1
|
Cecchinato V, Martini V, Pirani E, Ghovehoud E, Uguccioni M. The chemokine landscape: one system multiple shades. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1176619. [PMID: 37251376 PMCID: PMC10213763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1176619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte trafficking is mainly governed by chemokines, chemotactic cytokines, which can be concomitantly produced in tissues during homeostatic conditions or inflammation. After the discovery and characterization of the individual chemokines, we and others have shown that they present additional properties. The first discoveries demonstrated that some chemokines act as natural antagonists on chemokine receptors, and prevent infiltration of leukocyte subsets in tissues. Later on it was shown that they can exert a repulsive effect on selective cell types, or synergize with other chemokines and inflammatory mediators to enhance chemokine receptors activities. The relevance of the fine-tuning modulation has been demonstrated in vivo in a multitude of processes, spanning from chronic inflammation to tissue regeneration, while its role in the tumor microenvironment needs further investigation. Moreover, naturally occurring autoantibodies targeting chemokines were found in tumors and autoimmune diseases. More recently in SARS-CoV-2 infection, the presence of several autoantibodies neutralizing chemokine activities distinguished disease severity, and they were shown to be beneficial, protecting from long-term sequelae. Here, we review the additional properties of chemokines that influence cell recruitment and activities. We believe these features need to be taken into account when designing novel therapeutic strategies targeting immunological disorders.
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen R, Kang R, Tang D. The mechanism of HMGB1 secretion and release. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:91-102. [PMID: 35217834 PMCID: PMC8894452 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00736-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nonhistone nuclear protein that has multiple functions according to its subcellular location. In the nucleus, HMGB1 is a DNA chaperone that maintains the structure and function of chromosomes. In the cytoplasm, HMGB1 can promote autophagy by binding to BECN1 protein. After its active secretion or passive release, extracellular HMGB1 usually acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule, regulating inflammation and immune responses through different receptors or direct uptake. The secretion and release of HMGB1 is fine-tuned by a variety of factors, including its posttranslational modification (e.g., acetylation, ADP-ribosylation, phosphorylation, and methylation) and the molecular machinery of cell death (e.g., apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, alkaliptosis, and ferroptosis). In this minireview, we introduce the basic structure and function of HMGB1 and focus on the regulatory mechanism of HMGB1 secretion and release. Understanding these topics may help us develop new HMGB1-targeted drugs for various conditions, especially inflammatory diseases and tissue damage. A nuclear protein that gets released after cell death or is actively secreted by immune cells offers a promising therapeutic target for treating diseases linked to excessive inflammation. Daolin Tang from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, USA, and colleagues review how cellular stresses can trigger the accumulation of HMGB1, a type of alarm signal protein that promotes the recruitment and activation of inflammation-promoting immune cells. The researchers discuss various mechanisms that drive both passive and active release of HMGB1 into the space around cells. These processes, which include enzymatic modifications of the HMGB1 protein, cell–cell interactions and molecular pathways of cell death, could be targeted by drugs to lessen tissue damage and inflammatory disease caused by HMGB1-induced immune responses
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruochan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zacks DN, Kocab AJ, Choi JJ, Gregory-Ksander MS, Cano M, Handa JT. Cell Death in AMD: The Rationale for Targeting Fas. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030592. [PMID: 35160044 PMCID: PMC8836408 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the developed world. While great advances have been made in the treatment of the neovascular (“wet”) form of the disease, there is still a significant need for therapies that prevent the vision loss associated with the advanced forms of dry, atrophic AMD. In this atrophic form, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and photoreceptor cell death is the ultimate cause of vision loss. In this review, we summarize the cell death pathways and their relation to RPE and retinal cell death in AMD. We review the data that support targeting programmed cell death through inhibition of the Fas receptor as a novel approach to preserve these structures and that this effect results from inhibiting both canonical death pathway activation and reducing the associated inflammatory response. These data lay the groundwork for current clinical strategies targeting the Fas pathway in this devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David N. Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-936-0871
| | | | - Joanne J. Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
| | - Meredith S. Gregory-Ksander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Marisol Cano
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.C.); (J.T.H.)
| | - James T. Handa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (M.C.); (J.T.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaplan HJ, Sun D, Shao H. Damage-associated Molecular Patterns in Clinical and Animal Models of Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021; 30:734-740. [PMID: 34477485 PMCID: PMC8891391 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1954203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute & Department Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine/UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ross BX, Choi J, Yao J, Hager HM, Abcouwer SF, Zacks DN. Loss of High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Protein in Rods Accelerates Rod Photoreceptor Degeneration After Retinal Detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:50. [PMID: 32460314 PMCID: PMC7405795 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal detachment (RD) disrupts the nutritional support and oxygen delivery to photoreceptors (PRs), ultimately causing cell death. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) can serve as an extracellular alarmin when released from stressed cells. PRs release HMGB1 after RD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between HMGB1 and PR survival after RD. Methods Acute RD was created by injection of hyaluronic acid (1%) into the subretinal space in C57BL/6 mice and mice with a rhodopsin-Cre-mediated conditional knockout (cKO) of HMGB1 in rods (HMGB1ΔRod). Immunofluorescence (IF) in retinal sections was used to localize HMGB1, rhodopsin, and Iba-1 proteins. Optical coherence tomography and electroretinography were used to quantify retinal thickness and function, respectively. The morphology of the retina was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin. Results HMGB1 protein was localized to the nuclei of all retinal neurons, including PRs, with cones staining more intensely than rods. HMGB1 protein was also found in the inner and outer segments of cones but not rods. Creation of RD caused a dramatic increase of HMGB1 protein IF in rods. cKO of HMGB1 in rods did not affect retinal structure or function. However, after RD, loss of rods and reduction in the thickness of the outer nuclear layer were significantly increased in the HMGB1ΔRod retinas as compared to the control. Interestingly, depletion of HMGB1 in rods did not affect the activation and mobilization of microglia/macrophages normally seen after RD. Conclusions Increased HMGB1 expression in stressed rods may represent an intrinsic mechanism regulating their survival after RD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing X. Ross
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Joanne Choi
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Heather M. Hager
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Steven F. Abcouwer
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - David N. Zacks
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Serum levels of the high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: case-control study. Cent Eur J Immunol 2019; 44:33-37. [PMID: 31114434 PMCID: PMC6526583 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2019.84012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The involvement of the high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases has been documented; however, the role of this proinflammatory molecule in children with diabetes type 1 (T1DM) has not been addressed. The aim of this case-control study is to compare the serum level of HMGB1 in children with newly diagnosed T1DM (group 1) and a control group composed of healthy children. Material and methods This case-control study included 136 children: group 1 (n = 96) and a control group (n = 40). Measurements were taken from serum for the following: HMGB1, white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, glucose, haemoglobin A1C, and β-cell autoantibodies (GADA-65, IA-2, ICA). HMGB1 was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on a Labsystems iEMS Reader MF analyser (Labsystems Diagnostics Oy, Helsinki, Finland). Results The level (median and interquartile range) of HMGB1 was statistically higher (p < 0.001) in children with T1DM: 8.7 (5.0-9.8) µg/l, in comparison with the control group: 1.0 (0.6-1.4) µg/l. No correlation was found between HMGB1 and HbA1c in group 1, or between HMGB1 and BMI. A statistically higher percentage of positive children for autoantibodies were present in group 1 compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.001). HMGB1 serum levels were also tested and the presence of autoantibodies, and none of those antibodies correlated with the level of HMGB1. Conclusions The higher level of HMGB1 in children with T1DM, compared to the control group, indicates that this proinflammatory molecule is a good candidate marker of inflammation in children with T1DM.
Collapse
|
7
|
HMBG1 as a Driver of Inflammatory and Immune Processes in the Pathogenesis of Ocular Diseases. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:5195290. [PMID: 30473885 PMCID: PMC6220384 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5195290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that can also act as an extracellular trigger of inflammation, proliferation, and migration in eye diseases. It induces signaling pathways by binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4, and 9. This proinflammatory activity is considered to be important in the pathogenesis of a wide range of ocular diseases resulting from hemodynamic changes, presence of neovascular endothelial cells, secretion of intraocular immune factors or inflammation, and apoptosis of retinal cell layers. Further work is needed to elucidate in detail how HMGB1 contributes to ocular disease and how its damaging activity can be modulated. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on HMGB1 as a ligand that can evoke inflammation and immune responses in ocular diseases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gaskell H, Ge X, Nieto N. High-Mobility Group Box-1 and Liver Disease. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:1005-1020. [PMID: 30202816 PMCID: PMC6128227 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1) is a ubiquitous protein. While initially thought to be simply an architectural protein due to its DNA‐binding ability, evidence from the last decade suggests that HMGB1 is a key protein participating in the pathogenesis of acute liver injury and chronic liver disease. When it is passively released or actively secreted after injury, HMGB1 acts as a damage‐associated molecular pattern that communicates injury and inflammation to neighboring cells by the receptor for advanced glycation end products or toll‐like receptor 4, among others. In the setting of acute liver injury, HMGB1 participates in ischemia/reperfusion, sepsis, and drug‐induced liver injury. In the context of chronic liver disease, it has been implicated in alcoholic liver disease, liver fibrosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently, specific posttranslational modifications have been identified that could condition the effects of the protein in the liver. Here, we provide a detailed review of how HMGB1 signaling participates in acute liver injury and chronic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Gaskell
- Department of Pathology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- Department of Pathology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Department of Pathology University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL.,Department of Medicine University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yun J, Xiao T, Zhou L, Beuerman RW, Li J, Zhao Y, Hadayer A, Zhang X, Sun D, Kaplan HJ, Shao H. Local S100A8 Levels Correlate With Recurrence of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis and Promote Pathogenic T Cell Activity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:1332-1342. [PMID: 29625456 PMCID: PMC5846334 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the role of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in recurrent experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Methods Recurrent EAU was induced in Lewis rats by interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) R16-peptide specific T cells (tEAU). Aqueous humor and serum samples were kinetically collected and DAMPs examined by quantitative proteomics, Western blot analysis, and ELISA. tEAU rats were treated with S100 inhibitor paquinimod followed by disease evaluation. The functions of T effector cells and T regulatory cells (Tregs) were compared between treated and nontreated groups. The expression of costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells was examined by flow cytometry. Results S100A8, but not high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), in the eye was found to be correlated with intraocular inflammatory episodes. Administration of paquinimod significantly protected tEAU rats from recurrence. Treated tEAU rats had fewer R16-specific Th1 and Th17 cells, but increased numbers of Tregs. R16-specific T cells from treated tEAU rats into naïve recipients prevented induction of tEAU by R16-specific T cells from nontreated tEAU rats. Moreover, APCs from treated tEAU rats expressed higher levels of a negative costimulatory molecule, CD200R, and lower levels of CD80, CD86, and MHC class II molecules compared to APCs from nontreated tEAU rats. An opposite pattern of expression of these molecules was observed on APCs incubated in vitro with recombinant S100A8. Conclusions Our data demonstrate a link between local expression of DAMPs and autoimmune responses, and suggest that complete S100A8/A9 blockade may be a new therapeutic target in recurrent autoimmune uveitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Tong Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Research Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Roger W Beuerman
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Research Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Amir Hadayer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Uveitis & Ocular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute & School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, China
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Retinal organotypic culture – A candidate for research on retinas. Tissue Cell 2018; 51:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
11
|
Xiao J, Yao J, Jia L, Lin C, Zacks DN. Protective Effect of Met12, a Small Peptide Inhibitor of Fas, on the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Photoreceptor After Sodium Iodate Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:1801-1810. [PMID: 28346613 PMCID: PMC5374881 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A major problem in macular degeneration is the inability to reduce RPE and photoreceptor death. These cells die by necroptosis and apoptosis, respectively, but the upstream activator(s) of these death pathways is unknown. In this study, we use the sodium iodate (NaIO3) model of oxidative stress to test the hypothesis that activation of the Fas receptor contributes to the death of the RPE and photoreceptors. Methods Sodium iodate was injected in Brown-Norway rats via femoral vein injection. Both in vivo (fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography) and ex vivo (histology, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and RT-PCR) analyses of the RPE and retina were conducted at baseline, as well as at various times post NaIO3 injection. The ability of intravitreal injection of Met12, a small peptide inhibitor of the Fas receptor, to prevent RPE and photoreceptor cell death was assessed. Results Injection of NaIO3 led to Fas-mediated activation of both necroptosis and apoptosis in the RPE and photoreceptors, respectively. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the number of microglia/macrophages in the outer retina. Met12 significantly reduced the activation of the Fas-mediated death pathways, resulting in reduced RPE and photoreceptor death and a decreased immune response. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that NaIO3 activates Fas-mediated cell death, both in the RPE and photoreceptor, and that a small peptide antagonist of the Fas receptor, Met12, significantly reduces the extent of this cell death. These findings suggest a role for Fas inhibition to protect the RPE and photoreceptors from death due to oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Chengmao Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Q, Wang J, Wang J, Hong S, Han F, Chen J, Chen G. HMGB1 induces lung fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation through NF‑κB‑mediated TGF‑β1 release. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3062-3068. [PMID: 28339089 PMCID: PMC5428737 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory factor high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis; however, the role of HMGB1 in lung fibrosis remains unclear. It has previously been reported that nuclear factor (NF)-κB and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 may be involved in lung fibrosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the potential molecular mechanisms that underlie HMGB1-induced lung fibrosis via the regulation of NF-κB and TGF-β1. The results demonstrated that HMGB1 stimulation increased the activation of NF-κB and the release of TGF-β1, as well as the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I in human lung fibroblasts in vitro. In addition, inhibition of NF-κB activation blocked HMGB1-induced TGF-β1 release, as well as α-SMA and collagen I expression in lung fibroblasts. Preventing the release of TGF-β1 inhibited HMGB1-induced α-SMA and collagen I expression; however, it had no effect on NF-κB activation. Collectively, these findings indicate that HMGB1 induces fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation of lung fibroblasts via NF-κB-mediated TGF-β1 release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Respiration, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Junfang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
| | - Shanchao Hong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
| | - Feifei Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
| | - Guoqian Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yun J, Jiang G, Wang Y, Xiao T, Zhao Y, Sun D, Kaplan HJ, Shao H. The HMGB1-CXCL12 Complex Promotes Inflammatory Cell Infiltration in Uveitogenic T Cell-Induced Chronic Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:142. [PMID: 28261206 PMCID: PMC5306251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is largely unknown how invading autoreactive T cells initiate the pathogenic process inside the diseased organ in organ-specific autoimmune diseases. In experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) induced by uveitogenic, interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP)-specific T cells (tEAU) in mice, we have previously reported that high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) released as a consequence of the direct interaction between IRBP-specific T cells and retinal parenchymal cells is an early and critical mediator in induction of intraocular inflammation. Our present study explored the roles of HMGB1 in intraocular inflammation, focusing on its role in recruiting inflammatory cells into the eye. Our results showed that supernatants from retinal explants either stimulated with HMGB1 or cocultured with IRBP-specific T cells attracted leukocytes. Notably, HMGB1 antagonists blocked supernatant-induced chemoattraction when present from the start of coculture, but not when added to the culture supernatants after coculture, indicating that molecules released by HMGB1-treated retinal cells are chemoattractive. Moreover, CXCL12 levels in the coculture supernatants were dependent on HMGB1, since they were increased in the cocultures and reduced when HMGB1 antagonists were added at the beginning of the coculture. When either anti-CXCL12 Ab was added to the supernatants after coculture or the responding lymphocytes were pretreated with Ab against CXCL12 specific receptor, CXCR4, chemoattraction by the coculture supernatants was decreased. Finally, induction of tEAU was significantly inhibited by a CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100, at the time of autoreactive T cell transfer. Our study demonstrates that, at a very early stage of intraocular inflammation initiated by uveitogenic autoreactive T cells, synergism between HMGB1 and CXCL12 is crucial for the infiltration of inflammatory cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY , USA
| | - Guomin Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY , USA
| | - Yunsong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Tong Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY , USA
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sullivan University College of Pharmacy , Louisville, KY , USA
| | - Deming Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY , USA
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY , USA
| |
Collapse
|