1
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Harris WT, Altieri I, Gieck I, Johnson RJ. A conserved but structurally divergent loop in acyl protein thioesterase 1 regulates its catalytic activity, ligand binding, and folded stability. Proteins 2024; 92:693-704. [PMID: 38179877 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Human acyl protein thioesterases (APTs) catalyze the depalmitoylation of S-acylated proteins attached to the plasma membrane, facilitating reversible cycles of membrane anchoring and detachment. We previously showed that a bacterial APT homologue, FTT258 from the gram-negative pathogen Francisella tularensis, exists in equilibrium between a closed and open state based on the structural dynamics of a flexible loop overlapping its active site. Although the structural dynamics of this loop are not conserved in human APTs, the amino acid sequence of this loop is highly conserved, indicating essential but divergent functions for this loop in human APTs. Herein, we investigated the role of this loop in regulating the catalytic activity, ligand binding, and protein folding of human APT1, a depalmitoylase connected with cancer, immune, and neurological signaling. Using a combination of substitutional analysis with kinetic, structural, and biophysical characterization, we show that even in its divergent structural location in human APT1 that this loop still regulates the catalytic activity of APT1 through contributions to ligand binding and substrate positioning. We confirmed previously known roles for multiple residues (Phe72 and Ile74) in substrate binding and catalysis while adding new roles in substrate selectivity (Pro69), in catalytic stabilization (Asp73 and Ile75), and in transitioning between the membrane binding β-tongue and substrate-binding loops (Trp71). Even conservative substitution of this tryptophan (Trp71) fulcrum led to complete loss of catalytic activity, a 13°C decrease in total protein stability, and drastic drops in ligand affinity, indicating that the combination of the size, shape, and aromaticity of Trp71 are essential to the proper structure of APT1. Mixing buried hydrophobic surface area with contributions to an exposed secondary surface pocket, Trp71 represents a previously unidentified class of essential tryptophans within α/β hydrolase structure and a potential allosteric binding site within human APTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Trey Harris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Isabelle Altieri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Isabella Gieck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - R Jeremy Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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2
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S Mesquita F, Abrami L, Linder ME, Bamji SX, Dickinson BC, van der Goot FG. Mechanisms and functions of protein S-acylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:488-509. [PMID: 38355760 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, protein S-acylation (often referred to as S-palmitoylation) has emerged as an important regulator of vital signalling pathways. S-Acylation is a reversible post-translational modification that involves the attachment of a fatty acid to a protein. Maintenance of the equilibrium between protein S-acylation and deacylation has demonstrated profound effects on various cellular processes, including innate immunity, inflammation, glucose metabolism and fat metabolism, as well as on brain and heart function. This Review provides an overview of current understanding of S-acylation and deacylation enzymes, their spatiotemporal regulation by sophisticated multilayered mechanisms, and their influence on protein function, cellular processes and physiological pathways. Furthermore, we examine how disruptions in protein S-acylation are associated with a broad spectrum of diseases from cancer to autoinflammatory disorders and neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco S Mesquita
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurine E Linder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Wang S, Xing X, Ma J, Zheng S, Song Q, Zhang P. Deacylases-structure, function, and relationship to diseases. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:959-977. [PMID: 38644468 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Reversible S-acylation plays a pivotal role in various biological processes, modulating protein functions such as subcellular localization, protein stability/activity, and protein-protein interactions. These modifications are mediated by acyltransferases and deacylases, among which the most abundant modification is S-palmitoylation. Growing evidence has shown that this rivalrous pair of modifications, occurring in a reversible cycle, is essential for various biological functions. Aberrations in this process have been associated with various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and immune diseases. This underscores the importance of studying enzymes involved in acylation and deacylation to gain further insights into disease pathogenesis and provide novel strategies for disease treatment. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of the structure and physiological function of deacylases, highlighting their pivotal roles in pathology. Our aim is to provide insights for further clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Wang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Xiaoke Xing
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Jialin Ma
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Sihao Zheng
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Qibin Song
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Pingfeng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
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4
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Guerrache A, Micheau O. TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand: Non-Apoptotic Signalling. Cells 2024; 13:521. [PMID: 38534365 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL or Apo2 or TNFSF10) belongs to the TNF superfamily. When bound to its agonistic receptors, TRAIL can induce apoptosis in tumour cells, while sparing healthy cells. Over the last three decades, this tumour selectivity has prompted many studies aiming at evaluating the anti-tumoral potential of TRAIL or its derivatives. Although most of these attempts have failed, so far, novel formulations are still being evaluated. However, emerging evidence indicates that TRAIL can also trigger a non-canonical signal transduction pathway that is likely to be detrimental for its use in oncology. Likewise, an increasing number of studies suggest that in some circumstances TRAIL can induce, via Death receptor 5 (DR5), tumour cell motility, potentially leading to and contributing to tumour metastasis. While the pro-apoptotic signal transduction machinery of TRAIL is well known from a mechanistic point of view, that of the non-canonical pathway is less understood. In this study, we the current state of knowledge of TRAIL non-canonical signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahmane Guerrache
- Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- INSERM Research Center U1231, «Equipe DesCarTes», 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Olivier Micheau
- Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- INSERM Research Center U1231, «Equipe DesCarTes», 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC, 21000 Dijon, France
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5
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Chen Y, Li Y, Wu L. Protein S-palmitoylation modification: implications in tumor and tumor immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1337478. [PMID: 38415253 PMCID: PMC10896991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1337478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation is a reversible post-translational lipid modification that involves the addition of a 16-carbon palmitoyl group to a protein cysteine residue via a thioester linkage. This modification plays a crucial role in the regulation protein localization, accumulation, secretion, stability, and function. Dysregulation of protein S-palmitoylation can disrupt cellular pathways and contribute to the development of various diseases, particularly cancers. Aberrant S-palmitoylation has been extensively studied and proven to be involved in tumor initiation and growth, metastasis, and apoptosis. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that protein S-palmitoylation may also have a potential role in immune modulation. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of S-palmitoylation in tumor cells and the tumor immune microenvironment is essential to improve our understanding of this process. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of S-palmitoylation in tumors and the tumor immune microenvironment, focusing on the S-palmitoylation modification of various proteins. Furthermore, we propose new ideas for immunotherapeutic strategies through S-palmitoylation intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijiao Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Cai J, Cui J, Wang L. S-palmitoylation regulates innate immune signaling pathways: molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350476. [PMID: 37369620 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a reversible posttranslational lipid modification that targets cysteine residues of proteins and plays critical roles in regulating the biological processes of substrate proteins. The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense against pathogenic invaders and participates in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Emerging studies have uncovered the functions of S-palmitoylation in modulating innate immune responses. In this review, we focus on the reversible palmitoylation of innate immune signaling proteins, with particular emphasis on its roles in the regulation of protein localization, protein stability, and protein-protein interactions. We also highlight the potential and challenge of developing therapies that target S-palmitoylation or de-palmitoylation for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqiu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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7
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Li P, Gong X, Yuan L, Mu L, Zheng Q, Xiao H, Wang H. Palmitoylation in apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1641-1650. [PMID: 37260091 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Palmitoylation, a critical lipid modification of proteins, is involved in various physiological processes such as altering protein localization, transport, and stability, which perform essential roles in protein function. Palmitoyltransferases are specific enzymes involved in the palmitoylation modification of substrates. S-palmitoylation, as the only reversible palmitoylation modification, is able to be deacylated by deacyltransferases. As an important mode of programmed cell death, apoptosis functions in the maintenance of organismal homeostasis as well as being associated with inflammatory and immune diseases. Recently, studies have found that palmitoylation and apoptosis have been demonstrated to be related in many human diseases. In this review, we will focus on the role of palmitoylation modifications in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Li
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyi Gong
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lina Mu
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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8
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Altaie AM, Mohammad MG, Madkour MI, Shakartalla SB, Jayakumar MN, K G AR, Halwani R, Samsudin AR, Hamoudi RA, Soliman SSM. The Essential Role of 17-Octadecynoic Acid in the Pathogenesis of Periapical Abscesses. J Endod 2023; 49:169-177.e3. [PMID: 36528175 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periapical abscesses are 1 of the most frequent pathologic lesions in the alveolar bone. Recently, we have identified 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA) as the highest unique metabolite in periapical abscesses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the immunologic and pathophysiological roles of this metabolite in the initiation and development of periapical abscesses. METHODS Periodontal ligament fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with 17-ODYA. Gene expression analysis and interleukin (IL)-8 release were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Macrophage polarization and cytokine release were also determined using flow cytometry and Luminex bioassay (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN), respectively. RESULTS In periodontal ligament fibroblasts, 17-ODYA caused significant (P < .0001) up-regulation of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 at 10 μmol/L after 6 days of treatment and up-regulation of platelet-derived growth factor alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor alpha at all tested concentrations after 2 days of treatment. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, 17-ODYA significantly increased the expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 at 10 μmol/L (P < .0001) and vascular endothelial growth factor alpha and platelet-derived growth factor alpha at 1 μmol/L 17-ODYA (P < .0001). 17-ODYA polarized macrophages toward a proinflammatory phenotype (M1) and suppressed the release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. 17-ODYA significantly enhanced the release of IL-8. CONCLUSIONS This study was the first to identify the pathologic role of 17-ODYA in the development of periapical abscesses. The results of this study are important in shedding light on the pathogenesis of periapical abscesses in relation to microbial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Altaie
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad G Mohammad
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed I Madkour
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sarra B Shakartalla
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manju Nidagodu Jayakumar
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aghila Rani K G
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - A R Samsudin
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rifat A Hamoudi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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9
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Heib M, Weiß J, Saggau C, Hoyer J, Fuchslocher Chico J, Voigt S, Adam D. Ars moriendi: Proteases as sculptors of cellular suicide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119191. [PMID: 34973300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Ars moriendi, which translates to "The Art of Dying," encompasses two Latin texts that gave advice on how to die well and without fear according to the Christian precepts of the late Middle Ages. Given that ten to hundred billion cells die in our bodies every day, it is obvious that the concept of a well and orderly ("regulated") death is also paramount at the cellular level. In apoptosis, as the most well-studied form of regulated cell death, proteases of the caspase family are the central mediators. However, caspases are not the only proteases that act as sculptors of cellular suicide, and therefore, we here provide an overview of the impact of proteases in apoptosis and other forms of regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Heib
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonas Weiß
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Carina Saggau
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Justus Hoyer
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Susann Voigt
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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10
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Guns J, Vanherle S, Hendriks JJA, Bogie JFJ. Protein Lipidation by Palmitate Controls Macrophage Function. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030565. [PMID: 35159374 PMCID: PMC8834383 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are present in all tissues within our body, where they promote tissue homeostasis by responding to microenvironmental triggers, not only through clearance of pathogens and apoptotic cells but also via trophic, regulatory, and repair functions. To accomplish these divergent functions, tremendous dynamic fine-tuning of their physiology is needed. Emerging evidence indicates that S-palmitoylation, a reversible post-translational modification that involves the linkage of the saturated fatty acid palmitate to protein cysteine residues, directs many aspects of macrophage physiology in health and disease. By controlling protein activity, stability, trafficking, and protein–protein interactions, studies identified a key role of S-palmitoylation in endocytosis, inflammatory signaling, chemotaxis, and lysosomal function. Here, we provide an in-depth overview of the impact of S-palmitoylation on these cellular processes in macrophages in health and disease. Findings discussed in this review highlight the therapeutic potential of modulators of S-palmitoylation in immunopathologies, ranging from infectious and chronic inflammatory disorders to metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Guns
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (J.G.); (S.V.); (J.J.A.H.)
- University MS Center, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Sam Vanherle
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (J.G.); (S.V.); (J.J.A.H.)
- University MS Center, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jerome J. A. Hendriks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (J.G.); (S.V.); (J.J.A.H.)
- University MS Center, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F. J. Bogie
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (J.G.); (S.V.); (J.J.A.H.)
- University MS Center, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-1126-9261
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11
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Li X, Shen L, Xu Z, Liu W, Li A, Xu J. Protein Palmitoylation Modification During Viral Infection and Detection Methods of Palmitoylated Proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:821596. [PMID: 35155279 PMCID: PMC8829041 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.821596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation—a lipid modification in which one or more cysteine thiols on a substrate protein are modified to form a thioester with a palmitoyl group—is a significant post-translational biological process. This process regulates the trafficking, subcellular localization, and stability of different proteins in cells. Since palmitoylation participates in various biological processes, it is related to the occurrence and development of multiple diseases. It has been well evidenced that the proteins whose functions are palmitoylation-dependent or directly involved in key proteins’ palmitoylation/depalmitoylation cycle may be a potential source of novel therapeutic drugs for the related diseases. Many researchers have reported palmitoylation of proteins, which are crucial for host-virus interactions during viral infection. Quite a few explorations have focused on figuring out whether targeting the acylation of viral or host proteins might be a strategy to combat viral diseases. All these remarkable achievements in protein palmitoylation have been made to technological advances. This paper gives an overview of protein palmitoylation modification during viral infection and the methods for palmitoylated protein detection. Future challenges and potential developments are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingyi Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhao Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aihua Li
- Clinical Lab, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Xu, ;
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12
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Xu Y, Shi Z, Bao L. An expanding repertoire of protein acylations. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100193. [PMID: 34999219 PMCID: PMC8933697 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications play key roles in multiple cellular processes by allowing rapid reprogramming of individual protein functions. Acylation, one of the most important post-translational modifications, is involved in different physiological activities including cell differentiation and energy metabolism. In recent years, the progression in technologies, especially the antibodies against acylation and the highly sensitive and effective mass spectrometry–based proteomics, as well as optimized functional studies, greatly deepen our understanding of protein acylation. In this review, we give a general overview of the 12 main protein acylations (formylation, acetylation, propionylation, butyrylation, malonylation, succinylation, glutarylation, palmitoylation, myristoylation, benzoylation, crotonylation, and 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation), including their substrates (histones and nonhistone proteins), regulatory enzymes (writers, readers, and erasers), biological functions (transcriptional regulation, metabolic regulation, subcellular targeting, protein–membrane interactions, protein stability, and folding), and related diseases (cancer, diabetes, heart disease, neurodegenerative disease, and viral infection), to present a complete picture of protein acylations and highlight their functional significance in future research. Provide a general overview of the 12 main protein acylations. Acylation of viral proteins promotes viral integration and infection. Hyperacylation of histone has antitumous and neuroprotective effects. MS is widely used in the identification of acylation but has its challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Xu
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyu Shi
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Bao
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China.
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13
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Cheng WX, Ren Y, Lu MM, Xu LL, Gao JG, Chen D, Kalyani FS, Lv ZY, Chen CX, Ji F, Lin HN, Jin X. Palmitoylation in Crohn’s disease: Current status and future directions. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:8201-8215. [PMID: 35068865 PMCID: PMC8717020 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i48.8201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications in nature; however, its importance has been overlooked for decades. Crohn’s disease (CD), a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation involving the entire gastrointestinal tract. Bowel damage and subsequent disabilities caused by CD are a growing global health issue. Well-acknowledged risk factors for CD include genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, such as a westernized lifestyle, and altered gut microbiota. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of this disorder are not yet comprehensively understood. With the rapidly increasing global prevalence of CD and the evident role of S-palmitoylation in CD, as recently reported, there is a need to investigate the relationship between CD and S-palmitoylation. In this review, we summarize the concept, detection, and function of S-palmitoylation as well as its potential effects on CD, and provide novel insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xin Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yue Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Miao-Miao Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ling-Ling Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian-Guo Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Farhin Shaheed Kalyani
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zi-Yan Lv
- Wenzhou Medical University Renji College, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - He-Ning Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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14
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Lin H. Protein cysteine palmitoylation in immunity and inflammation. FEBS J 2021; 288:7043-7059. [PMID: 33506611 PMCID: PMC8872633 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein cysteine palmitoylation, or S-palmitoylation, has been known for about 40 years, and thousands of proteins in humans are known to be modified. Because of the large number of proteins modified, the importance and physiological functions of S-palmitoylation are enormous. However, most of the known physiological functions of S-palmitoylation can be broadly classified into two categories, neurological or immunological. This review provides a summary on the function of S-palmitoylation from the immunological perspective. Several important immune signaling pathways are discussed, including STING, NOD1/2, JAK-STAT in cytokine signaling, T-cell receptor signaling, chemotactic GPCR signaling, apoptosis, phagocytosis, and endothelial and epithelial integrity. This review is not meant to be comprehensive, but rather focuses on specific examples to highlight the versatility of palmitoylation in regulating immune signaling, as well as the potential and challenges of targeting palmitoylation to treat immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hening Lin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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15
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Qu M, Zhou X, Wang X, Li H. Lipid-induced S-palmitoylation as a Vital Regulator of Cell Signaling and Disease Development. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4223-4237. [PMID: 34803494 PMCID: PMC8579454 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolites are emerging as pivotal regulators of protein function and cell signaling. The availability of intracellular fatty acid is tightly regulated by glycolipid metabolism and may affect human body through many biological mechanisms. Recent studies have demonstrated palmitate, either from exogenous fatty acid uptake or de novo fatty acid synthesis, may serve as the substrate for protein palmitoylation and regulate protein function via palmitoylation. Palmitoylation, the most-studied protein lipidation, encompasses the reversible covalent attachment of palmitate moieties to protein cysteine residues. It controls various cellular physiological processes and alters protein stability, conformation, localization, membrane association and interaction with other effectors. Dysregulation of palmitoylation has been implicated in a plethora of diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, cancers, neurological disorders and infections. Accordingly, it could be one of the molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of palmitate metabolite on cellular homeostasis and human diseases. Herein, we explore the relationship between lipid metabolites and the regulation of protein function through palmitoylation. We review the current progress made on the putative role of palmitate in altering the palmitoylation of key proteins and thus contributing to the pathogenesis of various diseases, among which we focus on metabolic disorders, cancers, inflammation and infections, neurodegenerative diseases. We also highlight the opportunities and new therapeutics to target palmitoylation in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Qu
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease; Department of liver Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Honggang Li
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Tongji Reproductive Medicine Hospital, Wuhan, China
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16
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Zhang Y, Qin Z, Sun W, Chu F, Zhou F. Function of Protein S-Palmitoylation in Immunity and Immune-Related Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661202. [PMID: 34557182 PMCID: PMC8453015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation is a covalent and reversible lipid modification that specifically targets cysteine residues within many eukaryotic proteins. In mammalian cells, the ubiquitous palmitoyltransferases (PATs) and serine hydrolases, including acyl protein thioesterases (APTs), catalyze the addition and removal of palmitate, respectively. The attachment of palmitoyl groups alters the membrane affinity of the substrate protein changing its subcellular localization, stability, and protein-protein interactions. Forty years of research has led to the understanding of the role of protein palmitoylation in significantly regulating protein function in a variety of biological processes. Recent global profiling of immune cells has identified a large body of S-palmitoylated immunity-associated proteins. Localization of many immune molecules to the cellular membrane is required for the proper activation of innate and adaptive immune signaling. Emerging evidence has unveiled the crucial roles that palmitoylation plays to immune function, especially in partitioning immune signaling proteins to the membrane as well as to lipid rafts. More importantly, aberrant PAT activity and fluctuations in palmitoylation levels are strongly correlated with human immunologic diseases, such as sensory incompetence or over-response to pathogens. Therefore, targeting palmitoylation is a novel therapeutic approach for treating human immunologic diseases. In this review, we discuss the role that palmitoylation plays in both immunity and immunologic diseases as well as the significant potential of targeting palmitoylation in disease treatment.
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17
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Liang F, Kang N, Li P, Liu X, Li G, Yang J. Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Polarization Phenotype of Rat Microglia After Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2021; 12:640816. [PMID: 34149591 PMCID: PMC8209338 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.640816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The neurological defect caused by secondary damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is considered critical for the management of TBI. Microglia (MG) are a resident brain macrophage that could differentiate into M1 type or M2 type in response to injury and repair. It is known that the MG transition from M1 phenotype to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype might reduce secondary injury of TBI. So, a TBI animal model was established and we compared biomarkers of M1 and M2MG between the controls and experimental animals receiving hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). This study aimed to explore whether HBOT was an effective method to improve neural functional recovery via promoting the polarization of MG into M2 after TBI. Methods: The rats were randomly divided into four groups: SH (Sham-operated), SH + HBO (hyperbaric oxygen), TBI, and TBI + HBO. Each group included 42 rats, and each of these were divided into the following groups: 1, 6, 12, 24, 72 h, 7, and 14 days. The expression of M1 biomarker inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), M2 biomarker arginase 1 (Arg1), associated cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was evaluated after the observation time. Results: TBI significantly increased the expression levels of M1 marker iNOS and M2 markers Arg1 at different time points. The increased expression of iNOS was suppressed, while the expression level of Arg1 was enhanced by HBOT. Moreover, HBOT suppressed the pro-inflammatory TNF-α secreted by M1, and promoting the anti-inflammatory TGF-1β. Conclusions: In the present study, HBOT showed the effects on shift of M1 toward M2 phenotype with increased expression of M2 biomarkers and decreased expression of M1 biomarkers in the early stage after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liang
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pinpin Li
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehua Liu
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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18
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Fritsch J, Särchen V, Schneider-Brachert W. Regulation of Death Receptor Signaling by S-Palmitoylation and Detergent-Resistant Membrane Micro Domains-Greasing the Gears of Extrinsic Cell Death Induction, Survival, and Inflammation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2513. [PMID: 34063813 PMCID: PMC8196677 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Death-receptor-mediated signaling results in either cell death or survival. Such opposite signaling cascades emanate from receptor-associated signaling complexes, which are often formed in different subcellular locations. The proteins involved are frequently post-translationally modified (PTM) by ubiquitination, phosphorylation, or glycosylation to allow proper spatio-temporal regulation/recruitment of these signaling complexes in a defined cellular compartment. During the last couple of years, increasing attention has been paid to the reversible cysteine-centered PTM S-palmitoylation. This PTM regulates the hydrophobicity of soluble and membrane proteins and modulates protein:protein interaction and their interaction with distinct membrane micro-domains (i.e., lipid rafts). We conclude with which functional and mechanistic roles for S-palmitoylation as well as different forms of membrane micro-domains in death-receptor-mediated signal transduction were unraveled in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Fritsch
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Vinzenz Särchen
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Wulf Schneider-Brachert
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
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19
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Suazo KF, Park KY, Distefano MD. A Not-So-Ancient Grease History: Click Chemistry and Protein Lipid Modifications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7178-7248. [PMID: 33821625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein lipid modification involves the attachment of hydrophobic groups to proteins via ester, thioester, amide, or thioether linkages. In this review, the specific click chemical reactions that have been employed to study protein lipid modification and their use for specific labeling applications are first described. This is followed by an introduction to the different types of protein lipid modifications that occur in biology. Next, the roles of click chemistry in elucidating specific biological features including the identification of lipid-modified proteins, studies of their regulation, and their role in diseases are presented. A description of the use of protein-lipid modifying enzymes for specific labeling applications including protein immobilization, fluorescent labeling, nanostructure assembly, and the construction of protein-drug conjugates is presented next. Concluding remarks and future directions are presented in the final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiall F Suazo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Keun-Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mark D Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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20
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Abrami L, Audagnotto M, Ho S, Marcaida MJ, Mesquita FS, Anwar MU, Sandoz PA, Fonti G, Pojer F, Peraro MD, van der Goot FG. Palmitoylated acyl protein thioesterase APT2 deforms membranes to extract substrate acyl chains. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:438-447. [PMID: 33707782 PMCID: PMC7610442 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Many biochemical reactions require controlled recruitment of proteins to membranes. This is largely regulated by posttranslational modifications. A frequent one is S-acylation, which consists of the addition of acyl chains and can be reversed by poorly understood acyl protein thioesterases (APTs). Using a panel of computational and experimental approaches, we dissect the mode of action of the major cellular thioesterase APT2 (LYPLA2). We show that soluble APT2 is vulnerable to proteasomal degradation, from which membrane binding protects it. Interaction with membranes requires three consecutive steps: electrostatic attraction, insertion of a hydrophobic loop and S-acylation by the palmitoyltransferases ZDHHC3 or ZDHHC7. Once bound, APT2 is predicted to deform the lipid bilayer to extract the acyl chain bound to its substrate and capture it in a hydrophobic pocket to allow hydrolysis. This molecular understanding of APT2 paves the way to understand the dynamics of APT2-mediated deacylation of substrates throughout the endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martina Audagnotto
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Ho
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Jose Marcaida
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Muhammad U. Anwar
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick A. Sandoz
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Fonti
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland,Corresponding Authors: F. Gisou van der Goot () and Matteo Dal Peraro ()
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland,Corresponding Authors: F. Gisou van der Goot () and Matteo Dal Peraro ()
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21
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Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a reversible posttranslational lipid modification of proteins. It controls protein activity, stability, trafficking and protein–protein interactions. Recent global profiling of immune cells and targeted analysis have identified many S-palmitoylated immunity-associated proteins. Here, we review S-palmitoylated immune receptors and effectors, and their dynamic regulation at cellular membranes to generate specific and balanced immune responses. We also highlight how this understanding can drive therapeutic advances to pharmacologically modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tandrila Das
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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22
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Kucka K, Wajant H. Receptor Oligomerization and Its Relevance for Signaling by Receptors of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:615141. [PMID: 33644033 PMCID: PMC7905041 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the exception of a few signaling incompetent decoy receptors, the receptors of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) are signaling competent and engage in signaling pathways resulting in inflammation, proliferation, differentiation, and cell migration and also in cell death induction. TNFRSF receptors (TNFRs) become activated by ligands of the TNF superfamily (TNFSF). TNFSF ligands (TNFLs) occur as trimeric type II transmembrane proteins but often also as soluble ligand trimers released from the membrane-bound form by proteolysis. The signaling competent TNFRs are efficiently activated by the membrane-bound TNFLs. The latter recruit three TNFR molecules, but there is growing evidence that this is not sufficient to trigger all aspects of TNFR signaling; rather, the formed trimeric TNFL–TNFR complexes have to cluster secondarily in the cell-to-cell contact zone for full TNFR activation. With respect to their response to soluble ligand trimers, the signaling competent TNFRs can be subdivided into two groups. TNFRs of one group, designated as category I TNFRs, are robustly activated by soluble ligand trimers. The receptors of a second group (category II TNFRs), however, failed to become properly activated by soluble ligand trimers despite high affinity binding. The limited responsiveness of category II TNFRs to soluble TNFLs can be overcome by physical linkage of two or more soluble ligand trimers or, alternatively, by anchoring the soluble ligand molecules to the cell surface or extracellular matrix. This suggests that category II TNFRs have a limited ability to promote clustering of trimeric TNFL–TNFR complexes outside the context of cell–cell contacts. In this review, we will focus on three aspects on the relevance of receptor oligomerization for TNFR signaling: (i) the structural factors which promote clustering of free and liganded TNFRs, (ii) the signaling pathway specificity of the receptor oligomerization requirement, and (iii) the consequences for the design and development of TNFR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Kucka
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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23
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Heck AL, Mishra S, Prenzel T, Feulner L, Achhammer E, Särchen V, Blagg BSJ, Schneider-Brachert W, Schütze S, Fritsch J. Selective HSP90β inhibition results in TNF and TRAIL mediated HIF1α degradation. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152070. [PMID: 33639524 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Signaling via TNF-R1 mediates pleiotropic biological outcomes ranging from inflammation and proliferation to cell death. Previous reports demonstrated that pro-survival signaling emanates from membrane resident TNF-R1 complexes (complex I) while only internalized TNF-R1 complexes are capable for DISC formation (complex II) and thus, apoptosis induction. Internalized TNF-R1 containing endosomes undergo intracellular maturation towards lysosomes, resulting in activation and release of Cathepsin D (CtsD) into the cytoplasm. We recently revealed HSP90 as target for proteolytic cleavage by CtsD, resulting in cell death amplification. In this study, we show that extrinsic cell death activation via TNF or TRAIL results in HSP90β degradation. Co-incubation of cells with either TNF or TRAIL in combination with the HSP90β inhibitor KUNB105 but not HSP90α selective inhibition promotes apoptosis induction. In an attempt to reveal further downstream targets of combined TNF-R1 or TRAIL-R1/-R2 activation with HSP90β inhibition, we identify HIF1α and validate its ligand:inhibitor triggered degradation. Together, these findings suggest that selective inhibition of HSP90 isoforms together with death ligand stimulation may provide novel strategies for therapy of inflammatory diseases or cancer, in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Heck
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - S Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - T Prenzel
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - L Feulner
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - E Achhammer
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - V Särchen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - B S J Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - W Schneider-Brachert
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - J Fritsch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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24
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Diskin C, Ryan TAJ, O'Neill LAJ. Modification of Proteins by Metabolites in Immunity. Immunity 2020; 54:19-31. [PMID: 33220233 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunometabolism has emerged as a key focus for immunologists, with metabolic change in immune cells becoming as important a determinant for specific immune effector responses as discrete signaling pathways. A key output for these changes involves post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins by metabolites. Products of glycolysis and Krebs cycle pathways can mediate these events, as can lipids, amino acids, and polyamines. A rich and diverse set of PTMs in macrophages and T cells has been uncovered, altering phenotype and modulating immunity and inflammation in different contexts. We review the recent findings in this area and speculate whether they could be of use in the effort to develop therapeutics for immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Diskin
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - T A J Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - L A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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25
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Analysis of Ligand-Receptor Interactions Using Bioluminescent TNF Superfamily (TNFSF) Ligand Fusion Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 33185876 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1130-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of the binding of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily ligands (TNFLs) to TNF receptor superfamily receptors (TNFRs) is of crucial relevance for the understanding of the mechanisms of TNFR activation. Ligand binding studies are also a basic method required for the development and characterization of agonists and antagonists of TNFRs. TNFL-induced formation of fully active TNFR signaling complexes is a complex process. It involves not only reorganization of monomeric and inactive pre-assembled TNFR complexes into trimeric liganded TNFR complexes but also the secondary interaction of the latter. Moreover, various factors, e.g., TNFR modification, special membrane domains, or accessory proteins, may affect TNFL-TNFR interactions in a TNFR type-specific manner. Widely used cell-free methods for the analysis of protein-protein interactions are thus of limited value for the analysis of TNFL-TNFR interactions and makes therefore in this case cellular binding studies to the method of choice. We and others observed that the genetic fusion of monomeric protein domains to the N-terminus of soluble TNFLs has typically no effect on activity and TNFR binding. We exploited this to generate bioluminescent TNFL fusion proteins which allow simple, sensitive, and highly reproducible cellular binding studies for the investigation of TNFL-TNFR interactions. Here, we report detailed protocols for the production of TNFL fusion proteins with the luciferase of Gaussia princeps and the use of these fusion proteins in various types of cellular binding studies.
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26
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Yang X, Chatterjee V, Ma Y, Zheng E, Yuan SY. Protein Palmitoylation in Leukocyte Signaling and Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:600368. [PMID: 33195285 PMCID: PMC7655920 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.600368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) based on thioester-linkage between palmitic acid and the cysteine residue of a protein. This covalent attachment of palmitate is reversibly and dynamically regulated by two opposing sets of enzymes: palmitoyl acyltransferases containing a zinc finger aspartate-histidine-histidine-cysteine motif (PAT-DHHCs) and thioesterases. The reversible nature of palmitoylation enables fine-tuned regulation of protein conformation, stability, and ability to interact with other proteins. More importantly, the proper function of many surface receptors and signaling proteins requires palmitoylation-meditated partitioning into lipid rafts. A growing number of leukocyte proteins have been reported to undergo palmitoylation, including cytokine/chemokine receptors, adhesion molecules, pattern recognition receptors, scavenger receptors, T cell co-receptors, transmembrane adaptor proteins, and signaling effectors including the Src family of protein kinases. This review provides the latest findings of palmitoylated proteins in leukocytes and focuses on the functional impact of palmitoylation in leukocyte function related to adhesion, transmigration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pathogen recognition, signaling activation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Victor Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Yonggang Ma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Ethan Zheng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Sarah Y Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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Zhao R, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Li D, Huang C, Li F. In vivo Screen Identifies Zdhhc2 as a Critical Regulator of Germinal Center B Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1025. [PMID: 32587588 PMCID: PMC7297983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cell differentiation is critical for the production of affinity-matured pathogen-specific antibodies, the dysregulation of which may lead to humoral immunodeficiency or autoimmunity. The development of an in vivo screening system for factors regulating GC B cell differentiation has been a challenge. Here we describe a small-scale in vivo screening system with NP-specific B1-8hi cells and a retroviral shRNA library targeting 78 candidate genes to search for B cell-intrinsic factors that specifically regulate GC B cell differentiation. Zdhhc2, a gene encoding palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC2 and highly expressed in GC B cells, is identified as a strong positive regulator of GC B cell differentiation. B1-8hi cells transduced with Zdhhc2-shRNA are severely compromised in differentiating into GC B cells. A further analysis of in vitro differentiated B cells transduced with Zdhhc2-shRNA shows that Zdhhc2 is critical for the proliferation and the survival of B cells stimulated by CD40L, BAFF, and IL-21 and consequently impacts on their differentiation into GC B cells and post-GC B cells. These studies not only identify Zdhhc2 as a novel regulator of GC B cell differentiation but also represent a proof of concept of in vivo screen for regulators of GC B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqing Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Boston Consulting Group, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanxin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fubin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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