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Jiang N, Wang C, Xie B, Xie H, Wu A, Kong X, Gu L, Jiang Y, Peng J. Identification of endoplasmic reticulum stress genes in human stroke based on bioinformatics and machine learning. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106583. [PMID: 38942324 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
After ischemic stroke (IS), secondary injury is intimately linked to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and body-brain crosstalk. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanism systemic immune disorder mediated ER stress in human IS remains unknown. In this study, 32 candidate ER stress-related genes (ERSRGs) were identified by overlapping MSigDB ER stress pathway genes and DEGs. Three Key ERSRGs (ATF6, DDIT3 and ERP29) were identified using LASSO, random forest, and SVM-RFE. IS patients with different ERSRGs profile were clustered into two groups using consensus clustering and the difference between 2 group was further explored by GSVA. Through immune cell infiltration deconvolution analysis, and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse scRNA analysis, we found that the expression of 3 key ERSRGs were closely related with peripheral macrophage cell ER stress in IS and this was further confirmed by RT-qPCR experiment. These ERS genes might be helpful to further accurately regulate the central nervous system and systemic immune response through ER stress and have potential application value in clinical practice in IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Institute of Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chuying Wang
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bingqing Xie
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Institute of Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Huangfan Xie
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Institute of Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xi Kong
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Institute of Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Long Gu
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Institute of Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Institute of Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Institute of Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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Zhao X, Yang C, Chen X, Sun Y, Liu W, Ge Q, Yang J. Characteristic fingerprint spectrum of α-synuclein mutants on terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Biophys J 2024; 123:1264-1273. [PMID: 38615192 PMCID: PMC11140463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein, a presynaptic neuronal protein encoded by the SNCA gene, is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Point mutations and multiplications of α-synuclein (A30P and A53T) are correlated with early-onset Parkinson's disease characterized by rapid progression and poor prognosis. Currently, the clinical identification of SNCA variants, especially disease-related A30P and A53T mutants, remains challenging and also time consuming. This study aimed to develop a novel label-free detection method for distinguishing the SNCA mutants using transmission terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy. The protein was spin-coated onto the quartz to form a thin film, which was measured using THz time-domain spectroscopy. The spectral characteristics of THz broadband pulse waves of α-synuclein protein variants (SNCA wild type, A30P, and A53T) at different frequencies were analyzed via Fourier transform. The amplitude A intensity (AWT, AA30P, and AA53T) and peak occurrence time in THz time-domain spectroscopy sensitively distinguished the three protein variants. The phase φ difference in THz frequency domain followed the trend of φWT > φA30P > φA53T. There was a significant difference in THz frequency amplitude A' corresponding to the frequency ranging from 0.4 to 0.66 THz (A'A53T > A'A30P > A'WT). At a frequency of 0.4-0.6 THz, the transmission T of THz waves distinguished three variants (TA53T > TA30P > TWT), whereas there was no difference in the transmission T at 0.66 THz. The SNCA wild-type protein and two mutant variants (A30P and A53T) had distinct characteristic fingerprint spectra on THz time-domain spectroscopy. This novel label-free detection method has great potential for the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chenlong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weihai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qinggang Ge
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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Licastro E, Pignataro G, Iliff JJ, Xiang Y, Lo EH, Hayakawa K, Esposito E. Glymphatic and lymphatic communication with systemic responses during physiological and pathological conditions in the central nervous system. Commun Biol 2024; 7:229. [PMID: 38402351 PMCID: PMC10894274 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between central nervous system (CNS) and systemic responses is important in many pathological conditions, including stroke, neurodegeneration, schizophrenia, epilepsy, etc. Accumulating evidence suggest that signals for central-systemic crosstalk may utilize glymphatic and lymphatic pathways. The glymphatic system is functionally connected to the meningeal lymphatic system, and together these pathways may be involved in the distribution of soluble proteins and clearance of metabolites and waste products from the CNS. Lymphatic vessels in the dura and meninges transport cerebrospinal fluid, in part collected from the glymphatic system, to the cervical lymph nodes, where solutes coming from the brain (i.e., VEGFC, oligomeric α-syn, β-amyloid) might activate a systemic inflammatory response. There is also an element of time since the immune system is strongly regulated by circadian rhythms, and both glymphatic and lymphatic dynamics have been shown to change during the day and night. Understanding the mechanisms regulating the brain-cervical lymph node (CLN) signaling and how it might be affected by diurnal or circadian rhythms is fundamental to find specific targets and timing for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Licastro
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Jeffrey J Iliff
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yanxiao Xiang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Consortium International pour la Recherche Circadienne sur l'AVC (CIRCA), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Kazuhide Hayakawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Elga Esposito
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
- Consortium International pour la Recherche Circadienne sur l'AVC (CIRCA), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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Kim JB, Kim Y, Kim SJ, Ha TY, Kim DK, Kim DW, So M, Kim SH, Woo HG, Yoon D, Park SM. Integration of National Health Insurance claims data and animal models reveals fexofenadine as a promising repurposed drug for Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:53. [PMID: 38383441 PMCID: PMC10880337 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common and costly progressive neurodegenerative disease of unclear etiology. A disease-modifying approach that can directly stop or slow its progression remains a major unmet need in the treatment of PD. A clinical pharmacology-based drug repositioning strategy is a useful approach for identifying new drugs for PD. METHODS We analyzed claims data obtained from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS), which covers a significant portion of the South Korean population, to investigate the association between antihistamines, a class of drugs commonly used to treat allergic symptoms by blocking H1 receptor, and PD in a real-world setting. Additionally, we validated this model using various animal models of PD such as the 6-hydroxydopmaine (6-OHDA), α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFF) injection, and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) models. Finally, whole transcriptome data and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) were used to elucidate drug mechanism pathways. RESULTS We identified fexofenadine as the most promising candidate using National Health Insurance claims data in the real world. In several animal models, including the 6-OHDA, PFF injection, and C. elegans models, fexofenadine ameliorated PD-related pathologies. RNA-seq analysis and the subsequent experiments suggested that fexofenadine is effective in PD via inhibition of peripheral immune cell infiltration into the brain. CONCLUSION Fexofenadine shows promise for the treatment of PD, identified through clinical data and validated in diverse animal models. This combined clinical and preclinical approach offers valuable insights for developing novel PD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Bong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-Ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yujeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Jeong Kim
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Tae-Young Ha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-Ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Kim
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Seung Ho Kim
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyun Goo Woo
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dukyong Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-Ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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Dong H, Dai X, Zhou Y, Shi C, Bhuiyan P, Sun Z, Li N, Jin W. Enhanced meningeal lymphatic drainage ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced brain injury in aged mice. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:36. [PMID: 38287311 PMCID: PMC10826026 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is an acute cerebral dysfunction caused by sepsis. Neuroinflammation induced by sepsis is considered a potential mechanism of SAE; however, very little is known about the role of the meningeal lymphatic system in SAE. METHODS Sepsis was established in male C57BL/6J mice by intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide, and the function of meningeal lymphatic drainage was assessed. Adeno-associated virus 1-vascular endothelial growth factor C (AAV1-VEGF-C) was injected into the cisterna magna to induce meningeal lymphangiogenesis. Ligation of deep cervical lymph nodes (dCLNs) was performed to induce pre-existing meningeal lymphatic dysfunction. Cognitive function was evaluated by a fear conditioning test, and inflammatory factors were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The aged mice with SAE showed a significant decrease in the drainage of OVA-647 into the dCLNs and the coverage of the Lyve-1 in the meningeal lymphatic, indicating that sepsis impaired meningeal lymphatic drainage and morphology. The meningeal lymphatic function of aged mice was more vulnerable to sepsis in comparison to young mice. Sepsis also decreased the protein levels of caspase-3 and PSD95, which was accompanied by reductions in the activity of hippocampal neurons. Microglia were significantly activated in the hippocampus of SAE mice, which was accompanied by an increase in neuroinflammation, as indicated by increases in interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and Iba1 expression. Cognitive function was impaired in aged mice with SAE. However, the injection of AAV1-VEGF-C significantly increased coverage in the lymphatic system and tracer dye uptake in dCLNs, suggesting that AAV1-VEGF-C promotes meningeal lymphangiogenesis and drainage. Furthermore, AAV1-VEGF-C reduced microglial activation and neuroinflammation and improved cognitive dysfunction. Improvement of meningeal lymphatics also reduced sepsis-induced expression of disease-associated genes in aged mice. Pre-existing lymphatic dysfunction by ligating bilateral dCLNs aggravated sepsis-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION The meningeal lymphatic drainage is damaged in sepsis, and pre-existing defects in this drainage system exacerbate SAE-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. Promoting meningeal lymphatic drainage improves SAE. Manipulation of meningeal lymphangiogenesis could be a new strategy for the treatment of SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongquan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xiaonan Dai
- Department of Obstetrics, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Yin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Chonglong Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Piplu Bhuiyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhaochu Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Nana Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wenjie Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Chae J, Choi M, Choi J, Yoo SJ. The nasal lymphatic route of CSF outflow: implications for neurodegenerative disease diagnosis and monitoring. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2024; 28:45-54. [PMID: 38292931 PMCID: PMC10826790 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2024.2307559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays a crucial role in the brain's lymphatics as it traverses the central nervous system (CNS). Its primary function is to facilitate the outward transport of waste. Among the various CSF outflow pathways, the route through the cribriform plate along the olfactory nerves stands out as the most predominant. This review describes the outflow pathway of CSF into the nasal lymphatics. Additionally, we examine existing studies to describe mutual influences observed between the brain and extracranial regions due to this outflow pathway. Notably, pathological conditions in the CNS often influence CSF outflow, leading to observable changes in extracranial regions. The established connection between the brain and the nose is significant, and our review underscores its potential relevance in monitoring CNS ailments, including neurodegenerative diseases. Considering that aging - the most significant risk factor for the onset of neurodegeneration - is also a principal factor in CSF turnover alterations, we suggest a novel approach to studying neurodegenerative diseases in therapeutic terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Chae
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Choi
- Keybasic Co., ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Seung-Jun Yoo
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ratan Y, Rajput A, Pareek A, Pareek A, Jain V, Sonia S, Farooqui Z, Kaur R, Singh G. Advancements in Genetic and Biochemical Insights: Unraveling the Etiopathogenesis of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2024; 14:73. [PMID: 38254673 PMCID: PMC10813470 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide, which is primarily characterized by motor impairments. Even though multiple hypotheses have been proposed over the decades that explain the pathogenesis of PD, presently, there are no cures or promising preventive therapies for PD. This could be attributed to the intricate pathophysiology of PD and the poorly understood molecular mechanism. To address these challenges comprehensively, a thorough disease model is imperative for a nuanced understanding of PD's underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This review offers a detailed analysis of the current state of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PD, with a particular emphasis on the roles played by gene-based factors in the disease's development and progression. This study includes an extensive discussion of the proteins and mutations of primary genes that are linked to PD, including α-synuclein, GBA1, LRRK2, VPS35, PINK1, DJ-1, and Parkin. Further, this review explores plausible mechanisms for DAergic neural loss, non-motor and non-dopaminergic pathologies, and the risk factors associated with PD. The present study will encourage the related research fields to understand better and analyze the current status of the biochemical mechanisms of PD, which might contribute to the design and development of efficacious and safe treatment strategies for PD in future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashumati Ratan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Aishwarya Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Aaushi Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India; (A.R.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Sonia Sonia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India;
| | - Zeba Farooqui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Ranjeet Kaur
- Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Bathinda 151101, Punjab, India;
| | - Gurjit Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
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