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Davis N, Taylor B, Abelleira-Hervas L, Karimian-Marnani N, Aleksynas R, Syed N, Di Giovanni S, Palmisano I, Sastre M. Histone deacetylase-3 regulates the expression of the amyloid precursor protein and its inhibition promotes neuroregenerative pathways in Alzheimer's disease models. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23659. [PMID: 38733301 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301762rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
HDAC3 inhibition has been shown to improve memory and reduce amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) models, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We investigated the molecular effects of HDAC3 inhibition on AD pathology, using in vitro and ex vivo models of AD, based on our finding that HDAC3 expression is increased in AD brains. For this purpose, N2a mouse neuroblastoma cells as well as organotypic brain cultures (OBCSs) of 5XFAD and wild-type mice were incubated with various concentrations of the HDAC3 selective inhibitor RGFP966 (0.1-10 μM) for 24 h. Treatment with RGFP966 or HDAC3 knockdown in N2a cells was associated with an increase on amyloid precursor protein (APP) and mRNA expressions, without alterations in Aβ42 secretion. In vitro chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed enriched HDAC3 binding at APP promoter regions. The increase in APP expression was also detected in OBCSs from 5XFAD mice incubated with 1 μM RGFP966, without changes in Aβ. In addition, HDAC3 inhibition resulted in a reduction of activated Iba-1-positive microglia and astrocytes in 5XFAD slices, which was not observed in OBCSs from wild-type mice. mRNA sequencing analysis revealed that HDAC3 inhibition modulated neuronal regenerative pathways related to neurogenesis, differentiation, axonogenesis, and dendritic spine density in OBCSs. Our findings highlight the complexity and diversity of the effects of HDAC3 inhibition on AD models and suggest that HDAC3 may have multiple roles in the regulation of APP expression and processing, as well as in the modulation of neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Davis
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ben Taylor
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | - Robertas Aleksynas
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nelofer Syed
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Simone Di Giovanni
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ilaria Palmisano
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Magdalena Sastre
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Li J, Huang Y, Lyu F, Wang Y, Wei P, Yuan Y, Fu Y, Gao Y. Microglial histone deacetylase 2 is dispensable for functional and histological outcomes in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:817-835. [PMID: 38069842 PMCID: PMC11197137 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231197173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The Class-I histone deacetylases (HDACs) mediate microglial inflammation and neurological dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, whether the individual Class-I HDACs play an indispensable role in TBI pathogenesis remains elusive. HDAC2 has been shown to upregulate pro-inflammatory genes in myeloid cells under brain injuries such as intracerebral hemorrhage, thereby worsening outcomes. Thus, we hypothesized that HDAC2 drives microglia toward a pro-inflammatory neurotoxic phenotype in a murine model of controlled cortical impact (CCI). Our results revealed that HDAC2 expression was highly induced in CD16/CD32+ pro-inflammatory microglia 3 and 7d after TBI. Surprisingly, microglia-targeted HDAC2 knockout (HDAC2 miKO) mice failed to demonstrate a beneficial phenotype after CCI/TBI compared to their wild-type (WT) littermates. HDAC2 miKO mice exhibited comparable levels of grey and white matter injury, efferocytosis, and sensorimotor and cognitive deficits after CCI/TBI as WT mice. RNA sequencing of isolated microglia 3d after CCI/TBI indicated the elevation of a panel of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in HDAC2 miKO mice over WT mice, and flow cytometry showed further elevated brain infiltration of neutrophils and B cells in HDAC2 miKO mice. Together, this study does not support a detrimental role for HDAC2 in microglial responses after TBI and calls for investigation into alternative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yana Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangfan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengju Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Livshits G, Kalinkovich A. Restoration of epigenetic impairment in the skeletal muscle and chronic inflammation resolution as a therapeutic approach in sarcopenia. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102267. [PMID: 38462046 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, accompanied by severe adverse health outcomes, such as falls and fractures, functional decline, high health costs, and mortality. Hence, its prevention and treatment have become increasingly urgent. However, despite the wide prevalence and extensive research on sarcopenia, no FDA-approved disease-modifying drugs exist. This is probably due to a poor understanding of the mechanisms underlying its pathophysiology. Recent evidence demonstrate that sarcopenia development is characterized by two key elements: (i) epigenetic dysregulation of multiple molecular pathways associated with sarcopenia pathogenesis, such as protein remodeling, insulin resistance, mitochondria impairments, and (ii) the creation of a systemic, chronic, low-grade inflammation (SCLGI). In this review, we focus on the epigenetic regulators that have been implicated in skeletal muscle deterioration, their individual roles, and possible crosstalk. We also discuss epidrugs, which are the pharmaceuticals with the potential to restore the epigenetic mechanisms deregulated in sarcopenia. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms underlying failed SCLGI resolution in sarcopenia and the potential application of pro-resolving molecules, comprising specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) and their stable mimetics and receptor agonists. These compounds, as well as epidrugs, reveal beneficial effects in preclinical studies related to sarcopenia. Based on these encouraging observations, we propose the combination of epidrugs with SCLI-resolving agents as a new therapeutic approach for sarcopenia that can effectively attenuate of its manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Livshits
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel; Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6905126, Israel.
| | - Alexander Kalinkovich
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6905126, Israel
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Zhang Y, Li J, Zhao Y, Huang Y, Shi Z, Wang H, Cao H, Wang C, Wang Y, Chen D, Chen S, Meng S, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Jiang Y, Gong Y, Gao Y. Arresting the bad seed: HDAC3 regulates proliferation of different microglia after ischemic stroke. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eade6900. [PMID: 38446877 PMCID: PMC10917353 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade6900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The accumulation of self-renewed polarized microglia in the penumbra is a critical neuroinflammatory process after ischemic stroke, leading to secondary demyelination and neuronal loss. Although known to regulate tumor cell proliferation and neuroinflammation, HDAC3's role in microgliosis and microglial polarization remains unclear. We demonstrated that microglial HDAC3 knockout (HDAC3-miKO) ameliorated poststroke long-term functional and histological outcomes. RNA-seq analysis revealed mitosis as the primary process affected in HDAC3-deficent microglia following stroke. Notably, HDAC3-miKO specifically inhibited proliferation of proinflammatory microglia without affecting anti-inflammatory microglia, preventing microglial transition to a proinflammatory state. Moreover, ATAC-seq showed that HDAC3-miKO induced closing of accessible regions enriched with PU.1 motifs. Overexpressing microglial PU.1 via an AAV approach reversed HDAC3-miKO-induced proliferation inhibition and protective effects on ischemic stroke, indicating PU.1 as a downstream molecule that mediates HDAC3's effects on stroke. These findings uncovered that HDAC3/PU.1 axis, which mediated differential proliferation-related reprogramming in different microglia populations, drove poststroke inflammatory state transition, and contributed to pathophysiology of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yichen Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyu Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailian Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenran Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yana Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuning Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangfan Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueyan Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Gong
- Corresponding author. (Y.Gao); (Y.Gong)
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Jiang Z, Yang H, Ni W, Gao X, Pei X, Jiang H, Su J, Weng R, Fei Y, Gao Y, Gu Y. Attenuation of neuronal ferroptosis in intracerebral hemorrhage by inhibiting HDAC1/2: Microglial heterogenization via the Nrf2/HO1 pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14646. [PMID: 38523117 PMCID: PMC10961428 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM The class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) implicate in microglial heterogenization and neuroinflammation following Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Ferroptosis has also been reported in the ICH model. However, the relationship between HDAC1/2's role in microglial heterogenization and neuronal ferroptosis remains unclear. METHODS In both in vivo and in vitro models of ICH, we used Romidepsin (FK228), a selective HDAC1/2 inhibitor, to investigate its effects on microglial heterogenization and neuronal ferroptosis. In the in vitro ICH model using Hemin, a transwell system was utilized to examine how microglia-driven inflammation and ICH-triggered neuronal ferroptosis interact. Immunostaining, Western blotting and RT-qPCR were used to evaluate the microglial heterogenization and neuronal ferroptosis. Microglial heterogenization, neuronal ferroptosis, and neurological dysfunctions were assessed in vivo ICH mice model performed by autologous blood injection. RESULTS HDAC1/2 inhibition altered microglial heterogenization after ICH, as showing the reducing neuroinflammation and shifting microglia towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype by immunostaining and qPCR results. HDAC1/2 inhibition reduced ferroptosis, characterized by high ROS and low GPx4 expression in HT22 cells, and reduced iron and lipid deposition post-ICH in vivo. Additionally, the Nrf2/HO1 signaling pathway, especially acetyl-Nrf2, activated in the in vivo ICH model due to HDAC1/2 inhibition, plays a role in regulating microglial heterogenization. Furthermore, HDAC1/2 inhibition improved sensorimotor and histological outcomes post-ICH, offering a potential mechanism against ICH. CONCLUSION Inhibition of HDAC1/2 reduces neuro-ferroptosis by modifying the heterogeneity of microglia via the Nrf2/HO1 pathway, with a particular focus on acetyl-Nrf2. Additionally, this inhibition aids in the faster removal of hematomas and lessens prolonged neurological impairments, indicating novel approach for treating ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Heng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xinjie Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xu Pei
- Department of Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hanqiang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiabin Su
- Department of Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ruiyuan Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuchao Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanqin Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuxiang Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Meleady L, Towriss M, Kim J, Bacarac V, Dang V, Rowland ME, Ciernia AV. Histone deacetylase 3 regulates microglial function through histone deacetylation. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2241008. [PMID: 37506371 PMCID: PMC10392760 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2241008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As the primary innate immune cells of the brain, microglia respond to damage and disease through pro-inflammatory release of cytokines and neuroinflammatory molecules. Histone acetylation is an activating transcriptional mark that regulates inflammatory gene expression. Inhibition of histone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3) has been utilized in pre-clinical models of depression, stroke, and spinal cord injury to improve recovery following injury, but the molecular mechanisms underlying Hdac3's regulation of inflammatory gene expression in microglia is not well understood. To address this lack of knowledge, we examined how pharmacological inhibition of Hdac3 in an immortalized microglial cell line (BV2) impacted histone acetylation and gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory genes in response to immune challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Flow cytometry and cleavage under tags & release using nuclease (CUT & RUN) revealed that Hdac3 inhibition increases global and promoter-specific histone acetylation, resulting in the release of gene repression at baseline and enhanced responses to LPS. Hdac3 inhibition enhanced neuroprotective functions of microglia in response to LPS through reduced nitric oxide release and increased phagocytosis. The findings suggest Hdac3 serves as a regulator of microglial inflammation, and that inhibition of Hdac3 facilitates the microglial response to inflammation and its subsequent clearing of debris or damaged cells. Together, this work provides new mechanistic insights into therapeutic applications of Hdac3 inhibition which mediate reduced neuroinflammatory insults through microglial response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Meleady
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Morgan Towriss
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jennifer Kim
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Vince Bacarac
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Vivien Dang
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Megan E. Rowland
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Annie Vogel Ciernia
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Wang HK, Su YT, Ho YC, Lee YK, Chu TH, Chen KT, Wu CC. HDAC1 is Involved in Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier Damage in Stroke Pathogenesis. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4103-4116. [PMID: 37745794 PMCID: PMC10516226 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s416239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke is a common cause of disability and mortality worldwide; however, effective therapy remains limited. In stroke pathogenesis, ischemia/reperfusion injury triggers gliosis and neuroinflammation that further activates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), thereby damaging the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Increased BBB permeability promotes macrophage infiltration and brain edema, thereby worsening behavioral outcomes and prognosis. Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is a repressor of epigenomic gene transcription and participates in DNA damage and cell cycle regulation. Although HDAC1 is deregulated after stroke and is involved in neuronal loss and DNA repair, its role in neuroinflammation and BBB damage remains unknown. Methods The rats with cerebral ischemia were evaluated in behavioral outcomes, levels of inflammation in gliosis and cytokines, and BBB damage by using an endothelin-1-induced rat model with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Results The results revealed that HDAC1 dysfunction could promote BBB damage through the destruction of tight junction proteins, such as ZO-1 and occludin, after stroke in rats. HDAC1 inhibition also increased the levels of astrocyte and microglial gliosis, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, lactate dehydrogenase, and reactive oxygen species, further triggering MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity. Moreover, modified neurological severity scores for the cylinder test revealed that HDAC1 inhibition deteriorated behavioral outcomes in rats with cerebral ischemia. Discussion HDAC1 plays a crucial role in ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuroinflammation and BBB damage, thus indicating its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Kuang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Ho
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kuo Lee
- Medical Laboratory, Medical Education and Research Center, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Huei Chu
- Medical Laboratory, Medical Education and Research Center, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Ti Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nation Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chun Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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8
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Hu X, Jin H, Yuan S, Ye T, Chen Z, Kong Y, Liu J, Xu K, Sun J. Fecal microbiota transplantation inhibited neuroinflammation of traumatic brain injury in mice via regulating the gut-brain axis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1254610. [PMID: 37743861 PMCID: PMC10513427 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1254610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent studies have highlighted the vital role of gut microbiota in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective means of regulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis, while the beneficial effect and potential mechanisms of FMT against TBI remain unclear. Here, we elucidated the anti-neuroinflammatory effect and possible mechanism of FMT against TBI in mice via regulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Methods The TBI mouse model was established by heavy object falling impact and then treated with FMT. The neurological deficits, neuropathological change, synaptic damage, microglia activation, and neuroinflammatory cytokine production were assessed, and the intestinal pathological change and gut microbiota composition were also evaluated. Moreover, the population of Treg cells in the spleen was measured. Results Our results showed that FMT treatment significantly alleviated neurological deficits and neuropathological changes and improved synaptic damage by increasing the levels of the synaptic plasticity-related protein such as postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) and synapsin I in the TBI mice model. Moreover, FMT could inhibit the activation of microglia and reduce the production of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, alleviating the inflammatory response of TBI mice. Meanwhile, FMT treatment could attenuate intestinal histopathologic changes and gut microbiota dysbiosis and increase the Treg cell population in TBI mice. Conclusion These findings elucidated that FMT treatment effectively suppressed the TBI-induced neuroinflammation via regulating the gut microbiota-gut-brain axis, and its mechanism was involved in the regulation of peripheral immune cells, which implied a novel strategy against TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hangqi Jin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shushu Yuan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhibo Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kaihong Xu
- Department of Hematology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Han W, Pu H, Li S, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Xu M, Chen C, Wu Y, Yang T, Ye Q, Wang H, Stetler RA, Chen J, Shi Y. Targeted ablation of signal transducer and activator of transduction 1 alleviates inflammation by microglia/macrophages and promotes long-term recovery after ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:178. [PMID: 37516843 PMCID: PMC10385956 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain microglia and macrophages (Mi/MΦ) can shift to a harmful or advantageous phenotype following an ischemic stroke. Identification of key molecules that regulate the transformation of resting Mi/MΦ could aid in the development of innovative therapies for ischemic stroke. The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transduction 1 (STAT1) has been found to contribute to acute neuronal death (in the first 24 h) following ischemic stroke, but its effects on Mi/MΦ and influence on long-term stroke outcomes have yet to be determined. METHODS We generated mice with tamoxifen-induced, Mi/MΦ-specific knockout (mKO) of STAT1 driven by Cx3cr1CreER. Expression of STAT1 was examined in the brain by flow cytometry and RNA sequencing after ischemic stroke induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The impact of STAT1 mKO on neuronal cell death, Mi/MΦ phenotype, and brain inflammation profiles were examined 3-5 days after MCAO. Neurological deficits and the integrity of gray and white matter were assessed for 5 weeks after MCAO by various neurobehavioral tests and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS STAT1 was activated in Mi/MΦ at the subacute stage (3 days) after MCAO. Selective deletion of STAT1 in Mi/MΦ did not alter neuronal cell death or infarct size at 24 h after MCAO, but attenuated Mi/MΦ release of high mobility group box 1 and increased arginase 1-producing Mi/MΦ 3d after MCAO, suggesting boosted inflammation-resolving responses of Mi/MΦ. As a result, STAT1 mKO mice had mitigated brain inflammation at the subacute stage after MCAO and less white matter injury in the long term. Importantly, STAT1 mKO was sufficient to improve functional recovery for at least 5 weeks after MCAO in both male and female mice. CONCLUSIONS Mi/MΦ-targeted STAT1 KO does not provide immediate neuroprotection but augments inflammation-resolving actions of Mi/MΦ, thereby facilitating long-term functional recovery after stroke. STAT1 is, therefore, a promising therapeutic target to harness beneficial Mi/MΦ responses and improve long-term outcomes after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Han
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, S-510 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Hongjian Pu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, S-510 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sicheng Li
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, S-510 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yaan Liu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, S-510 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yongfang Zhao
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, S-510 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Mingyue Xu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, S-510 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Caixia Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, S-510 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yun Wu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, S-510 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, S-510 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Qing Ye
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, S-510 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, S-510 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, S-510 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, S-510 BST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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10
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Kang H. Regulation of Acetylation States by Nutrients in the Inhibition of Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119338. [PMID: 37298289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic metabolic disorder and primary cause of cardiovascular diseases, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Initiated by endothelial cell stimulation, AS is characterized by arterial inflammation, lipid deposition, foam cell formation, and plaque development. Nutrients such as carotenoids, polyphenols, and vitamins can prevent the atherosclerotic process by modulating inflammation and metabolic disorders through the regulation of gene acetylation states mediated with histone deacetylases (HDACs). Nutrients can regulate AS-related epigenetic states via sirtuins (SIRTs) activation, specifically SIRT1 and SIRT3. Nutrient-driven alterations in the redox state and gene modulation in AS progression are linked to their protein deacetylating, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Nutrients can also inhibit advanced oxidation protein product formation, reducing arterial intima-media thickness epigenetically. Nonetheless, knowledge gaps remain when it comes to understanding effective AS prevention through epigenetic regulation by nutrients. This work reviews and confirms the underlying mechanisms by which nutrients prevent arterial inflammation and AS, focusing on the epigenetic pathways that modify histones and non-histone proteins by regulating redox and acetylation states through HDACs such as SIRTs. These findings may serve as a foundation for developing potential therapeutic agents to prevent AS and cardiovascular diseases by employing nutrients based on epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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11
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Shafqat A, Albalkhi I, Magableh HM, Saleh T, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Tackling the glial scar in spinal cord regeneration: new discoveries and future directions. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1180825. [PMID: 37293626 PMCID: PMC10244598 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1180825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration and functional recovery are poor after spinal cord injury (SCI), typified by the formation of an injury scar. While this scar was traditionally believed to be primarily responsible for axonal regeneration failure, current knowledge takes a more holistic approach that considers the intrinsic growth capacity of axons. Targeting the SCI scar has also not reproducibly yielded nearly the same efficacy in animal models compared to these neuron-directed approaches. These results suggest that the major reason behind central nervous system (CNS) regeneration failure is not the injury scar but a failure to stimulate axon growth adequately. These findings raise questions about whether targeting neuroinflammation and glial scarring still constitute viable translational avenues. We provide a comprehensive review of the dual role of neuroinflammation and scarring after SCI and how future research can produce therapeutic strategies targeting the hurdles to axonal regeneration posed by these processes without compromising neuroprotection.
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12
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Wang Y, Cai Z, Zhan G, Li X, Li S, Wang X, Li S, Luo A. Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Suppresses Oxidative Stress and Regulates M1/M2 Microglia Polarization via Sirt6/Nrf2 Pathway to Mitigate Cognitive Impairment in Aged Mice following Anesthesia and Surgery. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030714. [PMID: 36978961 PMCID: PMC10045012 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a severe neurological complication after anesthesia and surgery. However, there is still a lack of effective clinical pharmacotherapy due to its unclear pathogenesis. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), which is obtained from honeybee propolis and medicinal plants, shows powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating properties. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether CAPE mitigated cognitive impairment following anesthesia and surgery and its potential underlying mechanisms in aged mice. Here, isoflurane anesthesia and tibial fracture surgery were used as the POCD model, and H2O2-induced BV2 cells were established as the microglial oxidative stress model. We revealed that CAPE pretreatment suppressed oxidative stress and promoted the switch of microglia from the M1 to the M2 type in the hippocampus, thereby ameliorating cognitive impairment caused by anesthesia and surgery. Further investigation indicated that CAPE pretreatment upregulated hippocampal Sirt6/Nrf2 expression after anesthesia and surgery. Moreover, mechanistic studies in BV2 cells demonstrated that the potent effects of CAPE pretreatment on reducing ROS generation and promoting protective polarization were attenuated by a specific Sirt6 inhibitor, OSS_128167. In summary, our findings opened a promising avenue for POCD prevention through CAPE pretreatment that enhanced the Sirt6/Nrf2 pathway to suppress oxidative stress as well as favor microglia protective polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ziwen Cai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Gaofeng Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shiyong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Ailin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (A.L.)
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Arora K, Vats V, Kaushik N, Sindhawani D, Saini V, Arora DM, Kumar Y, Vashisht E, Singh G, Verma PK. A Systematic Review on Traumatic Brain Injury Pathophysiology and Role of Herbal Medicines in its Management. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2487-2504. [PMID: 36703580 PMCID: PMC10616914 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230126151208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide problem. Almost about sixtynine million people sustain TBI each year all over the world. Repetitive TBI linked with increased risk of neurodegenerative disorder such as Parkinson, Alzheimer, traumatic encephalopathy. TBI is characterized by primary and secondary injury and exerts a severe impact on cognitive, behavioral, psychological and other health problem. There were various proposed mechanism to understand complex pathophysiology of TBI but still there is a need to explore more about TBI pathophysiology. There are drugs present for the treatment of TBI in the market but there is still need of more drugs to develop for better and effective treatment of TBI, because no single drug is available which reduces the further progression of this injury. OBJECTIVE The main aim and objective of structuring this manuscript is to design, develop and gather detailed data regarding about the pathophysiology of TBI and role of medicinal plants in its treatment. METHOD This study is a systematic review conducted between January 1995 to June 2021 in which a consultation of scientific articles from indexed periodicals was carried out in Science Direct, United States National Library of Medicine (Pubmed), Google Scholar, Elsvier, Springer and Bentham. RESULTS A total of 54 studies were analyzed, on the basis of literature survey in the research area of TBI. CONCLUSION Recent studies have shown the potential of medicinal plants and their chemical constituents against TBI therefore, this review targets the detailed information about the pathophysiology of TBI and role of medicinal plants in its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Vishal Vats
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Nalin Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, Haryana, 127031, India
| | - Deepanshu Sindhawani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Vaishali Saini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Divy Mohan Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Yogesh Kumar
- Sat Priya College of Pharmacy, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Etash Vashisht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Govind Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Prabhakar Kumar Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
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14
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Stem Cell Therapy for Sequestration of Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810286. [PMID: 36142198 PMCID: PMC9499317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of long-term neurological disabilities in the world. TBI is a signature disease for soldiers and veterans, but also affects civilians, including adults and children. Following TBI, the brain resident and immune cells turn into a “reactive” state, characterized by the production of inflammatory mediators that contribute to the development of cognitive deficits. Other injuries to the brain, including radiation exposure, may trigger TBI-like pathology, characterized by inflammation. Currently there are no treatments to prevent or reverse the deleterious consequences of brain trauma. The recognition that TBI predisposes stem cell alterations suggests that stem cell-based therapies stand as a potential treatment for TBI. Here, we discuss the inflamed brain after TBI and radiation injury. We further review the status of stem cells in the inflamed brain and the applications of cell therapy in sequestering inflammation in TBI.
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