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Lin X, Antic T, Hou T, Nezami BG. Cytopathology and clinicopathological correlation of renal neuroendocrine neoplasms. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2024:S2213-2945(24)00058-9. [PMID: 38981825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a lack of documentation regarding cytopathology of renal neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) due to their rarity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five cytology cases were gathered from 3 institutes. RESULTS Cohort consisted of 4 females and 1 male. Fine needle aspiration biopsy and touch preparation slides of core needle biopsy revealed cellular samples, composed of round, plasmacytoid, or columnar cells. Tumor cells were present in nested, acinar, 3D cluster, and individual cell patterns. Tumor cells in 3 cases exhibited uniformly round to oval small nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli, finely granular chromatin, and smooth nuclear membranes, whereas 2 other cases showed pleomorphic nuclei with conspicuous nucleoli, nuclear molding, and irregular nuclear membranes. Tumor cells displayed pale or granular cytoplasm, with 1 case showing small vacuoles. Examination of cores and cell blocks demonstrated tumor cells in sheets, nests, or acini. All tumor cells were positive for neuroendocrine immunomarkers. Based on mitotic count, Ki-67 index and morphology, 3 tumors were graded as well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (WDNET) (1 grade [G] 3, 1 G2, 1 G1) and 2 as large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Deletion of 7q, 10q, and 19q was detected in WDNETs. Two patients with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and 1 with WDNET G3 underwent chemotherapy due to aggressiveness, whereas nephrectomy was performed for patients with WDNET G1 and 2 without metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Cytopathological characteristics of renal NENs closely resemble those affecting other organs. Despite its rarity, renal NENs should be kept in mind when confronted with morphological resemblances to NENs, to prevent misdiagnosis and inappropriate therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Lin
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Tatjana Antic
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tieying Hou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Behtash G Nezami
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Hiddinga B, Zwaenepoel K, Janssens A, Van Meerbeeck J, Pauwels P. Are anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation driver biomarkers of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and carcinomas (NECs)? Oncotarget 2022; 13:800-809. [PMID: 35677534 PMCID: PMC9159705 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Novel targets in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are needed to improve outcome. The presence of O6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation in NETs and NECs may act as a predictive marker for response on treatment with temozolomide. As anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) plays an important role in the nervous system we hypothesized that ALK rearrangement can act as a biomarker in patients with NETs and NECs. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis to establish the frequency of MGMT promoter methylation and ALK expression in tissue samples of patients with NETs and NECs. Results: 21% (14/67) of patients tested positive for MGMT promoter methylation. MGMT promoter methylation was present in 33% (3/9) patients with typical carcinoid, in 22% (2/9) patients with atypical carcinoid, in 22% (8/37) patients with small cell lung cancer and in 8% (1/12) patient with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. ALK- expression was present in 14% (10 of 70 patients). In all of these patients, no ALK-rearrangement nor ALK-mutation was revealed. Conclusions: Routine testing of NET and NEC samples for an ALK rearrangement is not recommended as ALK-expression is not associated with an ALK-rearrangement. Routine testing of NET and NEC samples for MGMT will detect a promoter hypermethylation in a sizable minority of patients who are eligible for a targeted treatment with temozolomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Hiddinga
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Zwaenepoel
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Annelies Janssens
- Department of Pulmonology and Thoracic Oncology, European Reference Network for Rare or Low Prevalence Lung Diseases: ERN-LUNG, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium and University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Meerbeeck
- Department of Pulmonology and Thoracic Oncology, European Reference Network for Rare or Low Prevalence Lung Diseases: ERN-LUNG, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium and University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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He Y, Yu X, Zhang M, Guo W. Pan-cancer analysis of m 5C regulator genes reveals consistent epigenetic landscape changes in multiple cancers. World J Surg Oncol 2021; 19:224. [PMID: 34325709 PMCID: PMC8323224 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Methylcytosine (m5C) is a reversible modification to both DNA and various cellular RNAs. However, its roles in developing human cancers are poorly understood, including the effects of mutant m5C regulators and the outcomes of modified nucleobases in RNAs. METHODS Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we uncovered that mutations and copy number variations (CNVs) of m5C regulatory genes were significantly correlated across many cancer types. We then assessed the correlation between the expression of individual m5C regulators and the activity of related hallmark pathways of cancers. RESULTS After validating m5C regulators' expression based on their contributions to cancer development and progression, we observed their upregulation within tumor-specific processes. Notably, our research connected aberrant alterations to m5C regulatory genes with poor clinical outcomes among various tumors that may drive cancer pathogenesis and/or survival. CONCLUSION Our results offered strong evidence and clinical implications for the involvement of m5C regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting He
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation At Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation At Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Menggang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation At Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Wenzhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation At Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Vatrano S, Giorcelli J, Votta A, Capone G, Izzo S, Gatti G, Righi L, Napoli F, Scagliotti G, Papotti M, Volante M, Rapa I. Multiple Assays to Determine Methylguanine-Methyltransferase Status in Lung Carcinoids and Correlation with Clinical and Pathological Features. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:1-9. [PMID: 31280263 DOI: 10.1159/000500158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND O6-methylguanine-methyltransferase (MGMT) is a key enzyme for the DNA repair machinery strongly associated with response to alkylating agents in different tumors. Data on its expression and related clinical impact in neuroendocrine tumors are limited to the gastro-entero-pancreatic system, with controversial results in terms of prognostic or predictive value. In lung carcinoids, although clinical efficacy of alkylating agents has been shown in small studies, very few data to date are available on MGMT status. OBJECTIVE To assess MGMT status in lung carcinoids using multiple assays and to compare data with major clinical and pathological features. METHODS A retrospective series of 95 lung carcinoids and 51 control cases of high-grade neuroendocrine lung carcinomas was analyzed for MGMT promoter methylation, MGMT gene expression, and MGMT protein expression using pyrosequencing, quantitative real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS MGMT protein expression was inversely correlated with MGMT promoter methylation and positively with MGMT gene expression. MGMT promoter methylation progressively increased from carcinoids to high-grade carcinomas. In the carcinoid group, decreased MGMT gene expression was significantly associated with aggressive features (atypical histotype, grade G2, larger tumor size, higher T stage, and positive nodal status) but not with survival. MGMT promoter methylation was associated with lower stage and negative nodal status. CONCLUSIONS Our study investigated MGMT status in a large series of lung carcinoids in the attempt to move forward a rational use of alkylating agents in these tumors. Interestingly, low MGMT gene expression defines a subgroup of lung carcinoids with aggressive features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Vatrano
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Jessica Giorcelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Arianna Votta
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Guendalina Capone
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Izzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Gaia Gatti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisella Righi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Napoli
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scagliotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Volante
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy,
| | - Ida Rapa
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Papaxoinis G, Kordatou Z, McCallum L, Nasralla M, Lamarca A, Backen A, Nonaka D, Mansoor W. Capecitabine and Temozolomide in Patients with Advanced Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumours. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:413-421. [PMID: 31437838 DOI: 10.1159/000502864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temozolomide and capecitabine (CAPTEM) chemotherapy is known to be active in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. OBJECTIVE This retrospective analysis set out to describe the efficacy and toxicity of CAPTEM in patients with advanced pulmonary carcinoids (PCs). METHODS Patients were included with advanced PC who had been treated with a maximum of 6 cycles of oral temozolomide 200 mg/m2 on days 10-14 and capecitabine 750 mg/m2 b.i.d. on days 1-14, repeated every 28 days, -followed by monthly intramuscular injection of octreotide 30 mg long-acting release as maintenance treatment. RESULTS Of the 33 patients, all with well-differentiated PC, 61% had atypical carcinoid, 36% had Ki-67 index >10% and 42% had ≥3 organs involved by metastasis. CAPTEM was administered as first-line treatment in 42% of patients, and 17% had received prior somatostatin analogue treatment. Six patients (18%) achieved a partial response, 19 (58%) had stable disease and 8 (24%) developed progressive disease. After a median time of follow-up of 34.8 months, median progression-free survival (PFS) was 9.0 months and median overall survival 30.4 months. Median duration of disease response was 21.7 months and median duration of disease control 9.7 months. Patients with multi-organ metastasis had shorter PFS, but only when treated as second or third line with CAPTEM (p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS CAPTEM induced a modest response and PFS rate, comparable to other studies with temozolomide in patients with advanced PC. The efficacy of CAPTEM should be compared to that of monotherapy with temozolomide in a prospective clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Papaxoinis
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Kordatou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne McCallum
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Magdy Nasralla
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Lamarca
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Backen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Daisuke Nonaka
- Cellular Pathology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wasat Mansoor
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom,
- University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,
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