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Elshamy AM, Hafez YM, Safa MAE, Ibrahim HA, Khalfallah M, Rizk FH, Eltabaa EF, Ghafar MTA, Atef MM. The role of miR-433-3p in vascular calcification in type 2 diabetic patients: targeting WNT/β-Catenin and RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathways. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9073-9083. [PMID: 37728820 PMCID: PMC10635945 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification (VC) is a major predictor of cardiovascular diseases that represent the principal cause of mortality among type-2 diabetic patients. Accumulating data suggest the vital role of some microRNAs on vascular calcification as an epigenetic regulator. Thus, we assessed herein, the role of serum miR-433-3p in vascular calcification in type-2 diabetic patients. METHODS Twenty healthy subjects (control group) and forty diabetic patients (20 without VC and 20 with VC) were involved in the study. miR-433-3p gene expression was measured. Runx2, Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), β-catenin, Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels in serum were assessed by ELISA technique. RESULTS Diabetes patients had significantly lower levels of miR-433-3p expression in comparison to the control group, with the lowest levels being found in diabetic patients with VC. Furthermore, Runx2, β-catenin, and RANKL levels were significantly increased with concomitant lower DKK1 and OPG levels detected in the two diabetic groups especially those with VC. CONCLUSION Collectively, the study documented that down-regulation of miR-433-3p may contribute to the development of VC through activating WNT/β-Catenin and RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira M Elshamy
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, El Geesh Street, Tanta, 31511, Egypt.
| | - Yasser Mostafa Hafez
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A E Safa
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hoda A Ibrahim
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, El Geesh Street, Tanta, 31511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Khalfallah
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Fatma H Rizk
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Eman F Eltabaa
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Marwa Mohamed Atef
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, El Geesh Street, Tanta, 31511, Egypt
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Xu H, Ding Z, Chen J, Zhang Y, Shan W, Chen X, Liu X, Gao Y, Han G. Correlation between serum Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) levels and coronary artery stenosis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:168-176. [PMID: 36411225 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To study the correlation between the level of serum Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) and the degree of coronary artery stenosis in patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. METHODS AND RESULTS In 2018, general data and biochemical indexes of 311 patients who underwent coronary angiography were recorded. Before procedure, arterial blood was drawn and the concentrations of DKK1, retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) were measured. Based on coronary angiography results, subjects were divided into a coronary heart disease (CHD) group; and a non-coronary heart disease (non-CHD)group. The CHD group was divided into three subgroups: the low Gensini score; the middle Gensini score; and the high Gensini score subgroups. Compared with those of the non-CHD group, DKK1, RBP4 and PAI-1 of the CHD group were significantly higher, while the OC was lower. DKK1,RBP4 and PAI-1 levels of the middle and high Gensini subgroups were significantly higher, compared with that of the low Gensini subgroup. Differences between osteocalcin (OC), beta-isomerized C-terminal telopeptidase (β-CTX), and 25(OH)2D3 of the three subgroups were not significant. Correlation between DKK1 and the inflammatory factors, RBP4 and PAI-1, was positive. Correlation between DKK1 and β - CTX, 25(OH)2D3 and OC was not significant. DKK1 was a risk factor for CHD. The degree of coronary artery stenosis was related to DKK1 concentration. CONCLUSIONS Serum DKK1 levels in coronary heart disease patients were significantly higher, and positively correlated with the degree of coronary artery stenosis. DKK1 level is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiu Xu
- Development of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, PR China; The First Hospital of Qinghuangdao, PR China
| | - Zhenjiang Ding
- Development of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, PR China
| | - Jiaoyue Chen
- Development of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Development of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, PR China
| | - Weichao Shan
- Development of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Development of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Development of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, PR China
| | - Yu Gao
- Development of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, PR China
| | - Guiyan Han
- Development of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, PR China.
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Bernardes M, Madureira A, Oliveira A, Martins MJ, Lucas R, Costa L, Pereira JG, Ventura F, Ramos I, Martins E. Coronary artery calcium score in female rheumatoid arthritis patients: Associations with apolipoproteins and disease biomarkers. Int J Rheum Dis 2019; 22:1841-1856. [DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Bernardes
- Department of Rheumatology São João Hospital Center Porto Portugal
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal
| | - António Madureira
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal
- Department of Radiology São João Hospital Center Porto Portugal
| | - Ana Oliveira
- Department of Nuclear Medicine São João Hospital Center Porto Portugal
| | - Maria João Martins
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3s) Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Raquel Lucas
- EPI Unit‐Institute of Public Health University of Porto Porto Portugal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Lúcia Costa
- Department of Rheumatology São João Hospital Center Porto Portugal
| | - Jorge G. Pereira
- Department of Nuclear Medicine São João Hospital Center Porto Portugal
| | | | - Isabel Ramos
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal
- Department of Radiology São João Hospital Center Porto Portugal
| | - Elisabete Martins
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3s) Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
- Department of Cardiology São João Hospital Center Porto Portugal
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Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies over the past 3 decades have uncovered a multitude of signaling pathways involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. From these studies, signaling by proteins of the Wnt family has recently emerged as an important player in the development of atherosclerosis. Wnt signaling is characterized by a large number of ligands, receptors, and coreceptors and can be regulated at many different levels. Among Wnt modulators, the evolutionary conserved Dkk (Dickkopf) proteins, and especially Dkk-1, the founding member of the family, are the best characterized. The role of Dkks in the pathophysiology of the arterial wall is only partially understood, but their involvement in atherosclerosis is becoming increasingly evident. This review introduces recent key findings on Dkk proteins and their functions in atherosclerosis and discusses the potential importance of modulating Dkk signaling as part of a novel, improved strategy for preventing and treating atherosclerosis-related diseases.
Visual Overview—
An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Baetta
- From the Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- From the Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
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Mathold K, Wanby P, Brudin L, Von SP, Carlsson M. Alterations in bone turnover markers in patients with noncardio-embolic ischemic stroke. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207348. [PMID: 30496210 PMCID: PMC6264871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The major cause of ischemic stroke is unstable or thrombogenic atherosclerotic plaques. Vascular calcification, a process that appears crucial for plaque stability, shares common features with bone formation. Many bone turnover proteins exhibit metabolic properties, but the evidence is conflicting regarding their possible involvement in vascular disease. Antibodies against sclerostin and dickkopf-1 are currently being evaluated as potential therapy for treating bone disorders. It is important to carefully assess the cardiovascular and metabolic effects of these proteins. The aim of the present study was to explore serum levels of bone turnover markers in patients with acute noncardio-embolic ischemic stroke in comparison with healthy controls. Methods In a cross-sectional study, we compared 48 patients aged ≥75 years with noncardio-embolic ischemic stroke and 46 healthy controls. Serum levels of dickkopf-1, sclerostin, osteoprotegerin, osteopontin and osteocalcin were determined by Luminex technique. Results We found clearly increased serum levels of osteoprotegerin, sclerostin, dickkopf-1 and osteopontin in patients with stroke compared with healthy controls. No difference was seen in serum levels of osteocalcin between the two groups. Conclusion Our findings strengthen the hypothesis of bone turnover markers being involved in vascular disease. Whether these proteins can be used as candidate markers for increased stroke risk or prognostic biomarkers remains to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Mathold
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, County Hospital of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - P. Wanby
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, County Hospital of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - L. Brudin
- Department of Clinical Physiology, County Hospital of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - S. P. Von
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, County Hospital of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - M. Carlsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, County Hospital of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Medicine and Optometry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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Pontremoli M, Brioschi M, Baetta R, Ghilardi S, Banfi C. Identification of DKK-1 as a novel mediator of statin effects in human endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16671. [PMID: 30420710 PMCID: PMC6232108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows that DKK-1, a member of the Dickkopf family and a regulator of the Wnt pathways, represents a novel target of statins which, through the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and of non-steroidal isoprenoid intermediates, exert extra-beneficial effect in preventing atherosclerosis beyond their effect on the lipid profile. We found that atorvastatin downregulates DKK-1 protein (−88.3 ± 4.1%) and mRNA expression (−90 ± 4.2%) through the inhibition of Cdc42, Rho and Rac geranylgeranylated proteins. Further, a combined approach based on the integration of label-free quantitative mass spectrometry based-proteomics and gene silencing allowed us to demonstrate that DKK-1 itself mediates, at least in part, statin effects on human endothelial cells. Indeed, DKK-1 is responsible for the regulation of the 21% of the statin-modulated proteins, which include, among others, clusterin/apoJ, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), and pentraxin 3 (PTX3). The Gene Ontology enrichment annotation revealed that DKK-1 is also a potential mediator of the extracellular matrix organization, platelet activation and response to wounding processes induced by statin. Finally, we found that plasma level of DKK-1 from cholesterol-fed rabbits treated with atorvastatin (2.5 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks) was lower (−42 ± 23%) than that of control animals. Thus, DKK-1 is not only a target of statin but it directly regulates the expression of molecules involved in a plethora of biological functions, thus expanding its role, which has been so far restricted mainly to cancer.
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Foulquier S, Daskalopoulos EP, Lluri G, Hermans KCM, Deb A, Blankesteijn WM. WNT Signaling in Cardiac and Vascular Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:68-141. [PMID: 29247129 PMCID: PMC6040091 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.013896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT signaling is an elaborate and complex collection of signal transduction pathways mediated by multiple signaling molecules. WNT signaling is critically important for developmental processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and tissue patterning. Little WNT signaling activity is present in the cardiovascular system of healthy adults, but reactivation of the pathway is observed in many pathologies of heart and blood vessels. The high prevalence of these pathologies and their significant contribution to human disease burden has raised interest in WNT signaling as a potential target for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we first will focus on the constituents of the pathway and their regulation and the different signaling routes. Subsequently, the role of WNT signaling in cardiovascular development is addressed, followed by a detailed discussion of its involvement in vascular and cardiac disease. After highlighting the crosstalk between WNT, transforming growth factor-β and angiotensin II signaling, and the emerging role of WNT signaling in the regulation of stem cells, we provide an overview of drugs targeting the pathway at different levels. From the combined studies we conclude that, despite the sometimes conflicting experimental data, a general picture is emerging that excessive stimulation of WNT signaling adversely affects cardiovascular pathology. The rapidly increasing collection of drugs interfering at different levels of WNT signaling will allow the evaluation of therapeutic interventions in the pathway in relevant animal models of cardiovascular diseases and eventually in patients in the near future, translating the outcomes of the many preclinical studies into a clinically relevant context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Foulquier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
| | - Evangelos P Daskalopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
| | - Gentian Lluri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
| | - Kevin C M Hermans
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
| | - Arjun Deb
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
| | - W Matthijs Blankesteijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
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Madhu MN, Aguiar C, Hassan A, Brunt KR. Translating calcified aortic valve disease to the bench - Use of 3D matrices in the development of future treatment strategies. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 98:58-61. [PMID: 27338001 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malav N Madhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Christie Aguiar
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Saint John Regional Hospital, Canada
| | - Ansar Hassan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Saint John Regional Hospital, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Keith R Brunt
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada.
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Fojt R, Pirk J, Kamenický P, Karpíšek M, Straka Z, Malý M, Moťovská Z. Values of osteoprotegerin in aortic valve tissue in patients with significant aortic stenosis depend on the existence of concomitant coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 25:181-184. [PMID: 26874038 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) is a serious clinical problem. The strongest predictor of CAVS progression is the amount of calcium in the aortic valve. The pathogenesis of CAVS is largely consistent with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; however, about 50% of patients with CAVS do not exhibit significant atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular calcification is currently considered an actively regulated process, in which the important role is attributed to the RANKL/RANK/OPG (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand/RANK/osteoprotegerin) axis. We measured OPG levels in the tissue of calcified, stenotic aortic valves in relation to the presence or absence of coronary artery disease (CAD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Aortic valve samples were collected from 105 patients with calcified, mainly severe aortic stenosis, who were divided into two groups according to the presence of CAD. In Group A (n=44), there were normal coronary artery findings, while in Group B (n=61), there was angiographically demonstrated >50% stenosis of at least one coronary artery. The control Group C (n=21) consisted of patients without aortic stenosis and with normal angiographic findings on coronary arteries. RESULTS The highest tissue concentrations of OPG [median (pmol/L), 25th-75th percentile] were found in Group A [6.95, 3.96-18.37], which was significantly different compared to the other two groups (P=.026 and .001, respectively). The levels of OPG in Group B [4.15, 2.47-9.16] and in Group C [2.25, 1.01-5.08] did not differ significantly (P=.078); however, the lowest concentrations of OPG were found in Group C. Neither age nor gender in our study had effect on tissue levels of OPG (P=.994 for gender; P=.848 for age). CONCLUSION Calcified and narrowed aortic valves, compared to the normal valves, were accompanied by a change in tissue concentrations of OPG, which is, in addition, dependent on the presence or absence of CAD. The highest tissue concentrations of OPG in our work were found in patients with significant aortic stenosis without concomitant CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fojt
- Cardiocentre, Third Medical Faculty Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pirk
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Kamenický
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris and Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Zbyněk Straka
- Cardiocentre, Third Medical Faculty Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Malý
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Moťovská
- Cardiocentre, Third Medical Faculty Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic.
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