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Voulgarelis S, Fathi F, Stucke AG, Daley KD, Kim J, Zimmerman MA, Hong JC, Starkey N, Allen KP, Yu B. Evaluation of visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in liver tissue: validation of tissue saturations using extracorporeal circulation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210019R. [PMID: 34021537 PMCID: PMC8145982 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.5.055002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Real-time information about oxygen delivery to the hepatic graft is important to direct care and diagnose vascular compromise in the immediate post-transplant period. AIM The current study was designed to determine the utility of visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (vis-DRS) for measuring liver tissue saturation in vivo. APPROACH A custom-built vis-DRS probe was calibrated using phantoms with hemoglobin (Hb) and polystyrene microspheres. Ex vivo (extracorporeal circulation) and in vivo protocols were used in a swine model (n = 15) with validation via blood gas analysis. RESULTS In vivo absorption and scattering measured by vis-DRS with and without biliverdin correction correlated closely between analyses. Lin's concordance correlation coefficients are 0.991 for μa and 0.959 for μs ' . Hb measured by blood test and vis-DRS with (R2 = 0.81) and without (R2 = 0.85) biliverdin correction were compared. Vis-DRS data obtained from the ex vivo protocol plotted against the PO2 derived from blood gas analysis showed a good fit for a Hill coefficient of 1.67 and P50 = 34 mmHg (R2 = 0.81). A conversion formula was developed to account for the systematic deviation, which resulted in a goodness-of-fit R2 = 0.76 with the expected oxygen dissociation curve. CONCLUSIONS We show that vis-DRS allows for real-time measurement of liver tissue saturation, an indicator for liver perfusion and oxygen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Voulgarelis
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Wisconsin, Department of Anesthesiology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Address all correspondence to Stylianos Voulgarelis,
| | - Faraneh Fathi
- Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Astrid G. Stucke
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Wisconsin, Department of Anesthesiology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kevin D. Daley
- Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Department of Perfusion, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Joohyun Kim
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Michael A. Zimmerman
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Johnny C. Hong
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Nicholas Starkey
- Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Department of Perfusion, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kenneth P. Allen
- Biomedical Resource Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Immunology Microbiology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Bing Yu
- Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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Kaur M, Lane PM, Menon C. Scanning and Actuation Techniques for Cantilever-Based Fiber Optic Endoscopic Scanners-A Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21010251. [PMID: 33401728 PMCID: PMC7795415 DOI: 10.3390/s21010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopes are used routinely in modern medicine for in-vivo imaging of luminal organs. Technical advances in the micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) and optical fields have enabled the further miniaturization of endoscopes, resulting in the ability to image previously inaccessible small-caliber luminal organs, enabling the early detection of lesions and other abnormalities in these tissues. The development of scanning fiber endoscopes supports the fabrication of small cantilever-based imaging devices without compromising the image resolution. The size of an endoscope is highly dependent on the actuation and scanning method used to illuminate the target image area. Different actuation methods used in the design of small-sized cantilever-based endoscopes are reviewed in this paper along with their working principles, advantages and disadvantages, generated scanning patterns, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- MENRVA Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, B.C. V3T 0A3, Canada;
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada;
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, B.C., V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Pierre M. Lane
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada;
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, B.C., V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Carlo Menon
- MENRVA Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, B.C. V3T 0A3, Canada;
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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Terlouw LG, Moelker A, Abrahamsen J, Acosta S, Bakker OJ, Baumgartner I, Boyer L, Corcos O, van Dijk LJD, Duran M, Geelkerken RH, Illuminati G, Jackson RW, Kärkkäinen JM, Kolkman JJ, Lönn L, Mazzei MA, Nuzzo A, Pecoraro F, Raupach J, Verhagen HJM, Zech CJ, van Noord D, Bruno MJ. European guidelines on chronic mesenteric ischaemia - joint United European Gastroenterology, European Association for Gastroenterology, Endoscopy and Nutrition, European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology, Netherlands Association of Hepatogastroenterologists, Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology, Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, and Dutch Mesenteric Ischemia Study group clinical guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic mesenteric ischaemia. United European Gastroenterol J 2020; 8:371-395. [PMID: 32297566 PMCID: PMC7226699 DOI: 10.1177/2050640620916681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic mesenteric ischaemia is a severe and incapacitating disease, causing complaints of post-prandial pain, fear of eating and weight loss. Even though chronic mesenteric ischaemia may progress to acute mesenteric ischaemia, chronic mesenteric ischaemia remains an underappreciated and undertreated disease entity. Probable explanations are the lack of knowledge and awareness among physicians and the lack of a gold standard diagnostic test. The underappreciation of this disease results in diagnostic delays, underdiagnosis and undertreating of patients with chronic mesenteric ischaemia, potentially resulting in fatal acute mesenteric ischaemia. This guideline provides a comprehensive overview and repository of the current evidence and multidisciplinary expert agreement on pertinent issues regarding diagnosis and treatment, and provides guidance in the multidisciplinary field of chronic mesenteric ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke G Terlouw
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan Moelker
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Abrahamsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Viborg Regional Hospital,
Viborg, Denmark
| | - Stefan Acosta
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund,
Sweden
- Department of Cardio‐Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Skane
University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olaf J Bakker
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Sint Antonius hospital,
Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig,
Leipzig, Germany
| | - Iris Baumgartner
- Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital,
Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Louis Boyer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Montpied
University Hospital, Clermont‐Ferrand, France
| | - Olivier Corcos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Intestinal Stroke Center,
Hopital Beaujon APHP, Clichy, France
| | - Louisa JD van Dijk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mansur Duran
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Marienhospital
Gelsenkirchen, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
| | - Robert H Geelkerken
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medisch Spectrum Twente,
Enschede, the Netherlands
- Multi-modality Medical Imaging (M3I) group, Faculty of Science
and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the
Netherlands
| | - Giulio Illuminati
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome La
Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Ralph W Jackson
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Newcastle upon Tyne
Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Jussi M Kärkkäinen
- Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,
USA
| | - Jeroen J Kolkman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum
Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University
Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lars Lönn
- Department of Radiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,
Denmark
| | - Maria A Mazzei
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic
Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena,
Italy
| | - Alexandre Nuzzo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hopital Beaujon APHP, Clichy,
France
| | - Felice Pecoraro
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Oral Sciences,
University of Palermo, Vascular Surgery Unit, AOUP ‘P. Giaccone’ Palermo,
Palermo, Italy
| | - Jan Raupach
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove,
Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Hence JM Verhagen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical
Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph J Zech
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Desirée van Noord
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Franciscus
Gasthuis and Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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