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Tomuleasa C, Tigu AB, Munteanu R, Moldovan CS, Kegyes D, Onaciu A, Gulei D, Ghiaur G, Einsele H, Croce CM. Therapeutic advances of targeting receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:201. [PMID: 39138146 PMCID: PMC11323831 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01899-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), a category of transmembrane receptors, have gained significant clinical attention in oncology due to their central role in cancer pathogenesis. Genetic alterations, including mutations, amplifications, and overexpression of certain RTKs, are critical in creating environments conducive to tumor development. Following their discovery, extensive research has revealed how RTK dysregulation contributes to oncogenesis, with many cancer subtypes showing dependency on aberrant RTK signaling for their proliferation, survival and progression. These findings paved the way for targeted therapies that aim to inhibit crucial biological pathways in cancer. As a result, RTKs have emerged as primary targets in anticancer therapeutic development. Over the past two decades, this has led to the synthesis and clinical validation of numerous small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), now effectively utilized in treating various cancer types. In this manuscript we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the RTKs in the context of cancer. We explored the various alterations and overexpression of specific receptors across different malignancies, with special attention dedicated to the examination of current RTK inhibitors, highlighting their role as potential targeted therapies. By integrating the latest research findings and clinical evidence, we seek to elucidate the pivotal role of RTKs in cancer biology and the therapeutic efficacy of RTK inhibition with promising treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj Napoca, Romania.
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Adrian-Bogdan Tigu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Munteanu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian-Silviu Moldovan
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - David Kegyes
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Onaciu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Gulei
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Ghiaur
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Department of Leukemia, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik II, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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2
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Obata Y, Kurokawa K, Tojima T, Natsume M, Shiina I, Takahashi T, Abe R, Nakano A, Nishida T. Golgi retention and oncogenic KIT signaling via PLCγ2-PKD2-PI4KIIIβ activation in gastrointestinal stromal tumor cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113035. [PMID: 37616163 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) develop due to gain-of-function mutations in the tyrosine kinase gene, KIT. We recently showed that mutant KIT mislocalizes to the Golgi area and initiates uncontrolled signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its Golgi retention remain unknown. Here, we show that protein kinase D2 (PKD2) is activated by the mutant, which causes Golgi retention of KIT. In PKD2-inhibited cells, KIT migrates from the Golgi region to lysosomes and subsequently undergoes degradation. Importantly, delocalized KIT cannot trigger downstream activation. In the Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN), KIT activates the PKD2-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PKD2-PI4KIIIβ) pathway through phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) to generate a PI4P-rich membrane domain, where the AP1-GGA1 complex is aberrantly recruited. Disruption of any factors in this cascade results in the release of KIT from the Golgi/TGN. Our findings show the molecular mechanisms underlying KIT mislocalization and provide evidence for a strategy for inhibition of oncogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Obata
- Laboratory of Intracellular Traffic & Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takuro Tojima
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Miyuki Natsume
- Laboratory of Intracellular Traffic & Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Isamu Shiina
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Toshirou Nishida
- National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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3
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Elsbernd A, Boulouadnine B, Ahmed A, Farooqi M, Sandritter T, Shakhnovich V, Blanding D, Demoulin JB, Thompson J. Novel Oncogenic PDGFRB Variant in Severe Infantile Myofibromatosis With Response to Imatinib Using Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2200250. [DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abbey Elsbernd
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Atif Ahmed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Midhat Farooqi
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO
- Department of Pathology, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
| | - Tracy Sandritter
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO
| | - Valentina Shakhnovich
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
| | - Darius Blanding
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Joel Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO
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4
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Nédélec A, Guérit EM, Dachy G, Lenglez S, Wong LS, Arts FA, Demoulin JB. Penttinen syndrome-associated PDGFRB Val665Ala variant causes aberrant constitutive STAT1 signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:3902-3912. [PMID: 35689379 PMCID: PMC9279580 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Penttinen syndrome is a rare progeroid disorder caused by mutations in platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor beta (encoded by the PDGFRB proto‐oncogene) and characterized by a prematurely aged appearance with lipoatrophy, skin lesions, thin hair and acro‐osteolysis. Activating mutations in PDGFRB have been associated with other human diseases, including Kosaki overgrowth syndrome, infantile myofibromatosis, fusiform aneurysms, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and myeloproliferative neoplasms associated with eosinophilia. The goal of the present study was to characterize the PDGFRB p.Val665Ala variant associated with Penttinen syndrome at the molecular level. This substitution is located in a conserved loop of the receptor tyrosine kinase domain. We observed that the mutant receptor was expressed at a lower level but showed constitutive activity. In the absence of ligand, the mutant activated STAT1 and elicited an interferon‐like transcriptional response. Phosphorylation of STAT3, STAT5, AKT and phospholipase Cγ was weak or undetectable. It was devoid of oncogenic activity in two cell proliferation assays, contrasting with classical PDGF receptor oncogenic mutants. STAT1 activation was not sensitive to ruxolitinib and did not rely on interferon‐JAK2 signalling. Another tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, blocked signalling by the p.Val665Ala variant at a higher concentration compared with the wild‐type receptor. Importantly, this concentration remained in the therapeutic range. Dasatinib, nilotinib and ponatinib also inhibited the mutant receptor. In conclusion, the p.Val665Ala variant confers unique features to PDGF receptor β compared with other characterized gain‐of‐function mutants, which may in part explain the particular set of symptoms associated with Penttinen syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Nédélec
- Experimental Medicine Unit, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie M Guérit
- Experimental Medicine Unit, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Dachy
- Experimental Medicine Unit, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Lenglez
- Experimental Medicine Unit, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lok San Wong
- Experimental Medicine Unit, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence A Arts
- Experimental Medicine Unit, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Baptiste Demoulin
- Experimental Medicine Unit, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Vorolanib, a novel tyrosine receptor kinase receptor inhibitor with potent preclinical anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:577-584. [PMID: 35252556 PMCID: PMC8861424 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vorolanib (CM082) is a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor with a short half-life and limited tissue accumulation that has been shown to reduce choroidal neovascularization in rats. In this preclinical study, vorolanib demonstrated competitive binding and inhibitory activities with KDR, PDGFRβ, FLT3, and C-Kit, and inhibited RET and AMPKα1 more weakly than sunitinib, indicating more stringent kinase selectivity. Vorolanib inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HUVEC tube formation in vitro. In mouse xenograft models, vorolanib inhibited tumor growth of MV-4-11, A549, 786-O, HT-29, BxPC-3, and A375 cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Complete tumor regression was achieved in the MV-4-11 xenograft model. No significant toxicities were observed in vorolanib groups, whereas a significant negative impact on body weights was observed in the sunitinib group at a dose of 40 mg/kg qd. Overall, vorolanib is a novel multi-kinase receptor inhibitor with potent preclinical anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity that is potentially less toxic than other similar kinase inhibitors.
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FLT3-ITD transduces autonomous growth signals during its biosynthetic trafficking in acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22678. [PMID: 34811450 PMCID: PMC8608843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) in hematopoietic cells binds to its ligand at the plasma membrane (PM), then transduces growth signals. FLT3 gene alterations that lead the kinase to assume its permanently active form, such as internal tandem duplication (ITD) and D835Y substitution, are found in 30–40% of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients. Thus, drugs for molecular targeting of FLT3 mutants have been developed for the treatment of AML. Several groups have reported that compared with wild-type FLT3 (FLT3-wt), FLT3 mutants are retained in organelles, resulting in low levels of PM localization of the receptor. However, the precise subcellular localization of mutant FLT3 remains unclear, and the relationship between oncogenic signaling and the mislocalization is not completely understood. In this study, we show that in cell lines established from leukemia patients, endogenous FLT3-ITD but not FLT3-wt clearly accumulates in the perinuclear region. Our co-immunofluorescence assays demonstrate that Golgi markers are co-localized with the perinuclear region, indicating that FLT3-ITD mainly localizes to the Golgi region in AML cells. FLT3-ITD biosynthetically traffics to the Golgi apparatus and remains there in a manner dependent on its tyrosine kinase activity. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as quizartinib (AC220) and midostaurin (PKC412), markedly decrease FLT3-ITD retention and increase PM levels of the mutant. FLT3-ITD activates downstream in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus during its biosynthetic trafficking. Results of our trafficking inhibitor treatment assays show that FLT3-ITD in the ER activates STAT5, whereas that in the Golgi can cause the activation of AKT and ERK. We provide evidence that FLT3-ITD signals from the early secretory compartments before reaching the PM in AML cells.
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7
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Properties of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors: A 2021 update. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Ben Jemii N, Tounsi-Kettiti H, Yaiche H, Mezghanni N, Jaballah Gabteni A, Fehri E, Ben Fayala C, Abdelhak S, Boubaker S. Dysregulated PDGFR alpha expression and novel somatic mutations in colorectal cancer: association to RAS wild type status and tumor size. J Transl Med 2020; 18:440. [PMID: 33213472 PMCID: PMC7678118 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) has been considered as a relevant factor in tumor proliferation, angiogenesis and metastatic dissemination. It was a target of tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors emerged in the therapy of diverse cancers. In colorectal cancer, the commonly used therapy is anti-epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR). However, both RAS mutated and a subgroup of RAS wild type patients resist to such therapy. The aim of this study is to investigate PDGFRα protein expression and mutational status in colorectal adenocarcinoma and their association with clinicopathological features and molecular RAS status to provide useful information for the identification of an effective biomarker that might be implicated in prognosis and treatment prediction. Methods Our study enrolled 103 formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) colorectal adenocarcinoma. PDGFRα expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Hotspot exon 18 of PDGFRA was studied by PCR followed by Sanger sequencing and RAS status was determined by real time quantitative PCR. Thirteen normal colon tissues were used as negative controls. Results PDGFRα staining was detected in the cytoplasm of all tissues. Low expression was observed in all normal colon mucosa. In adenocarcinoma, 45% (45/100) of cases showed PDGFRα overexpression. This overexpression was significantly associated with mutations in exon 18 (P = 0.024), RAS wild type status (P < 10–3), tumor diameter (P = 0.048), whereas there was no association with tumor side (P = 0.13) and other clinicopathological features. Conclusion Overexpression of PDGFRα in adenocarcinoma suggests its potential role in tumor cells growth and invasion. The association between PDGFRα overexpression in both tumor and stromal adenocarcinoma cells with RAS wild type status suggests its potential role in anti-EGFR therapy resistance and the relevance of using it as specific or adjuvant therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ben Jemii
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Science of Tunis, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia. .,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Haifa Tounsi-Kettiti
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hamza Yaiche
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Science of Tunis, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najla Mezghanni
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Science of Tunis, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amira Jaballah Gabteni
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Science of Tunis, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna Fehri
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Science of Tunis, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chayma Ben Fayala
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Science of Tunis, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samir Boubaker
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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The V654A second-site KIT mutation increases tumor oncogenesis and STAT activation in a mouse model of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Oncogene 2020; 39:7153-7165. [PMID: 33024275 PMCID: PMC7718339 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common human sarcoma and arises in the gastrointestinal tract. Most GISTs are caused by activating mutations in the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase, such as the exon 11 KIT V559Δ mutation. The small molecule imatinib inhibits KIT and has been a mainstay of therapy in GIST. Unfortunately, imatinib-treated patients typically relapse, most often due to clonal emergence of the resistance-associated KIT V654A mutation. To determine the biologic impact of this second-site mutation in vivo, we created a mouse model with the corresponding V558Δ;V653A Kit double mutation restricted (a) spatially to ETV1+ cells, which include the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) from which GISTs presumably originate, and (b) temporally through tamoxifen treatment after birth. This resulted in the first in vivo model of the most common second-site mutation associated with imatinib resistance in GIST and the first in vivo demonstration that cell-autonomous expression of mutant KIT in the ICC lineage leads to GIST. GISTs driven by the V558Δ;V653A Kit double mutation were resistant to imatinib, while cabozantinib was more effective in overcoming resistance than sunitinib. Compared to control mice with a single V558Δ Kit mutation, mice with a double V558Δ; V653A Kit mutation had increased tumor oncogenesis and associated KIT-dependent STAT activation. Our findings demonstrate that the biologic consequences of a second-site mutation in an oncogenic driver may include not only a mechanism for drug resistance, but changes in tumor oncogenic potential and differential activation of signaling pathways.
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Schmidt-Arras D, Böhmer FD. Mislocalisation of Activated Receptor Tyrosine Kinases - Challenges for Cancer Therapy. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:833-847. [PMID: 32593582 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in genes encoding receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) mediate proliferation, cell migration, and cell survival, and are therefore important drivers of oncogenesis. Numerous targeted cancer therapies are directed against activated RTKs, including small compound inhibitors, and immunotherapies. It has recently been discovered that not only certain RTK fusion proteins, but also many full-length RTKs harbouring activating mutations, notably RTKs of the class III family, are to a large extent mislocalised in intracellular membranes. Active kinases in these locations cause aberrant activation of signalling pathways. Moreover, low levels of activated RTKs at the cell surface present an obstacle for immunotherapy. We outline here why understanding of the mechanisms underlying mislocalisation will help in improving existing and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schmidt-Arras
- Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Biochemistry, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Frank-D Böhmer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, CMB, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Obata Y, Hara Y, Shiina I, Murata T, Tasaki Y, Suzuki K, Ito K, Tsugawa S, Yamawaki K, Takahashi T, Okamoto K, Nishida T, Abe R. N822K- or V560G-mutated KIT activation preferentially occurs in lipid rafts of the Golgi apparatus in leukemia cells. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:114. [PMID: 31484543 PMCID: PMC6727407 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background KIT tyrosine kinase is expressed in mast cells, interstitial cells of Cajal, and hematopoietic cells. Permanently active KIT mutations lead these host cells to tumorigenesis, and to such diseases as mast cell leukemia (MCL), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recently, we reported that in MCL, KIT with mutations (D816V, human; D814Y, mouse) traffics to endolysosomes (EL), where it can then initiate oncogenic signaling. On the other hand, KIT mutants including KITD814Y in GIST accumulate on the Golgi, and from there, activate downstream. KIT mutations, such as N822K, have been found in 30% of core binding factor-AML (CBF-AML) patients. However, how the mutants are tyrosine-phosphorylated and where they activate downstream molecules remain unknown. Moreover, it is unclear whether a KIT mutant other than KITD816V in MCL is able to signal on EL. Methods We used leukemia cell lines, such as Kasumi-1 (KITN822K, AML), SKNO-1 (KITN822K, AML), and HMC-1.1 (KITV560G, MCL), to explore how KIT transduces signals in these cells and to examine the signal platform for the mutants using immunofluorescence microscopy and inhibition of intracellular trafficking. Results In AML cell lines, KITN822K aberrantly localizes to EL. After biosynthesis, KIT traffics to the cell surface via the Golgi and immediately migrates to EL through endocytosis in a manner dependent on its kinase activity. However, results of phosphorylation imaging show that KIT is preferentially activated on the Golgi. Indeed, blockade of KITN822K migration to the Golgi with BFA/M-COPA inhibits the activation of KIT downstream molecules, such as AKT, ERK, and STAT5, indicating that KIT signaling occurs on the Golgi. Moreover, lipid rafts in the Golgi play a role in KIT signaling. Interestingly, KITV560G in HMC-1.1 migrates and activates downstream in a similar manner to KITN822K in Kasumi-1. Conclusions In AML, KITN822K mislocalizes to EL. Our findings, however, suggest that the mutant transduces phosphorylation signals on lipid rafts of the Golgi in leukemia cells. Unexpectedly, the KITV560G signal platform in MCL is similar to that of KITN822K in AML. These observations provide new insights into the pathogenic role of KIT mutants as well as that of other mutant molecules. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0426-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Obata
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2669, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan. .,Division of Cancer Differentiation, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Hara
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2669, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Isamu Shiina
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Tasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shou Tsugawa
- Division of Cancer Differentiation, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Yamawaki
- Division of Cancer Differentiation, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Division of Cancer Differentiation, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshirou Nishida
- National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2669, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan. .,SIRC, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Floss DM, Scheller J. Naturally occurring and synthetic constitutive-active cytokine receptors in disease and therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 47:1-20. [PMID: 31147158 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines control immune related events and are critically involved in a plethora of patho-physiological processes including autoimmunity and cancer development. Mutations which cause ligand-independent, constitutive activation of cytokine receptors are quite frequently found in diseases. Many constitutive-active cytokine receptor variants have been directly connected to disease development and mechanistically analyzed. Nature's solutions to generate constitutive cytokine receptors has been recently adopted by synthetic cytokine receptor biology, with the goal to optimize immune therapeutics. Here, CAR T cell immmunotherapy represents the first example to combine synthetic biology with genetic engineering during therapy. Hence, constitutive-active cytokine receptors are therapeutic targets, but also emerging tools to improve or modulate immunotherapeutic strategies. This review gives a comprehensive insight into the field of naturally occurring and synthetic constitutive-active cytokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen M Floss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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13
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Ip CKM, Ng PKS, Jeong KJ, Shao SH, Ju Z, Leonard PG, Hua X, Vellano CP, Woessner R, Sahni N, Scott KL, Mills GB. Neomorphic PDGFRA extracellular domain driver mutations are resistant to PDGFRA targeted therapies. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4583. [PMID: 30389923 PMCID: PMC6214970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06949-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) by genomic aberrations contributes to tumor progression in several tumor types. In this study, we characterize 16 novel PDGFRA mutations identified from different tumor types and identify three previously uncharacterized activating mutations that promote cell survival and proliferation. PDGFRA Y288C, an extracellular domain mutation, is primarily high mannose glycosylated consistent with trapping in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Strikingly, PDGFRA Y288C is constitutively dimerized and phosphorylated in the absence of ligand suggesting that trapping in the ER or aberrant glycosylation is sufficient for receptor activation. Importantly, PDGFRA Y288C induces constitutive phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, and STAT3. PDGFRA Y288C is resistant to PDGFR inhibitors but sensitive to PI3K/mTOR and MEK inhibitors consistent with pathway activation results. Our findings further highlight the importance of characterizing functional consequences of individual mutations for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carman K M Ip
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Patrick K S Ng
- Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kang Jin Jeong
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - S H Shao
- Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhenlin Ju
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - P G Leonard
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.,Core for Biomolecular Structure and Function, Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Xu Hua
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christopher P Vellano
- Center for Co-Clinical Trials, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Richard Woessner
- Cancer Bioscience, in vivo Cancer Pharmacology, AstraZeneca Phamaceuticals, Boston, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Nidhi Sahni
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1808 Park Rd 1C, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Kenneth L Scott
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 450A, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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14
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Rolvering C, Zimmer AD, Ginolhac A, Margue C, Kirchmeyer M, Servais F, Hermanns HM, Hergovits S, Nazarov PV, Nicot N, Kreis S, Haan S, Behrmann I, Haan C. The PD-L1- and IL6-mediated dampening of the IL27/STAT1 anticancer responses are prevented by α-PD-L1 or α-IL6 antibodies. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:969-985. [PMID: 30040142 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma1217-495r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-27 (IL27) is a type-I cytokine of the IL6/IL12 family and is predominantly secreted by activated macrophages and dendritic cells. We show that IL27 induces STAT factor phosphorylation in cancerous cell lines of different tissue origin. IL27 leads to STAT1 phosphorylation and recapitulates an IFN-γ-like response in the microarray analyses, with up-regulation of genes involved in antiviral defense, antigen presentation, and immune suppression. Like IFN-γ, IL27 leads to an up-regulation of TAP2 and MHC-I proteins, which mediate increased tumor immune clearance. However, both cytokines also upregulate proteins such as PD-L1 (CD274) and IDO-1, which are associated with immune escape of cancer. Interestingly, differential expression of these genes was observed within the different cell lines and when comparing IL27 to IFN-γ. In coculture experiments of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells with peripheral blood mononuclear cells, pre-treatment of the HCC cells with IL27 resulted in lowered IL2 production by anti-CD3/-CD28 activated T-lymphocytes. Addition of anti-PD-L1 antibody, however, restored IL2 secretion. The levels of other TH 1 cytokines were also enhanced or restored upon administration of anti-PD-L1. In addition, we show that the suppression of IL27 signaling by IL6-type cytokine pre-stimulation-mimicking a situation occurring, for example, in IL6-secreting tumors or in tumor inflammation-induced cachexia-can be antagonized by antibodies against IL6-type cytokines or their receptors. Therapeutically, the antitumor effects of IL27 (mediated, e.g., by increased antigen presentation) might thus be increased by combining IL27 with blocking antibodies against PD-L1 or/and IL6-type cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rolvering
- University of Luxembourg, Life Sciences Research Unit-Signal Transduction Laboratory, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Andreas D Zimmer
- University of Luxembourg, Life Sciences Research Unit-Signal Transduction Laboratory, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Aurélien Ginolhac
- University of Luxembourg, Life Sciences Research Unit-Bioinformatics Core Facility, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Christiane Margue
- University of Luxembourg, Life Sciences Research Unit-Signal Transduction Laboratory, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Mélanie Kirchmeyer
- University of Luxembourg, Life Sciences Research Unit-Signal Transduction Laboratory, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Florence Servais
- University of Luxembourg, Life Sciences Research Unit-Signal Transduction Laboratory, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Heike M Hermanns
- University Hospital Würzburg, Medical Clinic II, Division of Hepatology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Hergovits
- University Hospital Würzburg, Medical Clinic II, Division of Hepatology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Petr V Nazarov
- Proteome and Genome Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Nathalie Nicot
- Proteome and Genome Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Stephanie Kreis
- University of Luxembourg, Life Sciences Research Unit-Signal Transduction Laboratory, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Serge Haan
- University of Luxembourg, Life Sciences Research Unit-Molecular Disease Mechanisms Laboratory, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Iris Behrmann
- University of Luxembourg, Life Sciences Research Unit-Signal Transduction Laboratory, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Claude Haan
- University of Luxembourg, Life Sciences Research Unit-Signal Transduction Laboratory, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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15
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Song J, Shi W, Wang W, Zhang Y, Zheng S. Grim-19 expressed by recombinant adenovirus for esophageal neoplasm target therapy. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6667-6674. [PMID: 29488605 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) are the two most common types of esophageal cancer, which is the sixth highest cause of cancer‑associated mortality and the eighth most common cancer worldwide. Gene associated with retinoid‑interferon (IFN)‑induced mortality‑19 (Grim‑19) is reported to be a cell death activator that may be used to define mechanisms involved in IFN‑β‑ and retinoic acid‑induced cell death and apoptosis in a number of tumor cell lines. The present study constructed a recombinant adenovirus expressing Grim‑19 (rAd‑Grim‑19) and investigated its therapeutic outcomes in ESCC cells and tumor‑bearing mice. Grim‑19 expression was detected in EC‑109 (ESCC) cells by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Tumor cell death and apoptosis induced by rAd‑Grim‑19 in EC‑109 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The inhibitory effects of rAd‑Grim‑19 on EC‑109 growth were determined by MTT assays. Furthermore, the therapeutic effects of rAd‑Grim‑19 were investigated in EC‑109‑bearing mice. The results demonstrated that Grim‑19 mRNA and protein expression was downregulated in EC‑109 esophageal carcinoma cells compared with Het‑1A normal esophageal epithelial cells. In addition, EC‑109 cells exhibited a significant reduction in tumor cell growth in the rAd‑Grim‑19 group compared with the control groups. Furthermore, rAd‑Grim‑19 increased EC‑109 cell apoptosis compared with the control group. These results indicated that rAd-Grim-19 may regulate tumor cell growth and apoptosis. Additionally, the results demonstrated that rAd‑Grim‑19 led to beneficial outcomes and prolonged the survival of esophageal tumor‑bearing mice. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that rAd‑Grim‑19 may have potential as an antitumor agent for esophageal neoplasms and may therefore be beneficial for patients with esophageal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Song
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Woda Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Wencai Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Shiying Zheng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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16
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Roskoski R. The role of small molecule platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) inhibitors in the treatment of neoplastic disorders. Pharmacol Res 2018; 129:65-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Heldin CH, Lennartsson J, Westermark B. Involvement of platelet-derived growth factor ligands and receptors in tumorigenesis. J Intern Med 2018; 283:16-44. [PMID: 28940884 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms and their receptors have important roles during embryogenesis, particularly in the development of various mesenchymal cell types in different organs. In the adult, PDGF stimulates wound healing and regulates tissue homeostasis. However, overactivity of PDGF signalling is associated with malignancies and other diseases characterized by excessive cell proliferation, such as fibrotic conditions and atherosclerosis. In certain tumours, genetic or epigenetic alterations of the genes for PDGF ligands and receptors drive tumour cell proliferation and survival. Examples include the rare skin tumour dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance, which is driven by autocrine PDGF stimulation due to translocation of a PDGF gene, and certain gastrointestinal stromal tumours and leukaemias, which are driven by constitute activation of PDGF receptors due to point mutations and formation of fusion proteins of the receptors, respectively. Moreover, PDGF stimulates cells in tumour stroma and promotes angiogenesis as well as the development of cancer-associated fibroblasts, both of which promote tumour progression. Inhibitors of PDGF signalling may thus be of clinical usefulness in the treatment of certain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Lennartsson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Westermark
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Obata Y, Horikawa K, Shiina I, Takahashi T, Murata T, Tasaki Y, Suzuki K, Yonekura K, Esumi H, Nishida T, Abe R. Oncogenic Kit signalling on the Golgi is suppressed by blocking secretory trafficking with M-COPA in gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Cancer Lett 2017; 415:1-10. [PMID: 29196126 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Most gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are caused by constitutively active mutations in Kit tyrosine kinase. The drug imatinib, a specific Kit inhibitor, improves the prognosis of metastatic GIST patients, but these patients become resistant to the drug by acquiring secondary mutations in the Kit kinase domain. We recently reported that a Kit mutant causes oncogenic signals only on the Golgi apparatus in GISTs. In this study, we show that in GIST, 2-methylcoprophilinamide (M-COPA, also known as "AMF-26"), an inhibitor of biosynthetic protein trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, suppresses Kit autophosphorylation at Y703/Y721/Y730/Y936, resulting in blockade of oncogenic signalling. Results of our M-COPA treatment assay show that Kit Y703/Y730/Y936 in the ER are dephosphorylated by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), thus the ER-retained Kit is unable to activate downstream molecules. ER-localized Kit Y721 is not phosphorylated, but not due to PTPs. Importantly, M-COPA can inhibit the activation of the Kit kinase domain mutant, resulting in suppression of imatinib-resistant GIST proliferation. Our study demonstrates that Kit autophosphorylation is spatio-temporally regulated and may offer a new strategy for treating imatinib-resistant GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Obata
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-0022, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keita Horikawa
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-0022, Chiba, Japan
| | - Isamu Shiina
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Tasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Yonekura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Esumi
- Division of Clinical Research, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo, University of Science, Japan
| | - Toshirou Nishida
- National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-0022, Chiba, Japan.
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19
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Christensen ST, Morthorst SK, Mogensen JB, Pedersen LB. Primary Cilia and Coordination of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) and Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) Signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028167. [PMID: 27638178 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the millennium, research in primary cilia has revolutionized our way of understanding how cells integrate and organize diverse signaling pathways during vertebrate development and in tissue homeostasis. Primary cilia are unique sensory organelles that detect changes in their extracellular environment and integrate and transmit signaling information to the cell to regulate various cellular, developmental, and physiological processes. Many different signaling pathways have now been shown to rely on primary cilia to function properly, and mutations that lead to ciliary dysfunction are at the root of a pleiotropic group of diseases and syndromic disorders called ciliopathies. In this review, we present an overview of primary cilia-mediated regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling. Further, we discuss how defects in the coordination of these pathways may be linked to ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren T Christensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Stine K Morthorst
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Johanne B Mogensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Lotte B Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
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20
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Hara Y, Obata Y, Horikawa K, Tasaki Y, Suzuki K, Murata T, Shiina I, Abe R. M-COPA suppresses endolysosomal Kit-Akt oncogenic signalling through inhibiting the secretory pathway in neoplastic mast cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175514. [PMID: 28403213 PMCID: PMC5389679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in Kit receptor tyrosine kinase result in the development of a variety of cancers, such as mast cell tumours, gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs), acute myeloid leukemia, and melanomas. The drug imatinib, a selective inhibitor of Kit, is used for treatment of mutant Kit-positive cancers. However, mutations in the Kit kinase domain, which are frequently found in neoplastic mast cells, confer an imatinib resistance, and cancers expressing the mutants can proliferate in the presence of imatinib. Recently, we showed that in neoplastic mast cells that endogenously express an imatinib-resistant Kit mutant, Kit causes oncogenic activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt (PI3K-Akt) pathway and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) but only on endolysosomes and on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), respectively. Here, we show a strategy for inhibition of the Kit-PI3K-Akt pathway in neoplastic mast cells by M-COPA (2-methylcoprophilinamide), an inhibitor of this secretory pathway. In M-COPA-treated cells, Kit localization in the ER is significantly increased, whereas endolysosomal Kit disappears, indicating that M-COPA blocks the biosynthetic transport of Kit from the ER. The drug greatly inhibits oncogenic Akt activation without affecting the association of Kit with PI3K, indicating that ER-localized Kit-PI3K complex is unable to activate Akt. Importantly, M-COPA but not imatinib suppresses neoplastic mast cell proliferation through inhibiting anti-apoptotic Akt activation. Results of our M-COPA treatment assay show that Kit can activate Erk not only on the ER but also on other compartments. Furthermore, Tyr568/570, Tyr703, Tyr721, and Tyr936 in Kit are phosphorylated on the ER, indicating that these five tyrosine residues are all phosphorylated before mutant Kit reaches the plasma membrane (PM). Our study provides evidence that Kit is tyrosine-phosphorylated soon after synthesis on the ER but is unable to activate Akt and also demonstrates that M-COPA is efficacious for growth suppression of neoplastic mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Hara
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuuki Obata
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Keita Horikawa
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Tasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isamu Shiina
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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21
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Obata Y, Horikawa K, Takahashi T, Akieda Y, Tsujimoto M, Fletcher JA, Esumi H, Nishida T, Abe R. Oncogenic signaling by Kit tyrosine kinase occurs selectively on the Golgi apparatus in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Oncogene 2017; 36:3661-3672. [PMID: 28192400 PMCID: PMC5500841 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are caused by gain-of-function mutations in the Kit receptor tyrosine kinase. Most primary GIST patients respond to the Kit inhibitor imatinib, but this drug often becomes ineffective because of secondary mutations in the Kit kinase domain. The characteristic intracellular accumulation of imatinib-sensitive and -resistant Kit protein is well documented, but its relationship to oncogenic signaling remains unknown. Here, we show that in cancer tissue from primary GIST patients as well as in cell lines, mutant Kit accumulates on the Golgi apparatus, whereas normal Kit localizes to the plasma membrane (PM). In imatinib-resistant GIST with a secondary Kit mutation, Kit localizes predominantly on the Golgi apparatus. Both imatinib-sensitive and imatinib-resistant Kit (Kit(mut)) become fully auto-phosphorylated only on the Golgi and only if in a complex-glycosylated form. Kit(mut) accumulates on the Golgi during the early secretory pathway, but not after endocytosis. The aberrant kinase activity of Kit(mut) prevents its export from the Golgi to the PM. Furthermore, Kit(mut) on the Golgi signals and activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–Akt (PI3K–Akt) pathway, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), and the Mek–Erk pathway. Blocking the biosynthetic transport of Kit(mut) to the Golgi from the endoplasmic reticulum inhibits oncogenic signaling. PM localization of Kit(mut) is not required for its signaling. Activation of Src-family tyrosine kinases on the Golgi is essential for oncogenic Kit signaling. These results suggest that the Golgi apparatus serves as a platform for oncogenic Kit signaling. Our study demonstrates that Kit(mut)’s pathogenicity is related to its mis-localization, and may offer a new strategy for treating imatinib-resistant GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Obata
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - K Horikawa
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - T Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Akieda
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - M Tsujimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Osaka Police Hospital, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - J A Fletcher
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Esumi
- Division of Clinical Research, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - T Nishida
- National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Abe
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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22
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Insights into ligand stimulation effects on gastro-intestinal stromal tumors signalling. Cell Signal 2017; 29:138-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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Bahlawane C, Schmitz M, Letellier E, Arumugam K, Nicot N, Nazarov PV, Haan S. Data on quantification of signaling pathways activated by KIT and PDGFRA mutants. Data Brief 2016; 9:828-838. [PMID: 27872880 PMCID: PMC5107687 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present data are related to the article entitled “Insights into ligand stimulation effects on gastro-intestinal stromal tumors signaling” (C. Bahlawane, M. Schmitz, E. Letellier, K. Arumugam, N. Nicot, P.V. Nazarov, S. Haan, 2016) [1]. Constitutive and ligand-derived signaling pathways mediated by KIT and PDGFRA mutated proteins found in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) were compared. Expression of mutant proteins was induced by doxycycline in an isogenic background (Hek293 cells). Kit was identified by FACS at the cell surface and found to be quickly degraded or internalized upon SCF stimulation for both Kit Wild type and Kit mutant counterparts. Investigation of the main activated pathways in GIST unraveled a new feature specific for oncogenic KIT mutants, namely their ability to be further activated by Kit ligand, the stem cell factor (scf). We were also able to identify the MAPK pathway as the most prominent target for a common inhibition of PDGFRA and KIT oncogenic signaling. Western blotting and micro-array analysis were applied to analyze the capacities of the mutant to induce an effective STATs response. Among all Kit mutants, only Kit Ex11 deletion mutant was able to elicit an effective STATs response whereas all PDGFRA were able to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Bahlawane
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms group, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, 6 Avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Corresponding author. Fax: +352 4666446435.
| | - Martine Schmitz
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms group, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, 6 Avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Elisabeth Letellier
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms group, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, 6 Avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Karthik Arumugam
- Department of Infection and Immunity, LIH, 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg
| | - Nathalie Nicot
- Genomics Research Unit, LIH, 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg
| | - Petr V. Nazarov
- Genomics Research Unit, LIH, 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg
| | - Serge Haan
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms group, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, 6 Avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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A Probabilistic Boolean Network Approach for the Analysis of Cancer-Specific Signalling: A Case Study of Deregulated PDGF Signalling in GIST. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156223. [PMID: 27232499 PMCID: PMC4883749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signal transduction networks are increasingly studied with mathematical modelling approaches while each of them is suited for a particular problem. For the contextualisation and analysis of signalling networks with steady-state protein data, we identified probabilistic Boolean network (PBN) as a promising framework which could capture quantitative changes of molecular changes at steady-state with a minimal parameterisation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In our case study, we successfully applied the PBN approach to model and analyse the deregulated Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) signalling pathway in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour (GIST). We experimentally determined a rich and accurate dataset of steady-state profiles of selected downstream kinases of PDGF-receptor-alpha mutants in combination with inhibitor treatments. Applying the tool optPBN, we fitted a literature-derived candidate network model to the training dataset consisting of single perturbation conditions. Model analysis suggested several important crosstalk interactions. The validity of these predictions was further investigated experimentally pointing to relevant ongoing crosstalk from PI3K to MAPK signalling in tumour cells. The refined model was evaluated with a validation dataset comprising multiple perturbation conditions. The model thereby showed excellent performance allowing to quantitatively predict the combinatorial responses from the individual treatment results in this cancer setting. The established optPBN pipeline is also widely applicable to gain a better understanding of other signalling networks at steady-state in a context-specific fashion.
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Nielsen BS, Malinda RR, Schmid FM, Pedersen SF, Christensen ST, Pedersen LB. PDGFRβ and oncogenic mutant PDGFRα D842V promote disassembly of primary cilia through a PLCγ- and AURKA-dependent mechanism. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3543-9. [PMID: 26290382 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.173559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based sensory organelles projecting from most quiescent mammalian cells, which disassemble in cells cultured in serum-deprived conditions upon re-addition of serum or growth factors. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) are implicated in deciliation, but the specific receptor isoforms and mechanisms involved are unclear. We report that PDGFRβ promotes deciliation in cultured cells and provide evidence implicating PLCγ and intracellular Ca(2+) release in this process. Activation of wild-type PDGFRα alone did not elicit deciliation. However, expression of constitutively active PDGFRα D842V mutant receptor, which potently activates PLCγ (also known as PLCG1), caused significant deciliation, and this phenotype was rescued by inhibiting PDGFRα D842V kinase activity or AURKA. We propose that PDGFRβ and PDGFRα D842V promote deciliation through PLCγ-mediated Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores, causing activation of calmodulin and AURKA-triggered deciliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Nielsen
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, The August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen OE DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Raj R Malinda
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, The August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen OE DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Fabian M Schmid
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, The August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen OE DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Stine F Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, The August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen OE DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Søren T Christensen
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, The August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen OE DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Lotte B Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, The August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen OE DK-2100, Denmark
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Haan S, Bahlawane C, Wang J, Nazarov PV, Muller A, Eulenfeld R, Haan C, Rolvering C, Vallar L, Satagopam VP, Sauter T, Wiesinger MY. The oncogenic FIP1L1-PDGFRα fusion protein displays skewed signaling properties compared to its wild-type PDGFRα counterpart. JAKSTAT 2015; 4:e1062596. [PMID: 26413425 PMCID: PMC4583054 DOI: 10.1080/21623996.2015.1062596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of oncogenic kinases is frequently observed in human cancers, but the underlying mechanism and resulting effects on global signaling are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that the oncogenic FIP1L1-PDGFRα kinase exhibits a significantly different signaling pattern compared to its PDGFRα wild type counterpart. Interestingly, the activation of primarily membrane-based signal transduction processes (such as PI3-kinase- and MAP-kinase- pathways) is remarkably shifted toward a prominent activation of STAT factors. This diverging signaling pattern compared to classical PDGF-receptor signaling is partially coupled to the aberrant cytoplasmic localization of the oncogene, since membrane targeting of FIP1L1-PDGFRα restores activation of MAPK- and PI3K-pathways. In stark contrast to the classical cytokine-induced STAT activation process, STAT activation by FIP1L1-PDGFRα does neither require Janus kinase activity nor Src kinase activity. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanism of STAT5 activation via FIP1L1-PDGFRα in more detail and found that STAT5 activation does not involve an SH2-domain-mediated binding mechanism. We thus demonstrate that STAT5 activation occurs via a non-canonical activation mechanism in which STAT5 may be subject to a direct phosphorylation by FIP1L1-PDGFRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Haan
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Christelle Bahlawane
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Jiali Wang
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Petr V Nazarov
- Genomics Research Unit; Luxembourg Institute of Health; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Arnaud Muller
- Genomics Research Unit; Luxembourg Institute of Health; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - René Eulenfeld
- Signal Transduction Group; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Claude Haan
- Signal Transduction Group; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Catherine Rolvering
- Signal Transduction Group; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Laurent Vallar
- Genomics Research Unit; Luxembourg Institute of Health; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Venkata P Satagopam
- Luxembourg Center for Systems Biomedicine; University of Luxembourg ; Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Sauter
- Systems Biology Group; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
| | - Monique Yvonne Wiesinger
- Systems Biology Group; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg , Luxembourg
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