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Li D, Liu C, Wang H, Li Y, Wang Y, An S, Sun S. The Role of Neuromodulation and Potential Mechanism in Regulating Heterotopic Ossification. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1628-1642. [PMID: 38416374 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a pathological process characterized by the aberrant formation of bone in muscles and soft tissues. It is commonly triggered by traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and burns. Despite a wide range of evidence underscoring the significance of neurogenic signals in proper bone remodeling, a clear understanding of HO induced by nerve injury remains rudimentary. Recent studies suggest that injury to the nervous system can activate various signaling pathways, such as TGF-β, leading to neurogenic HO through the release of neurotrophins. These pathophysiological changes lay a robust groundwork for the prevention and treatment of HO. In this review, we collected evidence to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of HO related to nerve injury, aiming to enhance our understanding of how neurological repair processes can culminate in HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengju Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Changxing Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haojue Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Senbo An
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Shui Sun
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Jenkner S, Clark JM, Gronthos S, O’Hare Doig RL. Molars to Medicine: A Focused Review on the Pre-Clinical Investigation and Treatment of Secondary Degeneration following Spinal Cord Injury Using Dental Stem Cells. Cells 2024; 13:817. [PMID: 38786039 PMCID: PMC11119219 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in the permanent loss of mobility, sensation, and autonomic function. Secondary degeneration after SCI both initiates and propagates a hostile microenvironment that is resistant to natural repair mechanisms. Consequently, exogenous stem cells have been investigated as a potential therapy for repairing and recovering damaged cells after SCI and other CNS disorders. This focused review highlights the contributions of mesenchymal (MSCs) and dental stem cells (DSCs) in attenuating various secondary injury sequelae through paracrine and cell-to-cell communication mechanisms following SCI and other types of neurotrauma. These mechanistic events include vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, apoptosis and cell loss, neuroinflammation, and structural deficits. The review of studies that directly compare MSC and DSC capabilities also reveals the superior capabilities of DSC in reducing the effects of secondary injury and promoting a favorable microenvironment conducive to repair and regeneration. This review concludes with a discussion of the current limitations and proposes improvements in the future assessment of stem cell therapy through the reporting of the effects of DSC viability and DSC efficacy in attenuating secondary damage after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jenkner
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (S.J.); (S.G.)
- Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
| | - Jillian Mary Clark
- Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (S.J.); (S.G.)
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Ryan Louis O’Hare Doig
- Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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Lima BHM, Cartarozzi LP, Kyrylenko S, Ferreira RS, Barraviera B, Oliveira ALR. Embryonic stem cells overexpressing high molecular weight FGF2 isoform enhance recovery of pre-ganglionic spinal root lesion in combination with fibrin biopolymer mediated root repair. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:63. [PMID: 38438875 PMCID: PMC10913678 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal ventral root avulsion results in massive motoneuron degeneration with poor prognosis and high costs. In this study, we compared different isoforms of basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), overexpressed in stably transfected Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), following motor root avulsion and repair with a heterologous fibrin biopolymer (HFB). METHODS In the present work, hESCs bioengineered to overexpress 18, 23, and 31 kD isoforms of FGF2, were used in combination with reimplantation of the avulsed roots using HFB. Statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism software with one-way or two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's or Dunnett's multiple comparison tests. Significance was set at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001. RESULTS For the first set of experiments, rats underwent avulsion of the ventral roots with local administration of HFB and engraftment of hESCs expressing the above-mentioned FGF2 isoforms. Analysis of motoneuron survival, glial reaction, and synaptic coverage, two weeks after the lesion, indicated that therapy with hESCs overexpressing 31 kD FGF2 was the most effective. Consequently, the second set of experiments was performed with that isoform, so that ventral root avulsion was followed by direct spinal cord reimplantation. Motoneuron survival, glial reaction, synaptic coverage, and gene expression were analyzed 2 weeks post-lesion; while the functional recovery was evaluated by the walking track test and von Frey test for 12 weeks. We showed that engraftment of hESCs led to significant neuroprotection, coupled with immunomodulation, attenuation of astrogliosis, and preservation of inputs to the rescued motoneurons. Behaviorally, the 31 kD FGF2 - hESC therapy enhanced both motor and sensory recovery. CONCLUSION Transgenic hESCs were an effective delivery platform for neurotrophic factors, rescuing axotomized motoneurons and modulating glial response after proximal spinal cord root injury, while the 31 kD isoform of FGF2 showed superior regenerative properties over other isoforms in addition to the significant functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H M Lima
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - L P Cartarozzi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - S Kyrylenko
- Biomedical Research Center, Medical Institute of Sumy State University, Sumy, 40018, Ukraine
| | - R S Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18610-307, SP, Brazil
| | - B Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18610-307, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L R Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil.
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Gao Y, Wang K, Wu S, Wu J, Zhang J, Li J, Lei S, Duan X, Men K. Injectable and Photocurable Gene Scaffold Facilitates Efficient Repair of Spinal Cord Injury. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4375-4394. [PMID: 38185858 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
RNA interference-based gene therapy has led to a strategy for spinal cord injury (SCI) therapy. However, there have been high requirements regarding the optimal gene delivery vector for siRNA-based SCI gene therapy. Here, we developed an injectable and photocurable lipid nanoparticle GelMA (PLNG) hydrogel scaffold for controlled dual siRNA delivery at the SCI wound site. The prepared PLNG scaffold could efficiently protect and retain the bioactivity of the siRNA nanocomplex. It facilitated sustainable siRNA release along with degradation in 7 days. After loading dual siRNA targeting phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) simultaneously, the locally administered siRNAs/PLNG scaffold efficiently improved the Basso mouse scale (BMS) score and recovered ankle joint movement and plantar stepping after treatment with only three doses. We further proved that the siRNAs/PLNG scaffold successfully regulated the activities of neurons, microglia, and macrophages, thus promoting neuron axon regeneration and remyelination. The protein array results suggested that the siRNAs/PLNG scaffold could increase the expression of growth factors and decrease the expression of inflammatory factors to regulate neuroinflammation in SCI and create a neural repair environment. Our results suggested that the PLNG scaffold siRNA delivery system is a potential candidate for siRNA-based SCI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shan Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jieping Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingmei Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Sibei Lei
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xingmei Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Ke Men
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Xu L, Mu J, Ma Z, Lin P, Xia F, Hu X, Wu J, Cao J, Liu S, Huang T, Ling D, Gao J, Li F. Nanozyme-Integrated Thermoresponsive In Situ Forming Hydrogel Enhances Mesenchymal Stem Cell Viability and Paracrine Effect for Efficient Spinal Cord Repair. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37193-37204. [PMID: 37493513 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the hostile microenvironment of SCI, which can adversely affect the survival and paracrine effect of the implanted MSCs, severely limits the therapeutic efficacy of this approach. Here, we report on a ceria nanozyme-integrated thermoresponsive in situ forming hydrogel (CeNZ-gel) that can enable dual enhancement of MSC viability and paracrine effect, leading to highly efficient spinal cord repair. The sol-gel transition property of the CeNZ-gel at body temperature ensures uniform coverage of the hydrogel in injured spinal cord tissues. Our results demonstrate that the CeNZ-gel significantly increases the viability of transplanted MSCs in the microenvironment by attenuating oxidative stress and, more importantly, promotes the secretion of angiogenic factors from MSCs by inducing autophagy of MSCs. The synergy between the oxidative stress-relieving effect of CeNZs and the paracrine effect of MSCs accelerates angiogenesis, nerve repair, and motor function recovery after SCI, providing an efficient strategy for MSC-based SCI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiafu Mu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peihua Lin
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Jiahe Wu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shanbiao Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tianchen Huang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Daishun Ling
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- World Laureates Association (WLA) Laboratories, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Zhejiang 315010, China
| | - Fangyuan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Paes SM, Castro MVD, Barbosa RM, Politti Cartarozzi L, Coser LDO, Kempe PRG, Decarli MC, Moraes ÂM, Barraviera B, Ferreira Júnior RS, Oliveira ALRD. Human dental pulp stem cell monolayer and spheroid therapy after spinal motor root avulsion in adult rats. Brain Res 2023; 1802:148229. [PMID: 36592804 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries result in severe neurological deficits and neuronal loss, with poor functional recovery. Mesenchymal stem cells have shown promising results; therefore the present objective of this work was to compare motor recovery after treatment with human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSC) cultivated in monolayer (2D) or as spheroids (3D), following avulsion and reimplantation of spinal motor roots in adult rats. Thus, 72 adult female Lewis rats were divided into 4 groups: avulsion (AV); avulsion followed by reimplantation (AR); avulsion associated with reimplant and 2D cell therapy (AR + 2D), and avulsion associated with reimplant and 3D cell therapy (AR + 3D). The application of the cells in 2D and 3D was performed by microsurgery, with subsequent functional assessment using a walking track test (Catwalk system), immunohistochemistry, neuronal survival, and qRT-PCR in 1-, 4-, and 12-weeks post-injury. The animals in the AR + 2D and AR + 3D groups showed the highest neuronal survival rates, and immunofluorescence revealed downregulation of GFAP, and Iba-1, with preservation of synaptophysin, indicating a reduction in glial reactivity, combined with the maintenance of pre-synaptic inputs. There was an increase in anti-inflammatory (IL-4, TGFβ) and a reduction of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNFα) in animals treated with reimplantation and hDPSC. As for the functional recovery, in all analyzed parameters, the AR + 2D group performed better and was superior to the avulsion alone. Overall, our results indicate that the 2D and 3D cell therapy approaches provide successful immunomodulation and motor recovery, consistent with advanced therapies after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Moreira Paes
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology (IB), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus Vidigal de Castro
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology (IB), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Maza Barbosa
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology (IB), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Av. Albert Einstein, 500, Brazil
| | - Luciana Politti Cartarozzi
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology (IB), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian de Oliveira Coser
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology (IB), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Regina Gelinski Kempe
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology (IB), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Monize Caiado Decarli
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Av. Albert Einstein, 500, Brazil
| | - Ângela Maria Moraes
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Av. Albert Einstein, 500, Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira Júnior
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Leite APS, Pinto CG, Tibúrcio FC, Muller KS, Padovani CR, Barraviera B, Junior RSF, Leal CV, Matsumura CY, Matheus SMM. Acetylcholine receptors of the neuromuscular junctions present normal distribution after peripheral nerve injury and repair through nerve guidance associated with fibrin biopolymer. Injury 2023; 54:345-361. [PMID: 36446670 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) lead to alterations in the Agrin-LRP4-MuSK pathway. This results in disaggregation of AChRs and change from epsilon (mature, innervated) to gamma (immature, denervated) subunit. Tubulization technique has been shown to be effective for PNI repair and it also allows the use of adjuvants, such as fibrin biopolymer (FB). This study evaluated the effect of the association of tubulization with FB after PNI on AChRs and associated proteins. Fifty-two adults male Wistar rats were used, distributed in 4 experimental groups: Sham Control (S), Denervated Control (D); Tubulization (TB) and Tubulization + Fibrin Biopolymer (TB+FB). Catwalk was performed every 15 days. Ninety days after surgery the right soleus muscles and ischiatic nerves were submitted to the following analyses: (a) morphological and morphometric analysis of AChRs by confocal microscopy; (b) morphological and morphometric analysis of the ischiatic nerve; (c) protein quantification of AChRs: alpha, gama, and epsilon, of Schwann cells, agrin, LRP4, MuSK, rapsyn, MMP3, MyoD, myogenin, MURF1 and atrogin-1. The main results were about the NMJs that in the TB+FB group presented morphological and morphometric approximation (compactness index; area of the AChRs and motor plate) to the S group. In addition, there were also an increase of S100 and AChRε protein expression and a decrease of MyoD. These positive association resulted in AChRs stabilization that potentiate the neuromuscular regeneration, which strengthens the use of TB for severe injuries repair and the beneficial effect of FB, along with tubulization technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Silveira Leite
- Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Division of Anatomy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carina Guidi Pinto
- Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Division of Anatomy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cantore Tibúrcio
- Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Division of Anatomy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Kevin Silva Muller
- Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Division of Anatomy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Padovani
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Vegetal Biology, Parasitology and Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (Cevap), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira Junior
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (Cevap), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudenete Vieira Leal
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Cintia Yuri Matsumura
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Selma Maria Michelin Matheus
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Curcumin-Primed Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Improve Motor Functional Recovery of Mice with Complete Spinal Cord Injury by Reducing Inflammation and Enhancing Axonal Regeneration. Neurochem Res 2022; 48:1334-1346. [PMID: 36449198 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03832-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Transplantation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from stem cells is a feasible scheme for traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). However, there is no relevant report about stem cells derived EVs loaded with curcumin for SCI treatment. Methods Mouse umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MUMSCs) were incubated in the medium containing curcumin (20 µM) for 48 h. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and curcumin-primed EVs (Cur-EVs) were collected by ultracentrifugation. Characterizations of EVs/Cur-EVs were analyzed by western blotting with CD9 and CD81 antibodies, transmission electron microscopy and nano-tracking analysis. Curcumin in the Cur-EVs was analyzed by high performance liquid phase chromatography at 430 nm wavelength. Immunofluorescence and in vivo imaging methods were used to confirm biocompatibility of EVs/Cur-EVs in vitro and in vivo. Mice with complete SCI were treated with EVs/Cur-EVs to compare the differences of locomotor function, inflammation, histological changes and remyelination. Results The isolated EVs and Cur-EVs from MUMSCs have good biocompatibility. Compared with the model mice, the locomotor function, inflammation and axonal regeneration of mice were significantly improved after injection of Cur-EVs/EVs. Furthermore, it is more effective for structural and functional recovery of complete SCI after the Cur-EVs treatment compared with the EVs treatment. In the lesioned regions, the macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype and axonal regeneration were significantly improved in the Cur-EVs group compared with the EVs group. Conclusions Our data suggested that EVs from MUMSCs might be a promising drug delivery vehicle of curcumin for the efficient and biocompatible treatment of severe SCI.
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Xiong Y, Mi BB, Lin Z, Hu YQ, Yu L, Zha KK, Panayi AC, Yu T, Chen L, Liu ZP, Patel A, Feng Q, Zhou SH, Liu GH. The role of the immune microenvironment in bone, cartilage, and soft tissue regeneration: from mechanism to therapeutic opportunity. Mil Med Res 2022; 9:65. [PMID: 36401295 PMCID: PMC9675067 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-022-00426-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone, cartilage, and soft tissue regeneration is a complex spatiotemporal process recruiting a variety of cell types, whose activity and interplay must be precisely mediated for effective healing post-injury. Although extensive strides have been made in the understanding of the immune microenvironment processes governing bone, cartilage, and soft tissue regeneration, effective clinical translation of these mechanisms remains a challenge. Regulation of the immune microenvironment is increasingly becoming a favorable target for bone, cartilage, and soft tissue regeneration; therefore, an in-depth understanding of the communication between immune cells and functional tissue cells would be valuable. Herein, we review the regulatory role of the immune microenvironment in the promotion and maintenance of stem cell states in the context of bone, cartilage, and soft tissue repair and regeneration. We discuss the roles of various immune cell subsets in bone, cartilage, and soft tissue repair and regeneration processes and introduce novel strategies, for example, biomaterial-targeting of immune cell activity, aimed at regulating healing. Understanding the mechanisms of the crosstalk between the immune microenvironment and regeneration pathways may shed light on new therapeutic opportunities for enhancing bone, cartilage, and soft tissue regeneration through regulation of the immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bo-Bin Mi
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ze Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yi-Qiang Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Le Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Kang-Kang Zha
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology,Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Adriana C Panayi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02152, USA
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructure (CHyN), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 22761, Germany
| | - Zhen-Ping Liu
- Department of Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructure (CHyN), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 22761, Germany.,Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and System,National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Anish Patel
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02120, USA
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology,Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Shuan-Hu Zhou
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02120, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Guo-Hui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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10
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Blando S, Anchesi I, Mazzon E, Gugliandolo A. Can a Scaffold Enriched with Mesenchymal Stem Cells Be a Good Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147545. [PMID: 35886890 PMCID: PMC9319719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a worldwide highly crippling disease that can lead to the loss of motor and sensory neurons. Among the most promising therapies, there are new techniques of tissue engineering based on stem cells that promote neuronal regeneration. Among the different types of stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seem the most promising. Indeed, MSCs are able to release trophic factors and to differentiate into the cell types that can be found in the spinal cord. Currently, the most common procedure to insert cells in the lesion site is infusion. However, this causes a low rate of survival and engraftment in the lesion site. For these reasons, tissue engineering is focusing on bioresorbable scaffolds to help the cells to stay in situ. Scaffolds do not only have a passive role but become fundamental for the trophic support of cells and the promotion of neuroregeneration. More and more types of materials are being studied as scaffolds to decrease inflammation and increase the engraftment as well as the survival of the cells. Our review aims to highlight how the use of scaffolds made from biomaterials enriched with MSCs gives positive results in in vivo SCI models as well as the first evidence obtained in clinical trials.
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11
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Reis CHB, Buchaim RL, Pomini KT, Hamzé AL, Zattiti IV, Duarte MAH, Alcalde MP, Barraviera B, Ferreira Júnior RS, Pontes FML, Grandini CR, Ortiz ADC, Fideles SOM, Eugênio RMDC, Rosa Junior GM, Teixeira DDB, Pereira EDSBM, Pilon JPG, Miglino MA, Buchaim DV. Effects of a Biocomplex Formed by Two Scaffold Biomaterials, Hydroxyapatite/Tricalcium Phosphate Ceramic and Fibrin Biopolymer, with Photobiomodulation, on Bone Repair. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102075. [PMID: 35631957 PMCID: PMC9146558 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several treatment methods available for bone repair, although the effectiveness becomes limited in cases of large defects. The objective of this pre-clinical protocol was to evaluate the grafting of hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (BCP) ceramic biomaterial (B; QualyBone BCP®, QualyLive, Amadora, Portugal) together with the heterologous fibrin biopolymer (FB; CEVAP/UNESP Botucatu, Brazil) and with photobiomodulation (PBM; Laserpulse®, Ibramed, Amparo, Brazil) in the repair process of bone defects. Fifty-six rats were randomly divided into four groups of seven animals each: the biomaterial group (G1/B), the biomaterial plus FB group (G2/BFB); the biomaterial plus PBM group (G3/B + PBM), and the biomaterial plus FB plus PBM group (G4/BFB + PBM). After anesthesia, a critical defect was performed in the center of the rats’ parietal bones, then filled and treated according to their respective groups. The rats were euthanized at 14 and 42 postoperative days. Histomorphologically, at 42 days, the G4/BFB + PBM group showed a more advanced maturation transition, with more organized and mature bone areas forming concentric lamellae. A birefringence analysis of collagen fibers also showed a more advanced degree of maturation for the G4/BFB + PBM group. In the comparison between the groups, in the two experimental periods (14 and 42 days), in relation to the percentage of formation of new bone tissue, a significant difference was found between all groups (G1/B (5.42 ± 1.12; 21.49 ± 4.74), G2/BFB (5.00 ± 0.94; 21.77 ± 2.83), G3/B + PBM (12.65 ± 1.78; 29.29 ± 2.93), and G4/BFB + PBM (12.65 ± 2.32; 31.38 ± 2.89)). It was concluded that the use of PBM with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) positively interfered in the repair process of bone defects previously filled with the biocomplex formed by the heterologous fibrin biopolymer associated with the synthetic ceramic of hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henrique Bertoni Reis
- UNIMAR Beneficent Hospital (HBU), University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-160, Brazil; (C.H.B.R.); (J.P.G.P.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (A.d.C.O.); (S.O.M.F.)
| | - Rogerio Leone Buchaim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (A.d.C.O.); (S.O.M.F.)
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ/USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-14-3235-8220
| | - Karina Torres Pomini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (A.d.C.O.); (S.O.M.F.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil; (D.d.B.T.); (E.d.S.B.M.P.); (D.V.B.)
| | - Abdul Latif Hamzé
- Medical School, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-160, Brazil; (A.L.H.); (I.V.Z.); (R.M.d.C.E.)
| | | | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOB/USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil;
| | - Murilo Priori Alcalde
- Department of Health Science, Unisagrado University Center, Bauru 17011-160, Brazil; (M.P.A.); (G.M.R.J.)
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP), Botucatu 18610-307, Brazil; (B.B.); (R.S.F.J.)
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP–Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira Júnior
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP), Botucatu 18610-307, Brazil; (B.B.); (R.S.F.J.)
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP–Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Fenelon Martinho Lima Pontes
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP–Univ Estadual Paulista), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Roberto Grandini
- Laboratório de Anelasticidade e Biomateriais, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP–Univ Estadual Paulista), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil;
| | - Adriana de Cássia Ortiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (A.d.C.O.); (S.O.M.F.)
| | - Simone Ortiz Moura Fideles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (A.d.C.O.); (S.O.M.F.)
| | | | - Geraldo Marco Rosa Junior
- Department of Health Science, Unisagrado University Center, Bauru 17011-160, Brazil; (M.P.A.); (G.M.R.J.)
- Faculdade Ibero Americana de São Paulo, FIASP, Piraju 18810-818, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Bortoli Teixeira
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil; (D.d.B.T.); (E.d.S.B.M.P.); (D.V.B.)
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health, Production and Environment, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, Brazil
| | - Eliana de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil; (D.d.B.T.); (E.d.S.B.M.P.); (D.V.B.)
| | - João Paulo Galletti Pilon
- UNIMAR Beneficent Hospital (HBU), University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-160, Brazil; (C.H.B.R.); (J.P.G.P.)
- Postgraduate Program in Speech Therapy, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Marília 17525-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Miglino
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ/USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil;
| | - Daniela Vieira Buchaim
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil; (D.d.B.T.); (E.d.S.B.M.P.); (D.V.B.)
- Teaching and Research Coordination of the Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UniFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil
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12
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Lu F, Zhang G, Zhu Y, Liu Z. (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate Attenuates Spinal Motoneuron Death Induced by Brachial Plexus Root Avulsion in Rats. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5139-5154. [PMID: 35579165 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220509204151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Recent studies have indicated that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) benefits a variety of neurological insults. This study was performed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of EGCG after brachial plexus root avulsion in SD rats.
Methods:
One hundred twenty SD rats were randomized into the following three groups: an EGCG group, an Avulsion group, and a Sham group. There were 40 rats in each group. EGCG (100 mg/kg, i.p.) or normal saline was administered to rats immediately following the injuries. The treatment was continued from day 1 to day 7, and the animals were sacrificed on days 3, 7, 14 and 28 post-surgery for the harvesting of spinal cord samples for Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry (caspase-3, p-JNK, p-c-Jun) and western blot analysis (p-JNK, JNK, p-c-Jun, c-Jun).
Results:
EGCG treatment caused significant increases in the percentage of surviving motoneurons at days 14 and 28 (P<0.05) compared to the control animals. At days 3 and 7 after avulsion, the numbers of caspase-3-positive motoneurons in the EGCG-treated animals were significantly fewer than in the control animals (P<0.05). The numbers of p-JNK-positive motoneurons and the ratio of p-JNK/JNK were no significant differences between the Avulsion group and the EGCG-treated group after injury at any time point. The numbers of p-c-Jun-positive motoneurons and the ratio of p-c-Jun/c-Jun were significantly lower in EGCG-treated group compared with the Avulsion group at 3d and 7d after injury (p<0.05).
Conclusions:
Our results indicated that motoneurons were protected by EGCG against the cell death induced by brachial plexus root avulsion, and this effect was correlated with inhibiting c-Jun phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatai Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.4 Chongshan Dong Street, Huanggu District, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.4 Chongshan Dong Street, Huanggu District, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yingkang Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.4 Chongshan Dong Street, Huanggu District, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Zunpeng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.4 Chongshan Dong Street, Huanggu District, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, PR China
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13
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Wan T, Huang Y, Gao X, Wu W, Guo W. Microglia Polarization: A Novel Target of Exosome for Stroke Treatment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:842320. [PMID: 35356292 PMCID: PMC8959940 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.842320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of cells in the human body are capable of secreting exosomes. Exosomes have become an important vehicle for signaling between cells. Exosomes secreted by different cells have some of the structural and functional properties of that cell and thus have different regulatory functions. A large number of recent experimental studies have shown that exosomes from different sources have different regulatory effects on stroke, and the mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Microglia are core members of central intrinsic immune regulatory cells, which play an important regulatory role in the pathogenesis and progression of stroke. M1 microglia cause neuroinflammation and induce neurotoxic effects, while M2 microglia inhibit neuroinflammation and promote neurogenesis, thus exerting a series of neuroprotective effects. It was found that there is a close link between exosomes and microglia polarization, and that exosome inclusions such as microRNAs play a regulatory role in the M1/M2 polarization of microglia. This research reviews the role of exosomes in the regulation of microglia polarization and reveals their potential value in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wan
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Sports Medicine Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunling Huang
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gao
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wanpeng Wu
- Shenzhen Futian District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiming Guo
- Sports Medicine Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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14
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Lopes B, Sousa P, Alvites R, Branquinho M, Sousa AC, Mendonça C, Atayde LM, Luís AL, Varejão ASP, Maurício AC. Peripheral Nerve Injury Treatments and Advances: One Health Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020918. [PMID: 35055104 PMCID: PMC8779751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) can have several etiologies, such as trauma and iatrogenic interventions, that can lead to the loss of structure and/or function impairment. These changes can cause partial or complete loss of motor and sensory functions, physical disability, and neuropathic pain, which in turn can affect the quality of life. This review aims to revisit the concepts associated with the PNI and the anatomy of the peripheral nerve is detailed to explain the different types of injury. Then, some of the available therapeutic strategies are explained, including surgical methods, pharmacological therapies, and the use of cell-based therapies alone or in combination with biomaterials in the form of tube guides. Nevertheless, even with the various available treatments, it is difficult to achieve a perfect outcome with complete functional recovery. This review aims to enhance the importance of new therapies, especially in severe lesions, to overcome limitations and achieve better outcomes. The urge for new approaches and the understanding of the different methods to evaluate nerve regeneration is fundamental from a One Health perspective. In vitro models followed by in vivo models are very important to be able to translate the achievements to human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Lopes
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (B.L.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (A.C.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.); (A.L.L.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Sousa
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (B.L.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (A.C.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.); (A.L.L.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Alvites
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (B.L.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (A.C.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.); (A.L.L.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Branquinho
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (B.L.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (A.C.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.); (A.L.L.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Sousa
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (B.L.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (A.C.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.); (A.L.L.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Mendonça
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (B.L.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (A.C.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.); (A.L.L.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Miguel Atayde
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (B.L.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (A.C.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.); (A.L.L.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Lúcia Luís
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (B.L.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (A.C.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.); (A.L.L.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Artur S. P. Varejão
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- CECAV, Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Colette Maurício
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; (B.L.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (A.C.S.); (C.M.); (L.M.A.); (A.L.L.)
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-91-9071286
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15
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Wang Y, Xu H, Wang J, Yi H, Song Y. Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Diagnosis of Spinal Cord Injury: A Mini-Review. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 17:317-327. [PMID: 35352667 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x17666220330005937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benefiting from in-depth research into stem cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are byproducts of cells and membrane-wrapped microvesicles (30-120 nm) containing lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, may cast light on the research and development of therapeutics capable of improving the neurological recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI) animals. However, the mechanistic modes of action for EVs in alleviating the lesion size of SCI remain to be solved, thus presenting a tremendous gap existing in translation from the laboratory to the clinic. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this minireview was to cover a wide range of basic views on EVs involved in SCI treatment, including the effects of EVs on the pathogenesis, treatment, and diagnosis of spinal cord injury. METHODS We searched databases (i.e., PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, and EMBASE) and acquired all accessible articles published in the English language within five years. Studies reporting laboratory applications of EVs in the treatment of SCI were included and screened to include studies presenting relevant molecular mechanisms. RESULTS This review first summarized the basic role of EVs in cell communication, cell death, inflammatory cascades, scar formation, neuronal regrowth, and angiogenesis after SCI, thereby providing insights into neuroprotection and consolidated theories for future clinical application of EVs. CONCLUSION EVs participate in an extremely wide range of cell activities, play a critical role in cell communication centring neurons, and are considered potential therapies and biomarkers for SCI. miRNAs are the most abundant nucleic acids shipped by EVs and effluent cytokines, and they may represent important messengers of EVs and important factors in SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; No. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hualiang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; No. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; No. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hanxiao Yi
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 107, YanJiang Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yancheng Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; No. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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16
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Isvoranu G, Manole E, Neagu M. Gait Analysis Using Animal Models of Peripheral Nerve and Spinal Cord Injuries. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1050. [PMID: 34440252 PMCID: PMC8392642 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review discusses recent data regarding rodent models of spinal cord and peripheral nerve injuries in terms of gait analysis using the CatWalk system (CW), an automated and exceptionally reliable system for assessing gait abnormalities and motor coordination. CW is a good tool for both studying improvements in the walking of animals after suffering a peripheral nerve and spinal cord lesion and to select the best therapies and procedures after tissue destruction, given that it provides objective and quantifiable data. Most studies using CW for gait analysis that were published in recent years focus on injuries inflicted in the peripheral nerve, spinal cord, and brain. CW has been used in the assessment of rodent motor function through high-resolution videos, whereby specialized software was used to measure several aspects of the animal's gait, and the main characteristics of the automated system are presented here. CW was developed to assess footfall and gait changes, and it can calculate many parameters based on footprints and time. However, given the multitude of parameters, it is necessary to evaluate which are the most important under the employed experimental circumstances. By selecting appropriate animal models and evaluating peripheral nerve and spinal cord lesion regeneration using standardized methods, suggestions for new therapies can be provided, which represents the translation of this methodology into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghita Isvoranu
- Husbandry Unit, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Emilia Manole
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Neuroscience and Experimental Myology, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Pathology Department, Colentina University Hospital, 19-21 Sos. Stefan cel Mare, 020125 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Monica Neagu
- Pathology Department, Colentina University Hospital, 19-21 Sos. Stefan cel Mare, 020125 Bucharest, Romania;
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-93 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
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17
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Rodríguez-Sánchez DN, Pinto GBA, Cartarozzi LP, de Oliveira ALR, Bovolato ALC, de Carvalho M, da Silva JVL, Dernowsek JDA, Golim M, Barraviera B, Ferreira RS, Deffune E, Bertanha M, Amorim RM. 3D-printed nerve guidance conduits multi-functionalized with canine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells promote neuroregeneration after sciatic nerve injury in rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:303. [PMID: 34051869 PMCID: PMC8164252 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nerve injuries are debilitating, leading to long-term motor deficits. Remyelination and axonal growth are supported and enhanced by growth factor and cytokines. Combination of nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) with adipose-tissue-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (AdMSCs) has been performing promising strategy for nerve regeneration. Methods 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL)-NGCs were fabricated. Wistar rats subjected to critical sciatic nerve damage (12-mm gap) were divided into sham, autograft, PCL (empty NGC), and PCL + MSCs (NGC multi-functionalized with 106 canine AdMSCs embedded in heterologous fibrin biopolymer) groups. In vitro, the cells were characterized and directly stimulated with interferon-gamma to evaluate their neuroregeneration potential. In vivo, the sciatic and tibial functional indices were evaluated for 12 weeks. Gait analysis and nerve conduction velocity were analyzed after 8 and 12 weeks. Morphometric analysis was performed after 8 and 12 weeks following lesion development. Real-time PCR was performed to evaluate the neurotrophic factors BDNF, GDNF, and HGF, and the cytokine and IL-10. Immunohistochemical analysis for the p75NTR neurotrophic receptor, S100, and neurofilament was performed with the sciatic nerve. Results The inflammatory environment in vitro have increased the expression of neurotrophins BDNF, GDNF, HGF, and IL-10 in canine AdMSCs. Nerve guidance conduits multi-functionalized with canine AdMSCs embedded in HFB improved functional motor and electrophysiological recovery compared with PCL group after 12 weeks. However, the results were not significantly different than those obtained using autografts. These findings were associated with a shift in the regeneration process towards the formation of myelinated fibers. Increased immunostaining of BDNF, GDNF, and growth factor receptor p75NTR was associated with the upregulation of BDNF, GDNF, and HGF in the spinal cord of the PCL + MSCs group. A trend demonstrating higher reactivity of Schwann cells and axonal branching in the sciatic nerve was observed, and canine AdMSCs were engrafted at 30 days following repair. Conclusions 3D-printed NGCs multi-functionalized with canine AdMSCs embedded in heterologous fibrin biopolymer as cell scaffold exerted neuroregenerative effects. Our multimodal approach supports the trophic microenvironment, resulting in a pro-regenerative state after critical sciatic nerve injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Noé Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana Boff Araujo Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Politti Cartarozzi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Livia Carvalho Bovolato
- Blood Transfusion Center, Cell Engineering Laboratory, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcio de Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Vicente Lopes da Silva
- Renato Archer Information Technology Center (CTI), Three-dimensional Technologies Research Group, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Janaina de Andréa Dernowsek
- Renato Archer Information Technology Center (CTI), Three-dimensional Technologies Research Group, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marjorie Golim
- Hemocenter division of Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Elenice Deffune
- Blood Transfusion Center, Cell Engineering Laboratory, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Mathues Bertanha
- Blood Transfusion Center, Cell Engineering Laboratory, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rogério Martins Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Gong C, Zheng X, Guo F, Wang Y, Zhang S, Chen J, Sun X, Shah SZA, Zheng Y, Li X, Yin Y, Li Q, Huang X, Guo T, Han X, Zhang SC, Wang W, Chen H. Human spinal GABA neurons alleviate spasticity and improve locomotion in rats with spinal cord injury. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108889. [PMID: 33761348 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in spasticity. There is currently no effective therapy for spasticity. Here, we describe a method to efficiently differentiate human pluripotent stem cells from spinal GABA neurons. After transplantation into the injured rat spinal cord, the DREADD (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drug)-expressing spinal progenitors differentiate into GABA neurons, mitigating spasticity-like response of the rat hindlimbs and locomotion deficits in 3 months. Administering clozapine-N-oxide, which activates the grafted GABA neurons, further alleviates spasticity-like response, suggesting an integration of grafted GABA neurons into the local neural circuit. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of the spinal GABA neurons for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChenZi Gong
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaolong Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - FangLiang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - YaNan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - XueJiao Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Sayed Zulfiqar Ali Shah
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - YiFeng Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yatao Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - XiaoLin Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Tiecheng Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaohua Han
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Su-Chun Zhang
- Waisman Center, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Program in Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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19
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Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in direct and indirect damage to neural tissues, which results in motor and sensory dysfunction, dystonia, and pathological reflex that ultimately lead to paraplegia or tetraplegia. A loss of cells, axon regeneration failure, and time-sensitive pathophysiology make tissue repair difficult. Despite various medical developments, there are currently no effective regenerative treatments. Stem cell therapy is a promising treatment for SCI due to its multiple targets and reactivity benefits. The present review focuses on SCI stem cell therapy, including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, umbilical mesenchymal stem cells, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, neural progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and extracellular vesicles. Each cell type targets certain features of SCI pathology and shows therapeutic effects via cell replacement, nutritional support, scaffolds, and immunomodulation mechanisms. However, many preclinical studies and a growing number of clinical trials found that single-cell treatments had only limited benefits for SCI. SCI damage is multifaceted, and there is a growing consensus that a combined treatment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, 34753West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Chenying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, 34753West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, 34753West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Chengqi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, 34753West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Quan Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, 34753West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
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20
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Effects and Mechanisms of Acupuncture Combined with Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation on Neural Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury: Progress and Prospects. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8890655. [PMID: 33061954 PMCID: PMC7533022 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8890655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a structural event with devastating consequences worldwide. Due to the limited intrinsic regenerative capacity of the spinal cord in adults, the neural restoration after SCI is difficult. Acupuncture is effective for SCI-induced neurologic deficits, and the potential mechanisms responsible for its effects involve neural protection by the inhibition of inflammation, oxidation, and apoptosis. Moreover, acupuncture promotes neural regeneration and axon sprouting by activating multiple cellular signal transduction pathways, such as the Wnt, Notch, and Rho/Rho kinase (ROCK) pathways. Several studies have demonstrated that the efficacy of combining acupuncture with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation is superior to either procedure alone. The advantage of the combined treatment is dependent on the ability of acupuncture to enhance the survival of MSCs, promote their differentiation into neurons, and facilitate targeted migration of MSCs to the spinal cord. Additionally, the differentiation of MSCs into neurons overcomes the problem of the shortage of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) in the acupuncture-treated SCI patients. Therefore, the combination of acupuncture and MSCs transplantation could become a novel and effective strategy for the treatment of SCI. Such a possibility needs to be verified by basic and clinical research.
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21
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Carvalho NZM, Chiarotto GB, Bernardes D, Kempe PRG, Oliveira ALR. Neuroprotection by dimethyl fumarate following ventral root crush in C57BL/6J mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:184-197. [PMID: 32866558 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CNS lesions usually result in permanent loss of function and are an important problem in the medical field. In order to investigate neuroprotection/degeneration mechanisms and the synaptic plasticity of motoneurons, in addition to the potential for a variety of treatments, different experimental models of axonal injury have been proposed. Recent studies have tested the immunomodulatory drug dimethyl fumarate (DMF) for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and have shown promising outcomes. Therefore, in this work, we investigated the effects of DMF with regard to neuroprotection and its influence on the glial response in C57BL/6J animals subjected to crushing of the motor roots in the lumbar intumescence of the spinal cord. The animals were divided into a vehicle-treated injury group (0.08 % methylcellulose solution control group, n = 7) and injured groups treated with DMF at different doses (15, 30, 45, 90 and 180 mg/kg; n = 6-7 per dose). The 90 mg/kg dose showed the best neuroprotective results, so it was used for treatment over a period of eight weeks. Neuronal survival was assessed through Nissl staining, and functional recovery was evaluated with the CatWalk system (walking track test) and the von Frey test (mechanoreception). Immunohistochemistry was used to assess synaptic coverage and astroglial and microglial reactivity using the primary antibodies anti-synaptophysin (pre-synaptic terminal pan marker), GAD65 (GABAergic pre-synaptic terminations - inhibitory), and VGLUT1 (glutamatergic pre-synaptic terminations - excitatory). Glial reactions were evaluated with anti-IBA1 (microglia) and GFAP (astrocytes). Gene transcript levels of IL-3, IL-4, TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, iNOS-M1, and arginase-M2 were quantified by RT-qPCR. The results indicated that treatment with DMF, at a dose of 90 mg/kg, promoted neuroprotection and immunomodulation towards an anti-inflammatory response. It also resulted in greater preservation of inhibitory synapses and reduced astroglial reactivity, providing a more favorable environment for sensorimotor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Bortolança Chiarotto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP. 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation, Post Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Bernardes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP. 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation, Post Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Brazil.
| | - Paula Regina Gelinski Kempe
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP. 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Leite Rodrigues Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP. 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Yu Z, Li H, Xia P, Kong W, Chang Y, Fu C, Wang K, Yang X, Qi Z. Application of fibrin-based hydrogels for nerve protection and regeneration after spinal cord injury. J Biol Eng 2020; 14:22. [PMID: 32774454 PMCID: PMC7397605 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-020-00244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traffic accidents, falls, and many other events may cause traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCIs), resulting in nerve cells and extracellular matrix loss in the spinal cord, along with blood loss, inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), and others. The continuous development of neural tissue engineering has attracted increasing attention on the application of fibrin hydrogels in repairing SCIs. Except for excellent biocompatibility, flexibility, and plasticity, fibrin, a component of extracellular matrix (ECM), can be equipped with cells, ECM protein, and various growth factors to promote damage repair. This review will focus on the advantages and disadvantages of fibrin hydrogels from different sources, as well as the various modifications for internal topographical guidance during the polymerization. From the perspective of further improvement of cell function before and after the delivery of stem cell, cytokine, and drug, this review will also evaluate the application of fibrin hydrogels as a carrier to the therapy of nerve repair and regeneration, to mirror the recent development tendency and challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
| | - Hongru Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
| | - Weijian Kong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
| | - Yuxin Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
| | - Chuan Fu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
| | - Zhiping Qi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
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23
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Abbade LPF, Ferreira RS, Dos Santos LD, Barraviera B. Chronic venous ulcers: a review on treatment with fibrin sealant and prognostic advances using proteomic strategies. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20190101. [PMID: 32636876 PMCID: PMC7315627 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous ulcers are the main causes of chronic lower-limb ulcers. The healing difficulties encourage the research and development of new products in order to achieve better therapeutic results. Fibrin sealant is one of these alternatives. Besides being a validated scaffold and drug delivery system, it possesses excellent healing properties. This review covered the last 25 years of the literature and showed that the fibrin sealant is used in various clinical situations to promote the healing of different types of ulcers, especially chronic ones. These are mostly venous in origin and usually does not respond to conventional treatment. Commercially, only the homologous fibrin sealants obtained from human blood are available, which are highly efficient but very expensive. The heterologous fibrin sealant is a non-commercial experimental low-cost product and easily produced due to the abundance of raw material. The phase I/II clinical trial is already completed and showed that the product is safe and promisingly efficacious for the treatment of chronic venous ulcers. In addition, clinical proteomic strategies to assess disease prognosis have been increasingly used. By analyzing liquid samples from the wounds through proteomic strategies, it is possible to predict before treatment which ulcers will evolve favorably and which ones will be difficult to heal. This prognosis is only possible by evaluating the expression of isolated proteins in exudates and analysis using label-free strategies for shotgun. Multicentric clinical trials will be required to evaluate the efficacy of fibrin sealant to treat chronic ulcers, as well as to validate the proteomic strategies to assess prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Patricia Fernandes Abbade
- Department of Infectology, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis and Radiotherapy, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Clinical Research, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Clinical Research, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucilene Delazari Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Clinical Research, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Department of Infectology, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis and Radiotherapy, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Clinical Research, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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24
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Creste CFZ, Orsi PR, Landim-Alvarenga FC, Justulin LA, Golim MDA, Barraviera B, Ferreira RS. Highly effective fibrin biopolymer scaffold for stem cells upgrading bone regeneration. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122747. [PMID: 32560388 PMCID: PMC7344939 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrin scaffold fits as a provisional platform promoting cell migration and proliferation, angiogenesis, connective tissue formation and growth factors stimulation. We evaluated a unique heterologous fibrin biopolymer as scaffold to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to treat a critical-size bone defect. Femurs of 27 rats were treated with fibrin biopolymer (FBP); FBP + MSCs; and FBP + MSC differentiated in bone lineage (MSC-D). Bone repair was evaluated 03, 21 and 42 days later by radiographic, histological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. The FBP + MSC-D association was the most effective treatment, since newly formed Bone was more abundant and early matured in just 21 days. We concluded that FBP is an excellent scaffold for MSCs and also use of differentiated cells should be encouraged in regenerative therapy researches. The FBP ability to maintain viable MSCs at Bone defect site has modified inflammatory environment and accelerating their regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fernanda Zorzella Creste
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), UNESP—São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-307, Brazil; (C.F.Z.C.); (P.R.O.); (B.B.)
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil;
| | - Patrícia Rodrigues Orsi
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), UNESP—São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-307, Brazil; (C.F.Z.C.); (P.R.O.); (B.B.)
| | - Fernanda Cruz Landim-Alvarenga
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry (FMVZ), UNESP—São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil;
| | - Luis Antônio Justulin
- Botucatu Biosciences Institute, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil;
| | | | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), UNESP—São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-307, Brazil; (C.F.Z.C.); (P.R.O.); (B.B.)
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil;
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), UNESP—São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-307, Brazil; (C.F.Z.C.); (P.R.O.); (B.B.)
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(014)-3880-7241
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25
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Kempe PRG, Chiarotto GB, Barraviera B, Ferreira RS, de Oliveira ALR. Neuroprotection and immunomodulation by dimethyl fumarate and a heterologous fibrin biopolymer after ventral root avulsion and reimplantation. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20190093. [PMID: 32518556 PMCID: PMC7250131 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ventral root avulsion (VRA) is an experimental approach in which there is an abrupt separation of the motor roots from the surface of the spinal cord. As a result, most of the axotomized motoneurons degenerate by the second week after injury, and the significant loss of synapses and increased glial reaction triggers a chronic inflammatory state. Pharmacological treatment associated with root reimplantation is thought to overcome the degenerative effects of VRA. Therefore, treatment with dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a drug with neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects, in combination with a heterologous fibrin sealant/biopolymer (FS), a biological glue, may improve the regenerative response. Methods: Adult female Lewis rats were subjected to VRA of L4-L6 roots followed by reimplantation and daily treatment with DMF for four weeks. Survival times were evaluated 1, 4 or 12 weeks after surgery. Neuronal survival assessed by Nissl staining, glial reactivity (anti-GFAP for astrocytes and anti-Iba-1 for microglia) and synapse preservation (anti-VGLUT1 for glutamatergic inputs and anti-GAD65 for GABAergic inputs) evaluated by immunofluorescence, gene expression (pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules) and motor function recovery were measured. Results: Treatment with DMF at a dose of 15 mg/kg was found to be neuroprotective and immunomodulatory because it preserved motoneurons and synapses and decreased astrogliosis and microglial reactions, as well as downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory gene transcripts. Conclusion: The pharmacological benefit was further enhanced when associated with root reimplantation with FS, in which animals recovered at least 50% of motor function, showing the efficacy of employing multiple regenerative approaches following spinal cord root injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R G Kempe
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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26
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Mahmoodi N, Ai J, Ebrahimi‐Barough S, Hassannejad Z, Hasanzadeh E, Basiri A, Vaccaro AR, Rahimi‐Movaghar V. Microtubule stabilizer epothilone B as a motor neuron differentiation agent for human endometrial stem cells. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1168-1183. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narges Mahmoodi
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Sina HospitalTehran University of Medical Sciences Hasan‐Abad Square, Imam Khomeini Ave. Tehran 11365‐3876 Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineTehran University of Medical Sciences Number 88, Italy Street, Between Ghods Street and Vesal Shirazi Street Tehran 14177‐55469 Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi‐Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineTehran University of Medical Sciences Number 88, Italy Street, Between Ghods Street and Vesal Shirazi Street Tehran 14177‐55469 Iran
| | - Zahra Hassannejad
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Center of ExcellenceTehran University of Medical Sciences No. 62, Dr. Gharibs Street, Keshavarz Boulevard Tehran 1419733151 Iran
| | - Elham Hasanzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineMazandaran University of Medical Sciences Next to Tooba Medical Building, Khazar Boulevard Sari 48471‐91971 Iran
| | - Arefeh Basiri
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineTehran University of Medical Sciences Number 88, Italy Street, Between Ghods Street and Vesal Shirazi Street Tehran 14177‐55469 Iran
| | - Alexander R. Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rothman InstituteThomas Jefferson University 1925 Chestnut Street, 5th Floor Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19107 USA
| | - Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Sina HospitalTehran University of Medical Sciences Hasan‐Abad Square, Imam Khomeini Ave. Tehran 11365‐3876 Iran
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27
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Ma Y, Deng M, Zhao XQ, Liu M. Alternatively Polarized Macrophages Regulate the Growth and Differentiation of Ependymal Stem Cells through the SIRT2 Pathway. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:150-163. [PMID: 32408405 PMCID: PMC7237271 DOI: 10.5607/en19078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ependymal stem cells (EpSCs) are dormant stem cells in the adult spinal cord that proliferate rapidly and migrate to the site of injury after spinal cord injury (SCI). Although they can differentiate into neurons under appropriate conditions in vitro, EpSCs mainly differentiate into astrocytes in vivo. Our previous study confirmed that alternatively polarized macrophages (M2) facilitate the differentiation of EpSCs towards neurons, but the detailed mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, we found that M2 conditioned medium could upregulate the expression of Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) in EpSCs in vitro through the BDNF/TrkB-MEK/ERK signaling pathway. As an important deacetylase, SIRT2 deacetylated stable Ac-α-tubulin (Acetyl alpha Tubulin) in microtubules and thus promoted EpSC differentiation into neurons. The present study provides a theoretical basis and a new way to improve neural recovery, such as regulating the growth and differentiation of EpSCs by increasing the proportion of M2 cells in the local microenvironment or upregulating the expression of SIRT2 in EpSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ming Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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28
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Zhang L, Dong ZF, Zhang JY. Immunomodulatory role of mesenchymal stem cells in Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2020; 246:117405. [PMID: 32035129 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia and is characterized by gradual loss in memory, language, and cognitive function. The hallmarks of AD include extracellular amyloid deposition, intracellular neuronal fiber entanglement, and neuronal loss. Despite strenuous efforts toward improvement of AD, there remains a lack of effective treatment and current pharmaceutical therapies only alleviate the symptoms for a short period of time. Interestingly, some progress has been achieved in treatment of AD based on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation in recent years. MSC transplantation, as a rising therapy, is used as an intervention in AD, because of the enormous potential of MSCs, including differentiation potency, immunoregulatory function, and no immunological rejection. Although numerous strategies have focused on the use of MSCs to replace apoptotic or degenerating neurons, recent studies have implied that MSC-immunoregulation, which modulates the activity state of microglia or astrocytes and mediates neuroinflammation via several transcription factors (NFs) signaling pathways, may act as a major mechanism for the therapeutic efficacy of MSC and be responsible for some of the satisfactory results. In this review, we will focus on the role of MSC-immunoregulation in MSC-based therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, China.
| | - Zhi-Fang Dong
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, China.
| | - Jie-Yuan Zhang
- Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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29
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Buchaim DV, Cassaro CV, Shindo JVTC, Coletta BBD, Pomini KT, Rosso MPDO, Campos LMG, Ferreira RS, Barraviera B, Buchaim RL. Unique heterologous fibrin biopolymer with hemostatic, adhesive, sealant, scaffold and drug delivery properties: a systematic review. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e20190038. [PMID: 31839802 PMCID: PMC6894437 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrin biopolymers, previously referred as "fibrin glue" or "fibrin sealants", are natural biomaterials with diverse applications on health. They have hemostatic, adhesive, sealant, scaffold and drug delivery properties and have become widely used in medical and dental procedures. Historically, these biomaterials are produced from human fibrinogen and human or animal thrombin, and the possibility of transmission of infectious diseases by human blood is not ruled out. In the 1990s, to overcome this problem, a new heterologous biomaterial composed of a thrombin-like enzyme purified from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom and a cryoprecipitate rich in fibrinogen extracted from buffaloes Bubalus bubalis blood has been proposed. Therefore, a systematic review of studies on exclusively heterologous fibrin sealants published between 1989 and 2018 was carried out using the following databases: PubMed, SciELO and Google Scholar. The keyword used was "heterologous fibrin sealant". The search resulted in 35 scientific papers in PubMed, four in SciELO and 674 in Google Scholar. After applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria and complete reading of the articles, 30 studies were selected, which formed the basis of this systematic review. It has been observed that the only completely heterologous sealant is the one produced by CEVAP/UNESP. This heterologous biopolymer is proven effective by several studies published in refereed scientific journals. In addition, clinical trials phase I/II for the treatment of chronic venous ulcers authorized by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) were completed. Preliminary results have indicated a safe and promising effective product. Phase III clinical trials will be proposed and required to validate these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vieira Buchaim
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil.,Medical and Dentistry School, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília, SP, Brazil.,Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UNIFAI), Adamantina, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Vilalva Cassaro
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Botteon Della Coletta
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Torres Pomini
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rogério Leone Buchaim
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil.,Medical and Dentistry School, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília, SP, Brazil
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30
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Massoto TB, Santos ACR, Ramalho BS, Almeida FM, Martinez AMB, Marques SA. Mesenchymal stem cells and treadmill training enhance function and promote tissue preservation after spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2019; 1726:146494. [PMID: 31586628 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is considered a serious neurological disorder that can lead to severe sensory, motor and autonomic deficits. In this work, we investigated whether cell therapy associated with physical activity after mouse SCI could promote morphological and functional outcomes, using a lesion model established by our group. Mesenchymal stem cells (8 × 105 cells/2 µL) or DMEM (2 µL), were injected in the epicenter of the lesion at 7 days after SCI, and the mice started a moderate treadmill training 14 days after injury. Functional assessments were performed weekly up to 8 weeks after injury when the morphological analyses were also performed. Four injured groups were analyzed: DMEM (SCI plus DMEM injection), MSCT (SCI plus MSC injection), DMEM + TMT (SCI plus DMEM injection and treadmill training) and MSCT + TMT (SCI plus MSC injection and treadmill training). The animals that received the combined therapy (MSCT + TMT) were able to recover and maintained the better functional results throughout the analyzed period. The morphometric analysis from MSCT + TMT group evidenced a larger spared white matter area and a higher number of preserved myelinated fibers with the majority of them reaching the ideal G-ratio values, when compared to other groups. Ultrastructural analysis from this group, using transmission electron microscopy, showed better tissue preservation with few microcavitations and degenerating nerve fibers. Also, this group exhibited a significantly higher neurotrophin 4 (NT4) expression as compared to the other groups. The results provided by this study support the conclusion that the association of strategies is a potential therapeutic approach to treat SCI, with the possibility of translation into the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires Braga Massoto
- Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Function - Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anne Caroline Rodrigues Santos
- Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Function - Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Repair, Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital, Medical School, Departament of Pathology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pathological Anatomy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna S Ramalho
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Repair, Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital, Medical School, Departament of Pathology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pathological Anatomy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Martins Almeida
- Graduate Program in Pathological Anatomy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Blanco Martinez
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Repair, Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital, Medical School, Departament of Pathology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pathological Anatomy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suelen Adriani Marques
- Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Function - Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pathological Anatomy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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31
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Han IB, Thakor DK, Ropper AE, Yu D, Wang L, Kabatas S, Zeng X, Kim SW, Zafonte RD, Teng YD. Physical impacts of PLGA scaffolding on hMSCs: Recovery neurobiology insight for implant design to treat spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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32
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Castro MVD, Silva MVRD, Chiarotto GB, Volpe BB, Santana MH, Malheiros Luzo ÂC, Oliveira ALRD. Reflex arc recovery after spinal cord dorsal root repair with platelet rich plasma (PRP). Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:212-224. [PMID: 31351157 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Spinal dorsal roots can be affected by a wide range of lesions, leading to a significant loss of proprioceptive information transmission and greatly affecting motor behavior. In this context, the reimplantation of lesioned roots with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) may allow nerve regeneration. Therefore, the present study evaluated sensorimotor improvement following dorsal root rhizotomy and repair with PRP. For this purpose, female Lewis rats were subjected to unilateral rhizotomy (RZ) of the L4-L6 dorsal roots and divided into the following groups: (1) the unlesioned control group; (2) the group that underwent rhizotomy (RZ) without repair; and (3) the group that underwent RZ followed by root repair with PRP. PRP was obtained from human blood and characterized regarding platelet concentration, integrity, and viability. Reflex arc recovery was evaluated weekly for eight weeks by the electronic von Frey method. The spinal cords were processed 1 week postlesion to evaluate the in vivo gene expression of TNFα, TGF-β, BDNF, GDNF, VEGF, NGF, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13 by qRT-PCR and eight weeks postlesion to evaluate changes in the glial response (GFAP and Iba-1) and excitatory synaptic circuits (VGLUT1) by immunofluorescence. The results indicated that PRP therapy partially restores the paw withdrawal reflex over time, indicating the reentry of primary afferents from the dorsal root ganglia into the spinal cord without exacerbating glial reactivity. Additionally, the analysis of mRNA levels showed that PRP therapy has immunomodulatory properties. Overall, the present data suggest that the repair of dorsal roots with PRP may be considered a promising approach to improve sensorimotor recovery following dorsal rhizotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Vidigal de Castro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moníze Valéria Ramos da Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Bosh Volpe
- Regional Center University of Espirito Santo do Pinhal, Espirito Santo do Pinhal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Santana
- Department of Engineering of Materials and Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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33
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Regulation of autophagy in mesenchymal stem cells modulates therapeutic effects on spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2019; 1721:146321. [PMID: 31278935 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has shown beneficial effects in treating spinal cord injury. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process of degradation and recycling of cellular components that plays an important role in tissue homeostasis and cellular survival. Whether regulating autophagy in MSCs may affect their therapeutic potential in spinal cord injury repair has not yet been determined. In this study, autophagy was inhibited in MSCs with lentiviruses expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to knock down Becn-1 expression, and autophagy was upregulated in MSCs under nutrient starvation. These MSCs were then labelled with Hoechst and applied to spinal cord-injured rats to evaluate their therapeutic effects. After transplanting MSCs into rats with spinal cord injuries, functional recovery, immunohistochemistry, and remyelination analyses were performed. After inducing autophagy, the MSCs exhibited an accumulation of LC3-positive autophagosomes in the cytoplasm. The expression levels of neurotrophic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor and brain derived neurotrophic factor, were significantly higher in autophagic MSCs than normal MSCs. The in vivo study showed that more labelled MSCs migrated to the lesion site after induction of autophagy. Inducing autophagy in MSCs promoted functional recovery after spinal cord injury, whereas functional recovery was weak after inhibiting autophagy in MSCs. In contrast to the autophagy inhibition group, transplanting autophagic MSCs exhibited a greater positive impact on axon regeneration, growth of serotonergic fibers, blood vessel regeneration, and myelination, indicating a multifactorial contribution to spinal cord injury repair. These results suggest that autophagy plays important roles in MSCs during spinal cord injury repair. Regulation of autophagy in MSCs before in vivo transplantation may be a potential therapeutic interventional strategy for spinal cord injury.
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34
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Frauz K, Teodoro LFR, Carneiro GD, Cristina da Veiga F, Lopes Ferrucci D, Luis Bombeiro A, Waleska Simões P, Elvira Álvares L, Leite R de Oliveira A, Pontes Vicente C, Seabra Ferreira R, Barraviera B, do Amaral MEC, Augusto M Esquisatto M, de Campos Vidal B, Rosa Pimentel E, Aparecida de Aro A. Transected Tendon Treated with a New Fibrin Sealant Alone or Associated with Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010056. [PMID: 30654437 PMCID: PMC6357188 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering and cell-based therapy combine techniques that create biocompatible materials for cell survival, which can improve tendon repair. This study seeks to use a new fibrin sealant (FS) derived from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus, a biodegradable three-dimensional scaffolding produced from animal components only, associated with adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) for application in tendons injuries, considered a common and serious orthopedic problem. Lewis rats had tendons distributed in five groups: normal (N), transected (T), transected and FS (FS) or ASC (ASC) or with FS and ASC (FS + ASC). The in vivo imaging showed higher quantification of transplanted PKH26-labeled ASC in tendons of FS + ASC compared to ASC on the 14th day after transection. A small number of Iba1 labeled macrophages carrying PKH26 signal, probably due to phagocytosis of dead ASC, were observed in tendons of transected groups. ASC up-regulated the Tenomodulin gene expression in the transection region when compared to N, T and FS groups and the expression of TIMP-2 and Scleraxis genes in relation to the N group. FS group presented a greater organization of collagen fibers, followed by FS + ASC and ASC in comparison to N. Tendons from ASC group presented higher hydroxyproline concentration in relation to N and the transected tendons of T, FS and FS + ASC had a higher amount of collagen I and tenomodulin in comparison to N group. Although no marked differences were observed in the other biomechanical parameters, T group had higher value of maximum load compared to the groups ASC and FS + ASC. In conclusion, the FS kept constant the number of transplanted ASC in the transected region until the 14th day after injury. Our data suggest this FS to be a good scaffold for treatment during tendon repair because it was the most effective one regarding tendon organization recovering, followed by the FS treatment associated with ASC and finally by the transplanted ASC on the 21st day. Further investigations in long-term time points of the tendon repair are needed to analyze if the higher tissue organization found with the FS scaffold will improve the biomechanics of the tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katleen Frauz
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas⁻UNICAMP, Charles Darwin, s/n, CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luis Felipe R Teodoro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas⁻UNICAMP, Charles Darwin, s/n, CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Giane Daniela Carneiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas⁻UNICAMP, Charles Darwin, s/n, CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Cristina da Veiga
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas⁻UNICAMP, Charles Darwin, s/n, CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Danilo Lopes Ferrucci
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas⁻UNICAMP, Charles Darwin, s/n, CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - André Luis Bombeiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas⁻UNICAMP, Charles Darwin, s/n, CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Priscyla Waleska Simões
- Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences Center (CECS), Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program (PPGEBM), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Alameda da Universidade s/n, 09606-045 São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lúcia Elvira Álvares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas⁻UNICAMP, Charles Darwin, s/n, CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Leite R de Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas⁻UNICAMP, Charles Darwin, s/n, CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Pontes Vicente
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas⁻UNICAMP, Charles Darwin, s/n, CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP ⁻ Universidade Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP, St. José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, 18610-307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP ⁻ Universidade Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP, St. José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, 18610-307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Esméria C do Amaral
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Herminio Ometto University Center-UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Jd. Universitário, 13607-339 Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Augusto M Esquisatto
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Herminio Ometto University Center-UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Jd. Universitário, 13607-339 Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Benedicto de Campos Vidal
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas⁻UNICAMP, Charles Darwin, s/n, CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Edson Rosa Pimentel
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas⁻UNICAMP, Charles Darwin, s/n, CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Andrea Aparecida de Aro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas⁻UNICAMP, Charles Darwin, s/n, CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Herminio Ometto University Center-UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Jd. Universitário, 13607-339 Araras, SP, Brazil.
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