, China
| | - Paul Drew
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy Price
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eric Smith
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Guy J Maddern
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Aaron Fenix
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
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7
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Dong M, Zhang G, Meng J, Liu B, Jiang D, Liu F. MMP9-Associated Tumor Stem Cells, CCL1-Silenced Dendritic Cells, and Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells Have a Remarkable Therapeutic Efficacy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Activating T Cells. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:2490943. [PMID: 37200633 PMCID: PMC10188259 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2490943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Dendritic cells (DC) are specialized antigen-presenting cells, and cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells have a specific killing activity to a variety of tumors. However, the underlining mechanism and function of DC-CIK cells in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain largely elusive. Methods Gene expression profiles of leukemia patients were obtained from TCGA, DC cell components were evaluated using the quanTIseq method, and cancer stem cell scores were estimated using machine learning methods. The transcriptomes were obtained in DC-CIK cells from normal and AML patients by high-throughput sequencing. Large differentially expressed mRNAs were verified by RT-qPCR assay, and MMP9 and CCL1 were selected for subsequent studies in vivo and in vitro experiments. Results Significant positive correlations were found with DC versus cancer stem cells (p = 0.008) and the expression of MMP9 versus cancer stem cells (p = 0.018). MMP9 and CCL1 were found to be highly expressed in DC-CIK cells from AML patients. DC-CIK cells with MMP9 and CCL1 knockout alone had little effect on leukemia cells, while knockdown of MMP9 and CCL1 in DC-CIK cells increased cytotoxicity, suppressed proliferation, and induced apoptosis of leukemia cells. In addition, we proved that MMP9- and CCL1-silenced DC-CIK cells significantly elevated the CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ cells and lowered the CD4+PD-1+ and CD8+PD-1+ T cells. Meanwhile, blockage of MMP9 and CCL1 in DC-CIK cells dramatically increased IL-2 and IFN-γ, increased CD107aþ (LAMP-1) and granzyme B (GZMB), and downregulated PD-1, CTLA4, TIM3, and LAG3 T cells from AML patients and AML model mice. Furthermore, activated T cells in DC-CIK cells knocking down MMP9 and CCL1 also prevented proliferation and accelerated apoptosis of AML cells. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that blockage of MMP9 and CCL1 in DC-CIK cells could markedly enhance the therapeutic efficiency in AML via activating T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dong
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570000, China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570000, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570000, China
| | - Biou Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Duanfeng Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570000, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China
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Al-Hujaily EM, Al-Sowayan BS, Alyousef Z, Uddin S, Alammari F. Recruiting Immunity for the Fight against Colorectal Cancer: Current Status and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213696. [PMID: 36430176 PMCID: PMC9697544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies have changed the landscape of cancer management and improved the standard treatment protocols used in multiple tumors. This has led to significant improvements in progression-free survival and overall survival rates. In this review article, we provide an insight into the major immunotherapeutic methods that are currently under investigation for colorectal cancer (CRC) and their clinical implementations. We emphasize therapies that are based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and adoptive cell therapy, their mechanisms of action, their advantages, and their potential in combination therapy. We also highlight the clinical trials that have demonstrated both the therapeutic efficacy and the toxicities associated with each method. In addition, we summarize emerging targets that are now being evaluated as potential interventions for CRC. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future direction for the cancer immunotherapy field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensaf M. Al-Hujaily
- Department of Blood and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Batla S. Al-Sowayan
- Department of Blood and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeyad Alyousef
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Farah Alammari
- Department of Blood and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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9
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Yuan J, Li J, Gao C, Jiang C, Xiang Z, Wu J. Immunotherapies catering to the unmet medical need of cold colorectal cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1022190. [PMID: 36275766 PMCID: PMC9579278 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1022190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a common malignant tumor of gastrointestinal tract, the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has gradually increased in recent years. In western developed countries, it has even become the second largest malignant tumor next to lung cancer. Immunotherapy is a hot topic in the field of cancer therapy, including immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), adoptive cell therapy (ACT), cancer vaccines and cytokines, aiming to improve the ability of the immune system to recognize, target and eliminate cancer cells. However, cold CRC, which accounts for a high proportion of CRC, is not so reactive to it. The development of immunotherapy to prevent cancer cells from forming “immune escape” pathways to the immune system in cold CRC, has been under increasing study attention. There is proof that an organic combination of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and several immunotherapies can considerably boost the immune system’s capacity to eradicate tumor cells. In this review, we summarized the role of immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. In addition, we propose a breakthrough and strategy to improve the role of immunotherapy in cold CRC based on its characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ce Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chun Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ze Xiang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Wu, ; Ze Xiang,
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Wu, ; Ze Xiang,
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10
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Zhong W, Fang C, Liu H, Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhong J, He X, Zhang L. LAP+CD4+T cells regulate the anti-tumor role of CIK cells in colorectal cancer through IL-10 and TGF-β. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:3716-3728. [PMID: 35836905 PMCID: PMC9274552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rate of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing. Adoptive immune cell therapy (ACT) is a research hotspot in CRC treatment, and the common adoptive cells are cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK). The problem of ACT is that some regulatory T cells (Treg) will affect the efficacy. Latent associated polypeptide (LAP)+CD4+T is a new Treg, and its immunosuppressive effect is much higher than that of traditional Tregs. This research mainly explored the influence of LAP+CD4+T cells on anti-tumor lethality of CIK cells, so as to fill this gap. The LAP+CD4+T CIK cells and LAP-CD4+T CIK cells were sorted by immunomagnetic beads. LAP+CD4+T cells were expanded in vitro, and high expression cytokine genes were screened by RT-qPCR. LAP+CD4+T and LAP-CD4+T CIK cells were co-cultured to test cyto-activity. Transplanted tumor models of CRC were established in nude mice, which were randomized into a control group (CG), CIK group, LAP (-) group, LAP (+) group, IL-10 siRNA group, and TGF-siRNA group, and the tumor growth in each group was observed. The research results revealed that interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were highly expressed in LAP+CD4+T cells. LAP+CD4+T could effectively suppress CIK cell proliferation and activity. LAP-CD4+T could suppress IL-10 and TGF-β, and inhibit CIK cell apoptosis, proliferation, and tumor growth, thus improving their anti-tumor lethality. LAP+CD4+T cells regulate the anti-tumor role of CIK cells in CRC through IL-10 and TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang UniversityGanzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chuanfa Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang UniversityGanzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongquan Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang UniversityGanzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang UniversityGanzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Anorectal, Ganzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine HospitalGanzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junqiao Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang UniversityGanzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xianping He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang UniversityGanzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Leichang Zhang
- Department of Anorectal, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
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11
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Chen Y, Zheng X, Wu C. The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment and Treatment Strategies in Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:792691. [PMID: 34925375 PMCID: PMC8674693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.792691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has the second highest mortality rate among all cancers worldwide. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, molecular targeting and other treatment methods have significantly prolonged the survival of patients with CRC. Recently, the emergence of tumor immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has brought new immunotherapy options for the treatment of advanced CRC. As the efficacy of ICIs is closely related to the tumor immune microenvironment (TME), it is necessary to clarify the relationship between the immune microenvironment of CRC and the efficacy of immunotherapy to ensure that the appropriate drugs are selected. We herein review the latest research progress in the immune microenvironment and strategies related to immunotherapy for CRC. We hope that this review helps in the selection of appropriate treatment strategies for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Changping Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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12
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Aparicio C, Belver M, Enríquez L, Espeso F, Núñez L, Sánchez A, de la Fuente MÁ, González-Vallinas M. Cell Therapy for Colorectal Cancer: The Promise of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11781. [PMID: 34769211 PMCID: PMC8583883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global public health problem as it is the third most prevalent and the second most lethal cancer worldwide. Major efforts are underway to understand its molecular pathways as well as to define the tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumour-specific antigens (TSAs) or neoantigens, in order to develop an effective treatment. Cell therapies are currently gaining importance, and more specifically chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, in which genetically modified T cells are redirected against the tumour antigen of interest. This immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising advances in cancer treatment, having successfully demonstrated its efficacy in haematological malignancies. However, in solid tumours, such as colon cancer, it is proving difficult to achieve the same results due to the shortage of TSAs, on-target off-tumour effects, low CAR-T cell infiltration and the immunosuppressive microenvironment. To address these challenges in CRC, new approaches are proposed, including combined therapies, the regional administration of CAR-T cells and more complex CAR structures, among others. This review comprehensively summarises the current landscape of CAR-T cell therapy in CRC from the potential tumour targets to the preclinical studies and clinical trials, as well as the limitations and future perspectives of this novel antitumour strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Margarita González-Vallinas
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid (UVa)-CSIC, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (C.A.); (M.B.); (L.E.); (F.E.); (L.N.); (A.S.); (M.Á.d.l.F.)
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13
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Tsuchiya H, Shiota G. Immune evasion by cancer stem cells. Regen Ther 2021; 17:20-33. [PMID: 33778133 PMCID: PMC7966825 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunity represents a new avenue for cancer therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have successfully improved outcomes in several tumor types. In addition, currently, immune cell-based therapy is also attracting significant attention. However, the clinical efficacy of these treatments requires further improvement. The mechanisms through which cancer cells escape the immune response must be identified and clarified. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a central role in multiple aspects of malignant tumors. CSCs can initiate tumors in partially immunocompromised mice, whereas non-CSCs fail to form tumors, suggesting that tumor initiation is a definitive function of CSCs. However, the fact that non-CSCs also initiate tumors in more highly immunocompromised mice suggests that the immune evasion property may be a more fundamental feature of CSCs rather than a tumor-initiating property. In this review, we summarize studies that have elucidated how CSCs evade tumor immunity and create an immunosuppressive milieu with a focus on CSC-specific characteristics and functions. These profound mechanisms provide important clues for the development of novel tumor immunotherapies. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a central role in multiple aspects of malignant tumors. Immune evasion is a fundamental feature of CSCs. Immune evasion mechanisms must be precisely clarified to improve tumor immunotherapy. CSCs are promising targets for tumor immunotherapy.
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Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
- ALDH, alcohol dehydrogenase
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- ARID3B, AT-rich interaction domain-containing protein 3B
- CCR7, C–C motif chemokine receptor 7
- CIK, cytokine-induced killer cell
- CMV, cytomegalovirus
- CSC, cancer stem cell
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-cell-associated antigen-4
- Cancer stem cells
- DC, dendritic cell
- DNMT, DNA methyltransferase
- EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- ETO, fat mass and obesity associated protein
- EV, extracellular vesicle
- HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- Immune checkpoints
- Immune evasion
- KDM4, lysine-specific demethylase 4C
- KIR, killer immunoglobulin-like receptor
- LAG3, lymphocyte activation gene 3
- LILR, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor
- LMP, low molecular weight protein
- LOX, lysyl oxidase
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MIC, MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- NK cells
- NK, natural killer
- NOD, nonobese diabetic
- NSG, NOD/SCID IL-2 receptor gamma chain null
- OCT4, octamer-binding transcription factor 4
- PD-1, programmed death receptor-1
- PD-L1/2, ligands 1/2
- PI9, protease inhibitor 9
- PSME3, proteasome activator subunit 3
- SCID, severe combined immunodeficient
- SOX2, sex determining region Y-box 2
- T cells
- TAM, tumor-associated macrophage
- TAP, transporter associated with antigen processing
- TCR, T cell receptor
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- ULBP, UL16 binding protein
- uPAR, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor
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14
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Zhang Y, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. Ten-year update of the international registry on cytokine-induced killer cells in cancer immunotherapy. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9291-9303. [PMID: 32484595 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells represent an exceptional T-cell population uniting a T cell and natural killer cell-like phenotype in their terminally differentiated CD3+ CD56+ subset, which features non-MHC-restricted tumor-killing activity. CIK cells have provided encouraging results in initial clinical studies and revealed synergistic antitumor effects when combined with standard therapeutic procedures. We established the international registry on CIK cells (IRCC) to collect and evaluate clinical trials for the treatment of cancer patients in 2010. Moreover, our registry set new standards on the reporting of results from clinical trials using CIK cells. In the present update, a total of 106 clinical trials including 10,225 patients were enrolled in IRCC, of which 4,889 patients in over 30 distinct tumor entities were treated with CIK cells alone or in combination with conventional or novel therapies. Significantly improved median progression-free survival and overall survival were shown in 27 trials, and 9 trials reported a significantly increased 5-year survival rate. Mild adverse effects and graft-versus-host diseases were also observed in the studies. Recently, more efforts have been put into the improvement of antitumoral efficacy by CIK cells including the administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors and modification with chimeric antigen receptorc. The minimal toxicity and multiple improvements on their tumor-killing activity both make CIK cells a favorable therapeutic tool in the clinical practice of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingo G H Schmidt-Wolf
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Du H, Yang J, Zhang Y. Cytokine-induced killer cell/dendritic cell combined with cytokine-induced killer cell immunotherapy for treating advanced gastrointestinal cancer. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:357. [PMID: 32345239 PMCID: PMC7189715 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of cytokine-induced killer (CIK)/dendritic cell combined with CIK (DC–CIK) cell therapy in advanced gastrointestinal cancer (GIC). Methods The PubMed, Cochrane library, and Embase were searched to conduct a meta-analysis of clinical controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CIK/DC–CIK cell therapy in advanced GIC. The pooled risk ratios (RRs) or weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. Results A total of nine studies with 1113 patients were identified. The overall survival (RR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.41–2.40, Pheterogeneity = 0.654, I2 = 0%), progression-free survival (RR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.52–2.60, Pheterogeneity = 0.727, I2 = 0%), and quality of life (WMD = 16.09, 95% CI = 1.66–30.52, Pheterogeneity < 0.001, I2 = 98.8%) were significantly improved in patients who received chemotherapy combined with CIK/DC–CIK cells, and no severe adverse events were reported. Conclusion This meta-analysis suggested that the combination of CIK/DC–CIK immunotherapy and chemotherapy was safe and applicable for patients with advanced GIC. It is a feasible choice to prolong survival and improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansong Du
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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16
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Pan QZ, Zhao JJ, Yang CP, Zhou YQ, Lin JZ, Tang Y, Gu JM, Wang QJ, Li YQ, He J, Chen SP, Song MJ, Huang Y, Yang JY, Weng DS, Xia JC. Efficacy of adjuvant cytokine-induced killer cell immunotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer after radical resection. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1752563. [PMID: 32363125 PMCID: PMC7185208 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1752563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery is the standard treatment modality for stage III and part of stage II or stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. However, the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate remains unsatisfactory. Thus, developing combination therapies is essential to improve the prognosis of patients with CRC. The present study aimed to determine the effect of a sequential combination of cytokine-induced killer cell (CIK) infusion and chemotherapy for patients with CRC. 122 patients with CRC treated with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy were retrospectively included in this study. Among them, 62 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy only (control group), while the other 60 patients, with similar demographic and clinical characteristics, received adjuvant chemotherapy and sequential CIK cell immunotherapy (CIK group). Survival analysis showed significantly improved disease free survival (DFS) and OS rates in the CIK group compared with the control group (log-rank test, P = .0024; P = .008, respectively). Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that sequential CIK cell treatment was an independent prognostic factor for patients’ DFS and OS. Subgroup analyses showed that sequential CIK cell treatment significantly improved the DFS and OS of patients with high-risk T4 stage and insufficient chemotherapy duration. In conclusion, these data indicate that sequential adjuvant CIK cell treatment combined with chemotherapy is an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent disease recurrence and prolong survival of patients with CRC, particularly for patients with high-risk T4 stage and insufficient chemotherapy duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Zhong Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao-Pin Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Yuexiu District Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Zhong Lin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Mei Gu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Jing Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ping Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Jia Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Ying Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - De-Sheng Weng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Chuan Xia
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Sun W, Ren S, Li R, Zhang Q, Song H. LncRNA, a novel target biomolecule, is involved in the progression of colorectal cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2515-2530. [PMID: 31815050 PMCID: PMC6895445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies among males and females worldwide. Although China is a country with a low incidence of colorectal cancer, with the improvement of China's economy and lifestyle changes, the incidence rate in China has generally increased in recent years, and the morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer rank fifth among those of all malignant tumours. Furthermore, despite recent improvements in screening strategies and treatments for colorectal cancer, the prognosis of advanced colorectal cancer is still poor, mainly due to the recurrence or distant metastasis of this disease. Thus, colorectal cancer still seriously threatens the health and life of people and is a major public health problem worthy of further study. Recently, accumulating evidence has revealed that colorectal carcinogenesis might be a multistep process driven by progressive genetic abnormalities, including changes in lncRNA expression. Moreover, a large number of studies have discovered and studied the abnormal expression of lncRNAs in colorectal cancer, providing a promising target for the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer, which will promote human understanding of the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and improve diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, in the present review, we mainly summarize the present status of colorectal cancer, the characteristics, functions and clinical perspectives of lncRNAs, and the current therapeutic methods used for colorectal cancer, especially the application of lncRNAs in the treatment of colorectal cancer. It is hoped that this review will give readers a new understanding of the roles of lncRNAs in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Sun
- Biotherapy Center, Department of Oncology, Qingdao Tumor Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University No. 127 Siliu South Road, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, China
| | - Shaoshao Ren
- Biotherapy Center, Department of Oncology, Qingdao Tumor Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University No. 127 Siliu South Road, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, China
| | - Ran Li
- Biotherapy Center, Department of Oncology, Qingdao Tumor Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University No. 127 Siliu South Road, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, China
| | - Qingshan Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, Department of Oncology, Qingdao Tumor Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University No. 127 Siliu South Road, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, China
| | - Haiping Song
- Biotherapy Center, Department of Oncology, Qingdao Tumor Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University No. 127 Siliu South Road, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, China
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18
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Zhang L, Mao J. Long-Chain Noncoding RNA PVT1 Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated with the Risk and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer in the Han Chinese Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2019; 23:728-736. [PMID: 31509024 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2019.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To investigate the association between long-chain noncoding RNA (lncRNA) plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) gene polymorphisms and the risk and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Han Chinese population. Methods: A cohort of 225 Han Chinese CRC patients and 225 healthy controls was analyzed for the PVT1 gene genotypes at the loci rs1221464062, rs1366023633, rs1252200336, and rs1273526412. The levels of PVT1 mRNA, hsa-miR-455-5p, and hsa-miR-455-3p in both cancerous tissues and paracancerous normal tissues of the CRC patients were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The survival rate of CRC patients was recorded after 3 years of follow-up. Results: The risk of developing CRC in subjects with the ID genotype of the PVT1 gene locus rs1252200336 was 2.71 times higher compared with the type II genotype; and the D allele was a risk factor for CRC. The survival of CRC patients with the ID/DD genotypes of the PVT1 gene rs1252200336 locus was significantly lower compared with the II genotype. In both the cancerous tissues and the paracancerous normal tissues of CRC patients, the level of lncRNA PVT1 was negatively correlated with the hsa-miR-455-5p and hsa-miR-455-3p levels. In subjects carrying the ID/DD genotypes of the PVT1 gene rs1252200336 locus, the level of the lncRNA PVT1 in cancerous tissues was significantly higher compared with the II genotype, whereas the hsa-miR-455-3p level was significantly lower compared with the II genotype. Conclusion: The PVT1 gene rs1252200336 locus polymorphisms are associated with the risk of developing CRC in the Han Chinese population. The rs1252200336 locus deletion mutation (D) may impact the binding of hsa-miR-455-5p to the lncRNA PVT1 and its role in the development and progression of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiehong Mao
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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