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Wacka E, Nicikowski J, Jarmuzek P, Zembron-Lacny A. Anemia and Its Connections to Inflammation in Older Adults: A Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2049. [PMID: 38610814 PMCID: PMC11012269 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13072049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Anemia is a common hematological disorder that affects 12% of the community-dwelling population, 40% of hospitalized patients, and 47% of nursing home residents. Our understanding of the impact of inflammation on iron metabolism and erythropoiesis is still lacking. In older adults, anemia can be divided into nutritional deficiency anemia, bleeding anemia, and unexplained anemia. The last type of anemia might be caused by reduced erythropoietin (EPO) activity, progressive EPO resistance of bone marrow erythroid progenitors, and the chronic subclinical pro-inflammatory state. Overall, one-third of older patients with anemia demonstrate a nutritional deficiency, one-third have a chronic subclinical pro-inflammatory state and chronic kidney disease, and one-third suffer from anemia of unknown etiology. Understanding anemia's pathophysiology in people aged 65 and over is crucial because it contributes to frailty, falls, cognitive decline, decreased functional ability, and higher mortality risk. Inflammation produces adverse effects on the cells of the hematological system. These effects include iron deficiency (hypoferremia), reduced EPO production, and the elevated phagocytosis of erythrocytes by hepatic and splenic macrophages. Additionally, inflammation causes enhanced eryptosis due to oxidative stress in the circulation. Identifying mechanisms behind age-related inflammation is essential for a better understanding and preventing anemia in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryk Wacka
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, Collegium Medicum University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland; (J.N.); (A.Z.-L.)
| | - Jan Nicikowski
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, Collegium Medicum University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland; (J.N.); (A.Z.-L.)
| | - Pawel Jarmuzek
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Collegium Medicum University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Zembron-Lacny
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, Collegium Medicum University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland; (J.N.); (A.Z.-L.)
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2
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Pei X, Tian M, Wang Y, Xin Y, Jiang J, Wang Y, Gong Y. Advances in the knowledge on the role of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain in hemorrhagic stroke. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2023; 3:138-143. [PMID: 37188117 PMCID: PMC10175730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) plays a critical role in extrinsic apoptosis initiation via death receptor ligands, physiological stress, infection response in a tissue-dependent manner, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, genotoxic drugs, ionizing radiation, oxidative stress, and hypoxia. Recent studies have suggested that regulating apoptosis-related pathways can improve outcomes for patients with neurological diseases, such as hemorrhagic stroke. ARC expression is significantly correlated with acute cerebral hemorrhage. However, the mechanism by which it mediates the anti-apoptosis pathway remains poorly known. Here, we discuss the function of ARC in hemorrhagic stroke and argue that it could serve as an effective target for the treatment of hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Pei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Mi Tian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yuewen Xin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Junliang Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ye Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Corresponding author: Ye Gong, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China.
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3
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Shafaei M, Ghadiri F, Azimi A, Moghadasi AN, Hakiminezhad M, Sahraian MA. Adding erythropoietin to intravenous methylprednisolone in acute treatment of attacks of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial. CURRENT JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY 2022; 21:201-205. [PMID: 38011377 PMCID: PMC10189199 DOI: 10.18502/cjn.v21i4.11715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Background: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that prompts immediate potent treatment. Delaying treatment could leave debilitating sequelae. As erythropoietin (EPO) has shown neuroprotective effects, we studied the effects of adding EPO to intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) in patients with acute attacks of NMOSD. Methods: NMOSD cases with acute attacks were included. Cases of optic neuritis (ON) and those with myelitis were separated. After randomization [with block sizes of 2 (1:1 ratio)], the patients in the intervention group received IVMP 1000 mg/day and intravenous (IV) EPO 20000 U/day for five days. IVMP 1000 mg/day and normal saline (NS) were administered in the control group. Staged eye score and motor forces were evaluated in the patients with ON and myelitis, respectively, at the time of the attack and three months later. Primary patient allocation and clinical assessments were blinded to the physicians. Results: Mean age of participants was 53.87 ± 11.53 years. At follow-up, in the ON arm, the median improvement in staged eye score was 2 in the control and 5 in the intervention group. The difference was significant (P < 0.001). In the myelitis group, none of the patients in the control group had improvement in motor forces. All the patients in the intervention group showed substantial improvement with minimal or no remaining weakness. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.029). Conclusion: The results show the possible benefit of adding EPO to the classic IVMP in attacks of NMOSD in both visual and motor aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shafaei
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ghadiri
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Azimi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hakiminezhad
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, School of Medicine, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Lai YF, Lin TY, Ho PK, Chen YH, Huang YC, Lu DW. Erythropoietin in Optic Neuropathies: Current Future Strategies for Optic Nerve Protection and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137143. [PMID: 35806148 PMCID: PMC9267007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is known as a hormone for erythropoiesis in response to anemia and hypoxia. However, the effect of EPO is not only limited to hematopoietic tissue. Several studies have highlighted the neuroprotective function of EPO in extra-hematopoietic tissues, especially the retina. EPO could interact with its heterodimer receptor (EPOR/βcR) to exert its anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation effects in preventing retinal ganglion cells death through different intracellular signaling pathways. In this review, we summarized the available pre-clinical studies of EPO in treating glaucomatous optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and traumatic optic neuropathy. In addition, we explore the future strategies of EPO for optic nerve protection and repair, including advances in EPO derivates, and EPO deliveries. These strategies will lead to a new chapter in the treatment of optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fen Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-F.L.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Ting-Yi Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-F.L.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Pin-Kuan Ho
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Hao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-F.L.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Yu-Chuan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Department of Research and Development, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.H.); (D.-W.L.); Tel.: +886-2-87923100 (Y.-C.H.); +886-2-87927163 (D.-W.L.)
| | - Da-Wen Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-F.L.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.H.); (D.-W.L.); Tel.: +886-2-87923100 (Y.-C.H.); +886-2-87927163 (D.-W.L.)
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5
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Hu G, Wang T, Ma C. EPO activates PI3K-IKKα-CDK1 signaling pathway to promote the proliferation of Glial Cells under hypoxia environment. Genet Mol Biol 2022; 45:e20210249. [PMID: 35167649 PMCID: PMC8846297 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), supports the function and survival of neurons through astrocytes and has a protective role in neonatal asphyxia brain injury; yet, its mechanism of action remains unclear. As a neuroprotective factor, EPO is also used in the treatment of various diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, by decreasing inflammatory reaction, resisting apoptosis, and lowering oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to examine the effect and mechanism of EPO on promoting human brain glial cell proliferation under hypoxia in vitro. Under CoC12-induced hypoxia, after adding EPO, high-throughput sequencing was used to screen out meaningful up-regulated and significant differentially expressed genes PI3K, IKKα CDK1 related to proliferation, and make further verification by qPCR and western blotting. Under hypoxia, EPO promoted cell proliferation and the expression of PI3K while this effect was inhibited (along with a decrease of downstream genes IKKα and CDK1 decreased) after adding PI3K inhibitor to cell culture. EPO can promote cell proliferation and CDK1 expression, while after inhibiting CDK1 expression, the promotion of EPO on cell proliferation was eliminated. These data proved that EPO promotes the proliferation of U251 cells by activating the PI3K-IKKα-CDK1 signaling pathway under CoC12-induced hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gejile Hu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Hospital of Inner Mengolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mengolia, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Inner Mongolia University, School of Life Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mengolia, China
| | - Chunjie Ma
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, Inner Mengolia, China
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6
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Wei W, Ma D, Li L, Zhang L. Progress in the Application of Drugs for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:724718. [PMID: 34326775 PMCID: PMC8313804 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.724718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which gives rise to focal lesion in CNS and cause physical disorders. Although environmental factors and susceptibility genes are reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of MS, its etiology still remains unclear. At present, there is no complete cure, but there are drugs that decelerate the progression of MS. Traditional therapies are disease-modifying drugs that control disease severity. MS drugs that are currently marketed mainly aim at the immune system; however, increasing attention is being paid to the development of new treatment strategies targeting the CNS. Further, the number of neuroprotective drugs is presently undergoing clinical trials and may prove useful for the improvement of neuronal function and survival. In this review, we have summarized the recent application of drugs used in MS treatment, mainly introducing new drugs with immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, or regenerative properties and their possible treatment strategies for MS. Additionally, we have presented Food and Drug Administration-approved MS treatment drugs and their administration methods, mechanisms of action, safety, and effectiveness, thereby evaluating their treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Denglei Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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7
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Intraperitoneal Carbamylated erythropoietin improves memory and hippocampal apoptosis in beta amyloid rat model of Alzheimer’s disease through stimulating autophagy and inhibiting necroptosis. PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.52547/phypha.26.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Sutiwisesak R, Burns TC, Rodriguez M, Warrington AE. Remyelination therapies for multiple sclerosis: optimizing translation from animal models into clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:857-876. [PMID: 34126015 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1942840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Demyelination, the main pathology in MS, contributes to clinical symptoms and long-term neurological deficits if left untreated. Remyelination, the natural repair of damaged myelin by cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage, occurs in MS, but eventually fails in most patients as they age. Encouraging timely remyelination can restore axon conduction and minimize deficits.Areas covered: We discuss and correlate human MS pathology with animal models, propose methods to deplete resident oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to determine whether mature oligodendrocytes support remyelination, and review remyelinating agents, mechanisms of action, and available clinical trial data.Expert opinion: The heterogeneity of human MS may limit successful translation of many candidate remyelinating agents; some patients lack the biological targets necessary to leverage current approaches. Development of therapeutics for remyelination has concentrated almost exclusively on mobilization of innate OPCs. However, mature oligodendrocytes appear an important contributor to remyelination in humans. Limiting the contribution of OPC mediated repair in models of MS would allow the evaluation of remyelination-promoting agents on mature oligodendrocytes. Among remyelinating reagents reviewed, only rHIgM22 targets both OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujapope Sutiwisesak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Terry C Burns
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Arthur E Warrington
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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9
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Ghareghani M, Ghanbari A, Eid A, Shaito A, Mohamed W, Mondello S, Zibara K. Hormones in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal models. Transl Neurosci 2021; 12:164-189. [PMID: 34046214 PMCID: PMC8134801 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which activated immune cells attack the CNS and cause inflammation and demyelination. While the etiology of MS is still largely unknown, the interaction between hormones and the immune system plays a role in disease progression, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are incompletely understood. Several in vitro and in vivo experimental, but also clinical studies, have addressed the possible role of the endocrine system in susceptibility and severity of autoimmune diseases. Although there are several demyelinating models, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the oldest and most commonly used model for MS in laboratory animals which enables researchers to translate their findings from EAE into human. Evidences imply that there is great heterogeneity in the susceptibility to the induction, the method of induction, and the response to various immunological or pharmacological interventions, which led to conflicting results on the role of specific hormones in the EAE model. In this review, we address the role of endocrine system in EAE model to provide a comprehensive view and a better understanding of the interactions between the endocrine and the immune systems in various models of EAE, to open up a ground for further detailed studies in this field by considering and comparing the results and models used in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghareghani
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Amir Ghanbari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Ali Eid
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wael Mohamed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences – I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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10
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Toriuchi K, Kakita H, Tamura T, Takeshita S, Yamada Y, Aoyama M. Prolonged astrocyte-derived erythropoietin expression attenuates neuronal damage under hypothermic conditions. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:141. [PMID: 32359362 PMCID: PMC7195727 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01831-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) has a high morbidity rate and involves severe neurologic deficits, including cerebral palsy. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has been shown to decrease the mortality rate and provide neuroprotection in infants with HIE. However, death and disability rates in HIE infants treated with TH remain high. Although the cellular mechanism of the neuroprotective effect of TH remains unclear, astrocytic erythropoietin (EPO) is known to be a key mediator of neuroprotection under hypoxic conditions. In the present study, we investigated the hypothermia effect on EPO expression in astrocytes and determined whether hypothermia attenuates neuronal damage via EPO signaling. Methods Astrocytes derived from rat cerebral cortex were cultured under oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD). The expression of EPO and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a transcription factor of EPO, was assessed. After OGD, astrocytes were cultured under normothermic (37 °C) or hypothermic (33.5 °C) conditions, and then EPO and HIF expression was assessed. After OGD, rat cortical neurons were cultured in astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) derived from the hypothermic group, and neuronal apoptosis was evaluated. Results OGD induced EPO mRNA and protein expression, although at lower levels than hypoxia alone. HIF-1α and HIF-2α protein expression increased under hypoxia alone and OGD, although OGD increased HIF-2α protein expression less than hypoxia alone. EPO gene and protein expression after OGD was significantly higher under hypothermia. Moreover, expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α protein was enhanced under hypothermia. In the presence of ACM derived from hypothermic astrocytes following OGD, the number of cleaved caspase 3 and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive apoptotic neurons was lower than in the presence of ACM from normothermic astrocytes following OGD. Blockade of EPO signaling using anti-EPO neutralization antibody attenuated the anti-apoptotic effect of ACM derived from hypothermic astrocytes following OGD. Conclusions Hypothermia after OGD stabilized HIF-EPO signaling in astrocytes, and upregulated EPO expression could suppress neuronal apoptosis. Investigating the neuroprotective effect of EPO from astrocytes under hypothermic conditions may contribute to the development of novel neuroprotection-based therapies for HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohki Toriuchi
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabedori, Mizoho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakita
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabedori, Mizoho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan.,Department of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tamura
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Satoru Takeshita
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabedori, Mizoho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan.,Department of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Yamada
- Department of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Mineyoshi Aoyama
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabedori, Mizoho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan.
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11
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Pinho V, Fernandes M, da Costa A, Machado R, Gomes AC. Leukemia inhibitory factor: Recent advances and implications in biotechnology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 52:25-33. [PMID: 31870618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine with several functions in health and disease ranging from inflammation to cancer. LIF is also a potential target and/or therapeutic agent for diseases such as multiple sclerosis, stroke and even psychological disorders, where the function of LIF as a neurotrophic factor has only recently been explored. In recent years, a limited number of LIF clinical trials have been completed, which partially explains the shortage of effective applications as a therapeutic agent. With the increasing interest from biotechnology companies producing recombinant LIF, this status quo will certainly change, and the potential impact of LIF in terms of disease diagnosis, treatment and management will be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Pinho
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Mário Fernandes
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - André da Costa
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; IB-S Institute of Science and Innovation for Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Raúl Machado
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; IB-S Institute of Science and Innovation for Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreia C Gomes
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; IB-S Institute of Science and Innovation for Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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12
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Nistor M, Schmidt M, Graul I, Rakers F, Schiffner R. A Systematic Review of Neuroprotective Strategies in the Management of Hypoglycemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030550. [PMID: 30696060 PMCID: PMC6386855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe hypogylcemia has been found to induce cerebral damage. While a number of illnesses can lead to hypoglycemic episodes, antidiabetic medications prescribed for glycemic control are a common cause. Considering the rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the population, we investigated neuroprotective strategies during hypoglycemia in the form of a systematic review in adherence to the PRISMA statement. A review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database. A systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and CENTRAL was performed in September 2018. Based on a predefined inclusion protocol, results were screened and evaluated by two researchers. Both animal experiments and human studies were included, and their risk of bias was assessed with SYRCLE’s and the Cochrane risk of bias tools, respectively. Of a total of 16,230 results, 145 were assessed in full-text form: 27 articles adhered to the inclusion criteria and were qualitatively analyzed. The retrieved neuroprotective strategies could be categorized into three subsets: (1) Energy substitution, (2) hypoglycemia unawareness, and (3) other neuroprotective strategies. While on a study level, the individual results appeared promising, more research is required to investigate not only specific neuroprotective strategies against hypoglycemic cerebral damage, but also its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Nistor
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07747, Germany.
| | - Martin Schmidt
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07743, Germany.
| | - Isabel Graul
- Orthopedic Department, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Campus Eisenberg, Klosterlausnitzer Straße 81, Eisenberg 07607, Germany.
| | - Florian Rakers
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07747, Germany.
| | - René Schiffner
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07747, Germany.
- Orthopedic Department, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Campus Eisenberg, Klosterlausnitzer Straße 81, Eisenberg 07607, Germany.
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Navarrete C, Carrillo-Salinas F, Palomares B, Mecha M, Jiménez-Jiménez C, Mestre L, Feliú A, Bellido ML, Fiebich BL, Appendino G, Calzado MA, Guaza C, Muñoz E. Hypoxia mimetic activity of VCE-004.8, a cannabidiol quinone derivative: implications for multiple sclerosis therapy. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:64. [PMID: 29495967 PMCID: PMC5831753 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a combination of inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes variously dominant in different stages of the disease. Thus, immunosuppression is the goal standard for the inflammatory stage, and novel remyelination therapies are pursued to restore lost function. Cannabinoids such as 9Δ-THC and CBD are multi-target compounds already introduced in the clinical practice for multiple sclerosis (MS). Semisynthetic cannabinoids are designed to improve bioactivities and druggability of their natural precursors. VCE-004.8, an aminoquinone derivative of cannabidiol (CBD), is a dual PPARγ and CB2 agonist with potent anti-inflammatory activity. Activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) can have a beneficial role in MS by modulating the immune response and favoring neuroprotection and axonal regeneration. Methods We investigated the effects of VCE-004.8 on the HIF pathway in different cell types. The effect of VCE-004.8 on macrophage polarization and arginase 1 expression was analyzed in RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. COX-2 expression and PGE2 synthesis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was studied in primary microglia cultures. The efficacy of VCE-004.8 in vivo was evaluated in two murine models of MS such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and Theiler’s virus-induced encephalopathy (TMEV). Results Herein, we provide evidence that VCE-004.8 stabilizes HIF-1α and HIF-2α and activates the HIF pathway in human microvascular endothelial cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglia cells. The stabilization of HIF-1α is produced by the inhibition of the prolyl-4-hydrolase activity of PHD1 and PDH2. VCE-004.8 upregulates the expression of HIF-dependent genes such as erythropoietin and VEGFA, induces angiogenesis, and enhances migration of oligodendrocytes. Moreover, VCE-004.8 blunts IL-17-induced M1 polarization, inhibits LPS-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 synthesis, and induces expression of arginase 1 in macrophages and microglia. In vivo experiments showed efficacy of VCE-004.8 in EAE and TMEV. Histopathological analysis revealed that VCE-004.8 treatments prevented demyelination, axonal damage, and immune cells infiltration. In addition, VCE-004.8 downregulated the expression of several genes closely associated with MS physiopathology, including those underlying the production of chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules. Conclusions This study provides new significant insights about the potential role of VCE-004.8 for MS treatment by ameliorating neuroinflammation and demyelination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1103-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Belén Palomares
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miriam Mecha
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Jiménez-Jiménez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Leyre Mestre
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Feliú
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria L Bellido
- Vivacell Biotechnology SL, Córdoba, Spain.,Emerald Health Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco A Calzado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Guaza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.
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