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Molinari T, Radaelli R, Rech A, Brusco CM, Markarian AM, Lopez P. Moderators of Resistance Training Effects in Healthy Young Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:804-814. [PMID: 38090747 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Molinari, T, Radaelli, R, Rech, A, Brusco, CM, Markarian, AM, and Lopez, P. Moderators of resistance training effects in healthy young women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 804-814, 2024-To systematically review and analyze the effects of resistance-based exercise programs and potential moderators of change in body fat percentage, whole-body fat and lean mass, muscle hypertrophy, muscle strength, and muscle power/rapid force in healthy young women (between 18 and 35 years). A systematic search was undertaken in 7 databases from inception to May 2022. Eligible randomized controlled trials examined the effects of resistance-based exercise programs on outcomes of interest in healthy young women. Meta-analysis was undertaken with a 3-level mixed-effects model. Associations between standardized mean difference (SMD) and potential moderators (number of sessions, weekly volume, and intensity) were tested by meta-regression models. Statistical significance was set at an α level of 0.05, whereas an α level of 0.05-0.10 was also considered for potential moderators of resistance training effects. Forty articles ( n = 1,312) were included. Resistance-based exercise programs resulted in a significant improvement of 0.4 SMD (95% confidence intervals [95% CI]: 0.2 to 0.5, p < 0.001) in lean mass/muscle hypertrophy and 1.2 SMD (95% CI: 0.9 to 1.5, p < 0.001) in muscle strength. A higher number of sessions was associated with changes in lean mass/muscle hypertrophy ( β = 0.01 ± 0.00, p = 0.009), whereas a higher weekly volume approached statistical significance to moderate changes in muscle strength ( β = 0.01 ± 0.01, p = 0.053). Body fat percentage (-0.4 SMD, 95% CI: -0.6 to -0.1, p = 0.006) and muscle power/rapid force (0.6 SMD, 95% CI: 0.2 to 1.1, p = 0.011) were significantly improved. In conclusion, a higher resistance training volume was associated with greater improvements in lean mass/muscle hypertrophy, muscle strength, and body fat percentage, whereas muscle power/rapid force improvements were observed irrespective of prescription characteristics. These findings may help in designing resistance training programs for muscle hypertrophy, strength and power, and body fat percentage in healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Molinari
- Sport and Exercise Neuromechanics Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Régis Radaelli
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Caparica, Almada, Portugal
| | - Anderson Rech
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
- Research Group on Exercise for Clinical Populations (GPCLIN), Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Clarissa M Brusco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Markarian
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Pedro Lopez
- Research Group on Exercise for Clinical Populations (GPCLIN), Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
- Pleural Medicine Unit, Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, Australia; and
- Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Rao A, Clayton P, Briskey D. Libifem® ( Trigonella foenum-graecum) in conjunction with exercise on muscle strength, power, endurance, and body composition in females aged between 25 and 45 years. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1207013. [PMID: 37637219 PMCID: PMC10450923 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1207013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examined the effects of Libifem® on exercise performance and body composition in females 25-45 years old. Methods Participants were randomized to three equal groups to consume: 600 mg Libifem®/day, 300 mg Libifem®/day or a placebo for 8 weeks. Participants completed a whole-body exercise program three times a week for 8 weeks. At baseline, week 4 and week 8, muscle strength and endurance, functional threshold power, body composition, and sex hormones were measured. At week 8, all three groups increased leg press 1RM compared to baseline. Results A significant difference between group treatment effect was seen for leg press at week 8 (p = 0.045), with the 600 mg Libifem® group significantly increasing their leg press 1RM compared to placebo (p = 0.014). The 600 mg Libifem® group significantly reduced their total fat mass (0.96 kg loss) from baseline compared to placebo group (0.09 kg gain). There was no significant difference in fat mass for the 300 mg Libifem® group (0.23 kg loss). The 600 mg Libifem® group had a significant increase in lean mass compared to both the 300 mg and placebo groups (p = 0.011 and 0.009, respectively). Discussion Overall, there were significant and dose-related changes in body composition and ergogenic parameters, comparable with previous findings in males. Clinical Trial Registration This trial was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials registry [ACTRN12618001538235].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Clayton
- Department of Personalized and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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Khalafi M, Aria B, Symonds ME, Rosenkranz SK. The effects of resistance training on myostatin and follistatin in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiol Behav 2023:114272. [PMID: 37328021 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Myostatin and follistatin are the main hormones for regulating muscle mass, and previous research suggests they are modulated by resistance training. We therefore performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of resistance training on circulating myostatin and follistatin in adults. METHODS A search was conducted in PubMed and Web of science from inception until October 2022 to identify original studies investigating the effects of resistance training compared with controls that did not exercise. Standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random effects models. RESULTS A total 26 randomized studies, including 36 interventions, and involving 768 participants (aged ∼18 to 82 years), were included in the meta-analysis. Resistance training effectively decreased myostatin [-1.31 (95% CI -1.74 to -0.88, p=0.001, 26 studies] and increased follistatin [2.04 (95% CI: 1.51 to 2.52), p=0.001, 14 studies]. Subgroup analyses revealed a significant decrease in myostatin and increase in follistatin regardless of age. CONCLUSION Resistance training in adults is effective for reducing myostatin and increasing follistatin which may contribute to the beneficial effects of resistance training on muscle mass and metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Khalafi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Behzad Aria
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Michael E Symonds
- Centre for Perinatal Research, Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG72UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Babiloni-Lopez C, Gene-Morales J, Saez-Berlanga A, Ramirez-Campillo R, Moreno-Murcia JA, Colado JC. The Use of Elastic Bands in Velocity-Based Training Allows Greater Acute External Training Stimulus and Lower Perceived Effort Compared to Weight Plates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416616. [PMID: 36554498 PMCID: PMC9779371 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to compare the mean propulsive velocity (MPV), maximum power (PMAX), heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) during the parallel squat using elastic bands (EB) or weight plates (WP) to load the bar. The effect of relative strength on the dependent variables was analysed. Additionally, the potential of the RPE to predict external load parameters was assessed. Eighteen trained volunteers squatted at 40%, 55%, 70%, and 85% of their one-repetition maximum with EB and WP (a total of eight sets) in random order. Dependent variables were measured at the first and last repetition (i.e., 10% velocity loss). Two identical sessions were conducted to assess the reliability of measurements. Compared to WP, EB allowed a significantly greater number of repetitions, MPV, and PMAX, and significantly lower RPE. The RPE of the first repetition was a significant predictor of the external load of the set. The RPE showed good repeatability and was not influenced by the relative strength of athletes. In conclusion, compared to WP, the use of EB allows for greater external load with reduced internal load responses in a wide spectrum of load-based intensities. The potential implications of these novel findings are discussed in the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Babiloni-Lopez
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Gene-Morales
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Angel Saez-Berlanga
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, 7591538 Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Antonio Moreno-Murcia
- Department of Sport Sciences-Sport Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan C. Colado
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Effects of Variable Resistance Training within Complex Training on Neuromuscular Adaptations in Collegiate Basketball Players. J Hum Kinet 2022; 84:174-183. [DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in neuromuscular performance between variable resistance training and constant resistance training within complex training. Twenty-one well-trained collegiate basketball players were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (variable resistance training) or a control group (constant resistance training) and completed a twice weekly training program over an 8-week period. Training programs were the same except that the experimental group included variable resistance via elastic bands (40% of the total load). Maximum strength, vertical jump, horizontal jump, and sprint performance were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Both groups demonstrated significant increases in the back squat 1RM (experimental group +36.5% and control group +32.3%, both p < 0.001), countermovement jump (experimental group +12.9%, p = 0.002 and control group +5.6%, p = 0.02), and squat jump performance (experimental group +21.4% and control group +12.9%, both p < 0.001), whereas standing broad jump performance improved only in the experimental group (+2.9%, p = 0.029). Additionally, the experimental group showed significant improvement in the squat jump (p = 0.014) compared with the control group. However, no statistically significant differences were found between groups for countermovement jump (p = 0.06) and sprint performance at 10 m (p = 0.153) and 20 m (p = 0.076). We may conclude that both training modalities showed similar improvements in maximum strength. Performing variable resistance training within a complex training program is more efficient to enhance selective power performance in well-trained collegiate basketball players.
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Lin Y, Xu Y, Hong F, Li J, Ye W, Korivi M. Effects of Variable-Resistance Training Versus Constant-Resistance Training on Maximum Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148559. [PMID: 35886409 PMCID: PMC9317775 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Greater muscular strength is generally associated with superior sports performance, for example, in jumping, sprinting, and throwing. This meta-analysis aims to compare the effects of variable-resistance training (VRT) and constant-resistance training (CRT) on the maximum strength of trained and untrained subjects. PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were comprehensively searched to identify relevant studies published up to January 2022. Fourteen studies that met the inclusion criteria were used for the systematic review and meta-analysis. Data regarding training status, training modality, and type of outcome measure were extracted for the analyses. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias. The pooled outcome showed improved maximum strength with VRT, which was significantly higher than that with CRT (ES = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.42−1.19) for all the subjects. In addition, trained subjects experienced greater maximum-strength improvements with VRT than with CRT (ES = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.22−0.93). Based on subgroup analyses, maximum-strength improvement with a VRT load of ≥80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) was significantly higher than that with CRT (ES = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.37−1.16) in trained subjects, while no significant differences were found between VRT and CRT for maximum-strength improvement when the load was <80% (ES = 0.00; 95% CI: −0.55−0.55). The untrained subjects also achieved greater maximum strength with VRT than with CRT (ES = 1.34; 95% CI: 0.28−2.40). Interestingly, the improved maximum strength of untrained subjects with a VRT load of <80% of 1RM was significantly higher than that with CRT (ES = 2.38; 95% CI: 1.39−3.36); however, no significant differences were noted between VRT and CRT when the load was ≥80% of 1RM (ES = −0.04; 95% CI: −0.89−0.81). Our findings show that subjects with resistance training experience could use a load of ≥80% of 1RM and subjects without resistance training experience could use a load of <80% of 1RM to obtain greater VRT benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguan Lin
- Department of Public Instruction, Tourism College of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311231, China;
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Student Affairs Office, Medical College, Shandong Yingcai University, Jinan 250104, China;
| | - Feng Hong
- Department of Sports Operation and Management, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China;
| | - Junbo Li
- Physical Education Department, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China;
| | - Weibing Ye
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); or (M.K.); Tel.: +86-137-5799-5718 (W.Y.)
| | - Mallikarjuna Korivi
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); or (M.K.); Tel.: +86-137-5799-5718 (W.Y.)
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Pourabbas M, Bagheri R, Hooshmand Moghadam B, Willoughby DS, Candow DG, Elliott BT, Forbes SC, Ashtary-Larky D, Eskandari M, Wong A, Dutheil F. Strategic Ingestion of High-Protein Dairy Milk during a Resistance Training Program Increases Lean Mass, Strength, and Power in Trained Young Males. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030948. [PMID: 33804259 PMCID: PMC7999866 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the effects of high-protein dairy milk ingestion on changes in body composition, strength, power, and skeletal muscle regulatory markers following 6 weeks of resistance training in trained young males. METHODS Thirty resistance-trained young males (age: 27 ± 3 years; training experience: 15 ± 2 months) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: high-protein dairy milk (both whey and casein) + resistance training (MR; n = 15) or isoenergetic carbohydrate (maltodextrin 9%) + resistance training (PR; n = 15). Milk and placebo were ingested immediately post-exercise (250 mL; 30 g protein) and 30 min before sleep (250 mL; 30 g protein). Before and after 6 weeks of linear periodized resistance training (4 times/week), body composition (bioelectrical impedance), strength, power, and serum levels of skeletal muscle regulatory markers (insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol, follistatin, myostatin, and follistatin-myostatin ratio) were assessed. RESULTS The MR group experienced a significantly higher (p < 0.05) increase in lean mass, strength, and power (upper- and lower-body) than the PR group. Further, IGF-1, growth hormone, testosterone, follistatin, and follistatin-myostatin ratio were significantly increased, while cortisol and myostatin significantly decreased in the MR group than the PR group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The strategic ingestion of high-protein dairy milk (post-exercise and pre-sleep) during 6 weeks of resistance training augmented lean mass, strength, power, and altered serum concentrations of skeletal muscle regulatory markers in trained young males compared to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourabbas
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran 1961733114, Iran;
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (A.W.); Tel.: +98-937-909-2551 (R.B.); +1-703-908-7609 (A.W.)
| | | | - Darryn S. Willoughby
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA;
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4SOA2, Canada;
| | - Bradley T. Elliott
- Translational Physiology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London WC2N 5DU, UK;
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A6A9, Canada;
| | - Damoon Ashtary-Larky
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran;
| | - Mozhgan Eskandari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Birjand, Birjand 9717434765, Iran;
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA 22207, USA
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (A.W.); Tel.: +98-937-909-2551 (R.B.); +1-703-908-7609 (A.W.)
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CNRS, LaPSCo, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Witty Fit, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Moretti A, Paoletta M, Liguori S, Bertone M, Toro G, Iolascon G. Choline: An Essential Nutrient for Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072144. [PMID: 32708497 PMCID: PMC7400816 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choline is an essential micronutrient with a pivotal role in several metabolic pathways contributing to liver, neurological, and hematological homeostasis. Although choline is commonly administered to improve physical performance, its effects on muscle are still unclear. The aim of this scoping review is to analyze the role of choline on skeletal muscle in terms of biological effects and clinical implications. METHODS A technical expert panel (TEP) of 6 medical specialists with expertise in muscle physiology and skeletal muscle disorders performed the review following the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) model. The TEP planned a research on PubMed selecting "choline" as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) term adding to PubMed Search Builder the terms "skeletal muscle" and "muscle striated". TEP considered for eligibility articles published in the last 30 years, including original researches, particularly in vitro studies, and animal and clinical studies in the English language. RESULTS From the 1239 studies identified, TEP included 14 studies, 3 in vitro, 9 animal, and 2 clinical studies. CONCLUSIONS Our scoping review elucidates and summarizes the crucial role of choline in modulating muscle fat metabolism, muscle proteins homeostasis, and the modulation of inflammation and autophagy.
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