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Xu J, Zhou T, McKee K, Zhang B, Liu C, Nazzari AF, Pegu A, Shen CH, Becker JE, Bender MF, Chan P, Changela A, Chaudhary R, Chen X, Einav T, Kwon YD, Lin BC, Louder MK, Merriam JS, Morano NC, O'Dell S, Olia AS, Rawi R, Roark RS, Stephens T, Teng IT, Tourtellott-Fogt E, Wang S, Yang ES, Shapiro L, Tsybovsky Y, Doria-Rose NA, Casellas R, Kwong PD. Ultrapotent Broadly Neutralizing Human-llama Bispecific Antibodies against HIV-1. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2309268. [PMID: 38704686 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies are proposed as therapeutic and prophylactic agents against HIV-1, but their potency and breadth are less than optimal. This study describes the immunization of a llama with the prefusion-stabilized HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimer, BG505 DS-SOSIP, and the identification and improvement of potent neutralizing nanobodies recognizing the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) of vulnerability. Two of the vaccine-elicited CD4bs-targeting nanobodies, G36 and R27, when engineered into a triple tandem format with llama IgG2a-hinge region and human IgG1-constant region (G36×3-IgG2a and R27×3-IgG2a), neutralized 96% of a multiclade 208-strain panel at geometric mean IC80s of 0.314 and 0.033 µg mL-1, respectively. Cryo-EM structures of these nanobodies in complex with Env trimer revealed the two nanobodies to neutralize HIV-1 by mimicking the recognition of the CD4 receptor. To enhance their neutralizing potency and breadth, nanobodies are linked to the light chain of the V2-apex-targeting broadly neutralizing antibody, CAP256V2LS. The resultant human-llama bispecific antibody CAP256L-R27×3LS exhibited ultrapotent neutralization and breadth exceeding other published HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies, with pharmacokinetics determined in FcRn-Fc mice similar to the parent CAP256V2LS. Vaccine-elicited llama nanobodies, when combined with V2-apex broadly neutralizing antibodies, may therefore be able to fulfill anti-HIV-1 therapeutic and prophylactic clinical goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianliang Xu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Nuclear Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra F Nazzari
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chen-Hsiang Shen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jordan E Becker
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Michael F Bender
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Payton Chan
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Anita Changela
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ridhi Chaudhary
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tal Einav
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Young Do Kwon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bob C Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mark K Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jonah S Merriam
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas C Morano
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Adam S Olia
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Reda Rawi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ryan S Roark
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Tyler Stephens
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Emily Tourtellott-Fogt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shuishu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rafael Casellas
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Nuclear Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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2
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Joshi VR, Claiborne DT, Pack ML, Power KA, Newman RM, Batorsky R, Bean DJ, Goroff MS, Lingwood D, Seaman MS, Rosenberg E, Allen TM. A VRC13-like bNAb response is associated with complex escape pathways in HIV-1 envelope. J Virol 2024; 98:e0172023. [PMID: 38412036 PMCID: PMC10949433 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01720-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The rational design of HIV-1 immunogens to trigger the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) requires understanding the viral evolutionary pathways influencing this process. An acute HIV-1-infected individual exhibiting >50% plasma neutralization breadth developed neutralizing antibody specificities against the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) and V1V2 regions of Env gp120. Comparison of pseudoviruses derived from early and late autologous env sequences demonstrated the development of >2 log resistance to VRC13 but not to other CD4bs-specific bNAbs. Mapping studies indicated that the V3 and CD4-binding loops of Env gp120 contributed significantly to developing resistance to the autologous neutralizing response and that the CD4-binding loop (CD4BL) specifically was responsible for the developing resistance to VRC13. Tracking viral evolution during the development of this cross-neutralizing CD4bs response identified amino acid substitutions arising at only 4 of 11 known VRC13 contact sites (K282, T283, K421, and V471). However, each of these mutations was external to the V3 and CD4BL regions conferring resistance to VRC13 and was transient in nature. Rather, complete resistance to VRC13 was achieved through the cooperative expression of a cluster of single amino acid changes within and immediately adjacent to the CD4BL, including a T359I substitution, exchange of a potential N-linked glycosylation (PNLG) site to residue S362 from N363, and a P369L substitution. Collectively, our data characterize complex HIV-1 env evolution in an individual developing resistance to a VRC13-like neutralizing antibody response and identify novel VRC13-associated escape mutations that may be important to inducing VRC13-like bNAbs for lineage-based immunogens.IMPORTANCEThe pursuit of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) through vaccination and their use as therapeutics remains a significant focus in the effort to eradicate HIV-1. Key to our understanding of this approach is a more extensive understanding of bNAb contact sites and susceptible escape mutations in HIV-1 envelope (env). We identified a broad neutralizer exhibiting VRC13-like responses, a non-germline restricted class of CD4-binding site antibody distinct from the well-studied VRC01-class. Through longitudinal envelope sequencing and Env-pseudotyped neutralization assays, we characterized a complex escape pathway requiring the cooperative evolution of four amino acid changes to confer complete resistance to VRC13. This suggests that VRC13-class bNAbs may be refractory to rapid escape and attractive for therapeutic applications. Furthermore, the identification of longitudinal viral changes concomitant with the development of neutralization breadth may help identify the viral intermediates needed for the maturation of VRC13-like responses and the design of lineage-based immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita R. Joshi
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel T. Claiborne
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa L. Pack
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen A. Power
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruchi M. Newman
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Batorsky
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J. Bean
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew S. Goroff
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Todd M. Allen
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Schriek AI, Aldon YLT, van Gils MJ, de Taeye SW. Next-generation bNAbs for HIV-1 cure strategies. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105788. [PMID: 38158130 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the ability to suppress viral replication using anti-retroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 remains a global public health problem. Curative strategies for HIV-1 have to target and eradicate latently infected cells across the body, i.e. the viral reservoir. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) have the capacity to neutralize virions and bind to infected cells to initiate elimination of these cells. To improve the efficacy of bNAbs in terms of viral suppression and viral reservoir eradication, next generation antibodies (Abs) are being developed that address the current limitations of Ab treatment efficacy; (1) low antigen (Env) density on (reactivated) HIV-1 infected cells, (2) high viral genetic diversity, (3) exhaustion of immune cells and (4) short half-life of Abs. In this review we summarize and discuss preclinical and clinical studies in which anti-HIV-1 Abs demonstrated potent viral control, and describe the development of engineered Abs that could address the limitations described above. Next generation Abs with optimized effector function, avidity, effector cell recruitment and immune cell activation have the potential to contribute to an HIV-1 cure or durable control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Schriek
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Y L T Aldon
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J van Gils
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S W de Taeye
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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4
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Kreer C, Lupo C, Ercanoglu MS, Gieselmann L, Spisak N, Grossbach J, Schlotz M, Schommers P, Gruell H, Dold L, Beyer A, Nourmohammad A, Mora T, Walczak AM, Klein F. Probabilities of developing HIV-1 bNAb sequence features in uninfected and chronically infected individuals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7137. [PMID: 37932288 PMCID: PMC10628170 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are able to suppress viremia and prevent infection. Their induction by vaccination is therefore a major goal. However, in contrast to antibodies that neutralize other pathogens, HIV-1-specific bNAbs frequently carry uncommon molecular characteristics that might prevent their induction. Here, we perform unbiased sequence analyses of B cell receptor repertoires from 57 uninfected and 46 chronically HIV-1- or HCV-infected individuals and learn probabilistic models to predict the likelihood of bNAb development. We formally show that lower probabilities for bNAbs are predictive of higher HIV-1 neutralization activity. Moreover, ranking bNAbs by their probabilities allows to identify highly potent antibodies with superior generation probabilities as preferential targets for vaccination approaches. Importantly, we find equal bNAb probabilities across infected and uninfected individuals. This implies that chronic infection is not a prerequisite for the generation of bNAbs, fostering the hope that HIV-1 vaccines can induce bNAb development in uninfected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cosimo Lupo
- Laboratoire de physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université Paris Cité, 75005, Paris, France
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Roma I, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Meryem S Ercanoglu
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natanael Spisak
- Laboratoire de physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université Paris Cité, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jan Grossbach
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases & Institute for Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maike Schlotz
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Schommers
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Leona Dold
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Beyer
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases & Institute for Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Armita Nourmohammad
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, 3910 15th Ave Northeast, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, 4182 W Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, 85 E Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1241 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université Paris Cité, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aleksandra M Walczak
- Laboratoire de physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université Paris Cité, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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5
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Goldberg BS, Spencer DA, Pandey S, Ordonez T, Barnette P, Yu Y, Gao L, Dufloo J, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Ackerman ME, Hessell AJ. Complement contributes to antibody-mediated protection against repeated SHIV challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221247120. [PMID: 37155897 PMCID: PMC10193994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221247120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The first clinical efficacy trials of a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) resulted in less benefit than expected and suggested that improvements are needed to prevent HIV infection. While considerable effort has focused on optimizing neutralization breadth and potency, it remains unclear whether augmenting the effector functions elicited by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) may also improve their clinical potential. Among these effector functions, complement-mediated activities, which can culminate in the lysis of virions or infected cells, have been the least well studied. Here, functionally modified variants of the second-generation bNAb 10-1074 with ablated and enhanced complement activation profiles were used to examine the role of complement-associated effector functions. When administered prophylactically against simian-HIV challenge in rhesus macaques, more bNAb was required to prevent plasma viremia when complement activity was eliminated. Conversely, less bNAb was required to protect animals from plasma viremia when complement activity was enhanced. These results suggest that complement-mediated effector functions contribute to in vivo antiviral activity, and that their engineering may contribute to the further improvements in the efficacy of antibody-mediated prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Spencer
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Tracy Ordonez
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Philip Barnette
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Yun Yu
- Biostatistics Shared Resources, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR97239
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Lina Gao
- Biostatistics Shared Resources, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR97239
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015Paris, France
- Université de Paris, École doctorale BioSPC 562, 75013Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, 94000Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, 94000Créteil, France
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
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6
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Akbari E, Seyedinkhorasani M, Bolhassani A. Conserved multiepitope vaccine constructs: A potent HIV-1 therapeutic vaccine in clinical trials. Braz J Infect Dis 2023; 27:102774. [PMID: 37156468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2023.102774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in preventing HIV-1-associated clinical progression to AIDS, it is unable to eliminate the viral reservoirs and eradicate the HIV-1 infection. Therapeutic vaccination is an alternative approach to alter the HIV-1 infection course. It can induce effective HIV-1-specific immunity to control viremia and eliminate the need for lifelong ART. Immunological data from spontaneous HIV-1 controllers have shown that cross-reactive T-cell responses are the key immune mechanism in HIV-1 control. Directing these responses toward preferred HIV-1 epitopes is a promising strategy in therapeutic vaccine settings. Designing novel immunogens based on the HIV-1 conserved regions containing a wide range of critical T- and B-cell epitopes of the main viral antigens (conserved multiepitope approaches) supplies broad coverage of global diversity in HIV-1 strains and Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles. It can also prevent immune induction to undesirable decoy epitopes theoretically. The efficacy of different novel HIV-1 immunogens based on the conserved and/or functional protective site of HIV-1 proteome has been evaluated in multiple clinical trials. Most of these immunogens were generally safe and able to induce potent HIV-1-specific immunity. However, despite these findings, several candidates have demonstrated limited efficacy in viral replication control. In this study, we used the PubMed and ClinicalTrial.gov databases to review the rationale of designing curative HIV-1 vaccine immunogens based on the conserved favorable site of the virus. Most of these studies evaluate the efficacy of vaccine candidates in combination with other therapeutics and/or with new formulations and immunization protocols. This review briefly describes the design of conserved multiepitope constructs and outlines the results of these vaccine candidates in the recent clinical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Akbari
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Azam Bolhassani
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Cottignies-Calamarte A, Tudor D, Bomsel M. Antibody Fc-chimerism and effector functions: When IgG takes advantage of IgA. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1037033. [PMID: 36817447 PMCID: PMC9933243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1037033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of therapeutic antibodies (Abs) have greatly improved the treatment of otherwise drug-resistant cancers and autoimmune diseases. Antibody activities are mediated by both their Fab and the Fc. However, therapeutic Abs base their protective mechanisms on Fc-mediated effector functions resulting in the activation of innate immune cells by FcRs. Therefore, Fc-bioengineering has been widely used to maximise the efficacy and convenience of therapeutic antibodies. Today, IgG remains the only commercially available therapeutic Abs, at the expense of other isotypes. Indeed, production, sampling, analysis and related in vivo studies are easier to perform with IgG than with IgA due to well-developed tools. However, interest in IgA is growing, despite a shorter serum half-life and a more difficult sampling and purification methods than IgG. Indeed, the paradigm that the effector functions of IgG surpass those of IgA has been experimentally challenged. Firstly, IgA has been shown to bind to its Fc receptor (FcR) on effector cells of innate immunity with greater efficiency than IgG, resulting in more robust IgA-mediated effector functions in vitro and better survival of treated animals. In addition, the two isotypes have been shown to act synergistically. From these results, new therapeutic formats of Abs are currently emerging, in particular chimeric Abs containing two tandemly expressed Fc, one from IgG (Fcγ) and one from IgA (Fcα). By binding both FcγR and FcαR on effector cells, these new chimeras showed improved effector functions in vitro that were translated in vivo. Furthermore, these chimeras retain an IgG-like half-life in the blood, which could improve Ab-based therapies, including in AIDS. This review provides the rationale, based on the biology of IgA and IgG, for the development of Fcγ and Fcα chimeras as therapeutic Abs, offering promising opportunities for HIV-1 infected patients. We will first describe the main features of the IgA- and IgG-specific Fc-mediated signalling pathways and their respective functional differences. We will then summarise the very promising results on Fcγ and Fcα containing chimeras in cancer treatment. Finally, we will discuss the impact of Fcα-Fcγ chimerism in prevention/treatment strategies against infectious diseases such as HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Cottignies-Calamarte
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Daniela Tudor
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
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8
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Scheepers C, Richardson SI, Moyo-Gwete T, Moore PL. Antibody class-switching as a strategy to improve HIV-1 neutralization. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:979-988. [PMID: 36117072 PMCID: PMC9617786 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), when administered through passive immunization, are protective against HIV-1 infection. Current HIV-1 vaccine strategies are aimed at guiding the immune system to make bNAbs by mimicking their development during infection. Somatic hypermutation of the variable region is known to be crucial for the development of bNAbs. More recently, however, studies have shown how class-switch recombination (CSR) resulting in the generation of different antibody isotypes may serve as an additional mechanism through which antibodies can gain neutralization breadth and potency. In this review, we discuss the importance of different antibody isotypes for HIV-1 neutralization breadth and potency and how this information can be leveraged to improve passive and active immunization against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Scheepers
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa; SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Simone I Richardson
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa; SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa; SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa; SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Discipline of Virology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
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9
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LaMont C, Otwinowski J, Vanshylla K, Gruell H, Klein F, Nourmohammad A. Design of an optimal combination therapy with broadly neutralizing antibodies to suppress HIV-1. eLife 2022; 11:76004. [PMID: 35852143 PMCID: PMC9467514 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infusion of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) has shown promise as an alternative to anti-retroviral therapy against HIV. A key challenge is to suppress viral escape, which is more effectively achieved with a combination of bNAbs. Here, we propose a computational approach to predict the efficacy of a bNAb therapy based on the population genetics of HIV escape, which we parametrize using high-throughput HIV sequence data from bNAb-naive patients. By quantifying the mutational target size and the fitness cost of HIV-1 escape from bNAbs, we predict the distribution of rebound times in three clinical trials. We show that a cocktail of three bNAbs is necessary to effectively suppress viral escape, and predict the optimal composition of such bNAb cocktail. Our results offer a rational therapy design for HIV, and show how genetic data can be used to predict treatment outcomes and design new approaches to pathogenic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin LaMont
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization
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10
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Walker LM, Shiakolas AR, Venkat R, Liu ZA, Wall S, Raju N, Pilewski KA, Setliff I, Murji AA, Gillespie R, Makoah NA, Kanekiyo M, Connors M, Morris L, Georgiev IS. High-Throughput B Cell Epitope Determination by Next-Generation Sequencing. Front Immunol 2022; 13:855772. [PMID: 35401559 PMCID: PMC8984479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of novel technologies for the discovery of human monoclonal antibodies has proven invaluable in the fight against infectious diseases. Among the diverse antibody repertoires elicited by infection or vaccination, often only rare antibodies targeting specific epitopes of interest are of potential therapeutic value. Current antibody discovery efforts are capable of identifying B cells specific for a given antigen; however, epitope specificity information is usually only obtained after subsequent monoclonal antibody production and characterization. Here we describe LIBRA-seq with epitope mapping, a next-generation sequencing technology that enables residue-level epitope determination for thousands of single B cells simultaneously. By utilizing an antigen panel of point mutants within the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein, we identified and confirmed antibodies targeting multiple sites of vulnerability on Env, including the CD4-binding site and the V3-glycan site. LIBRA-seq with epitope mapping is an efficient tool for high-throughput identification of antibodies against epitopes of interest on a given antigen target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Walker
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Andrea R. Shiakolas
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Rohit Venkat
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Zhaojing Ariel Liu
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Steven Wall
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Nagarajan Raju
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kelsey A. Pilewski
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ian Setliff
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Amyn A. Murji
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Rebecca Gillespie
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nigel A. Makoah
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mark Connors
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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11
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Spencer DA, Goldberg BS, Pandey S, Ordonez T, Dufloo J, Barnette P, Sutton WF, Henderson H, Agnor R, Gao L, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Haigwood NL, Ackerman ME, Hessell AJ. Phagocytosis by an HIV antibody is associated with reduced viremia irrespective of enhanced complement lysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:662. [PMID: 35115533 PMCID: PMC8814042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, antibodies are being used to treat and prevent viral infections. In the context of HIV, efficacy is primarily attributed to dose-dependent neutralization potency and to a lesser extent Fc-mediated effector functions. It remains unclear whether augmenting effector functions of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) may improve their clinical potential. Here, we use bNAb 10E8v4 targeting the membrane external proximal region (MPER) to examine the role of antibody-mediated effector and complement (C’) activity when administered prophylactically against SHIV challenge in rhesus macaques. With sub-protective dosing, we find a 78–88% reduction in post-acute viremia that is associated with 10E8v4-mediated phagocytosis acting at the time of challenge. Neither plasma nor tissue viremic outcomes in vivo is improved with an Fc-modified variant of 10E8v4 enhanced for C’ functions as determined in vitro. These results suggest that effector functions inherent to unmodified 10E8v4 contribute to efficacy against SHIVSF162P3 in the absence of plasma neutralizing titers, while C’ functions are dispensable in this setting, informing design of bNAb modifications for improving protective efficacy. While antibodies neutralize HIV via Fab recognition of viral surface antigens, antibody Fc domains mediate effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and cytotoxicity (ADCC), and complement (C') activity. Here, Spencer et al. modify bNAb 10E8v4 to enhance C'-mediated potency in SHIV challenged rhesus macaques to probe its function in protection, showing that in the absence of neutralization, enhancing C' activities in vitro adds no value toward reducing viremia in either blood or tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Spencer
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Absci Corp, 1810 SE Mill Plain Blvd., Vancouver, WA, 98683, USA
| | | | - Shilpi Pandey
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Tracy Ordonez
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia-CSIC, Calle Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch 9, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Philip Barnette
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - William F Sutton
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Heidi Henderson
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Rebecca Agnor
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lina Gao
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Ann J Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
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12
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Makuku R, Seyedmirzaei H, Tantuoyir MM, Rodríguez-Román E, Albahash A, Mohamed K, Moyo E, Ahmed AO, Razi S, Rezaei N. Exploring the application of immunotherapy against HIV infection in the setting of malignancy: A detailed review article. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 105:108580. [PMID: 35121225 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), as of 2019, approximately 42.2 million people have died from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related illnesses since the start of the epidemic. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly reduced mortality, morbidity, and incidence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS-defining cancers, taming once-dreaded disease into a benign chronic infection. Although the treatment has prolonged the patients' survival, general HIV prevalence has increased and this increase has dovetailed with an increasing incidence of Non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) among people living with HIV (PLWH). This is happening when new promising approaches in both oncology and HIV infection are being developed. This review focuses on recent progress witnessed in immunotherapy approaches against HIV-related, Non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs), and HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangarirai Makuku
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Homa Seyedmirzaei
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Marcarious M Tantuoyir
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Accra, Ghana; Biomedical Engineering Unit, University of Ghana Medical Center (UGMC), Accra, Ghana
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez-Román
- Center for Microbiology and Cell Biology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Assil Albahash
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kawthar Mohamed
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Manama, Bahrain
| | - Ernest Moyo
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Sepideh Razi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Devanathan AS, Kashuba AD. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence in the Spleen: Opportunities for Pharmacologic Intervention. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:725-735. [PMID: 33499746 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of HIV in the spleen, despite combination antiretroviral therapy, is not well understood. Sustained immune dysregulation and delayed immune recovery, in addition to immune cell exhaustion, may contribute to persistence of infection in the spleen. Eliminating HIV from this secondary lymphoid organ will require a thorough understanding of antiretroviral (ARV) pharmacology in the spleen, which has been minimally investigated. Low ARV exposure within the spleen may hinder the achievement of a functional or sterilizing cure if cells are not protected from HIV infection. In this study, we provide an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the spleen, review the evidence of the spleen as a site for persistence of HIV, discuss the consequences of persistence of HIV in the spleen, address challenges to eradicating HIV in the spleen, and examine opportunities for future curative efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela D.M. Kashuba
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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14
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Mahomed S, Garrett N, Baxter C, Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS. Clinical Trials of Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention: A Review. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:370-380. [PMID: 32604408 PMCID: PMC8508778 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization with broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a promising approach to reduce the 1.7 million annual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections globally. Early studies on bnAbs showed safety in humans, but short elimination half-lives and low potency and breadth. Since 2010, several new highly potent bnAbs have been assessed in clinical trials alone or in combination for HIV prevention. Published data indicate that these bnAbs are safe and have a half-life ranging from 15 to 71 days. Only intravenous VRC01 has advanced to an efficacy trial, with results expected in late 2020. If bnAbs are shown to be effective in preventing HIV infection, they could fast-track vaccine development as correlates of protection, and contribute as passive immunization to achieving the goal of epidemic control. The purpose of the current review is to describe the current status and provide a synopsis of the available data on bnAbs in clinical trials for HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharana Mahomed
- CAPRISA, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- CAPRISA, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Baxter
- CAPRISA, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Quarraisha Abdool Karim
- CAPRISA, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columba University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- CAPRISA, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columba University, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Parker Miller E, Finkelstein MT, Erdman MC, Seth PC, Fera D. A Structural Update of Neutralizing Epitopes on the HIV Envelope, a Moving Target. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091774. [PMID: 34578355 PMCID: PMC8472920 DOI: 10.3390/v13091774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that can neutralize diverse HIV-1 strains develop in ~10–20% of HIV-1 infected individuals, and their elicitation is a goal of vaccine design. Such antibodies can also serve as therapeutics for those who have already been infected with the virus. Structural characterizations of broadly reactive antibodies in complex with the HIV-1 spike indicate that there are a limited number of sites of vulnerability on the spike. Analysis of their structures can help reveal commonalities that would be useful in vaccine design and provide insights on combinations of antibodies that can be used to minimize the incidence of viral resistance mutations. In this review, we give an update on recent structures determined of the spike in complex with broadly neutralizing antibodies in the context of all epitopes on the HIV-1 spike identified to date.
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16
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Kammers K, Chen A, Monaco DR, Hudelson SE, Grant-McAuley W, Moore RD, Alter G, Deeks SG, Morrison CS, Eller LA, Blankson JN, Laeyendecker O, Ruczinski I, Eshleman SH, Larman HB. HIV Antibody Profiles in HIV Controllers and Persons With Treatment-Induced Viral Suppression. Front Immunol 2021; 12:740395. [PMID: 34512672 PMCID: PMC8428532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.740395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Low HIV viral load is associated with delayed disease progression and reduced HIV transmission. HIV controllers suppress viral load to low levels in the absence of antiretroviral treatment (ART). We used an antibody profiling system, VirScan, to compare antibody reactivity and specificity in HIV controllers, non-controllers with treatment-induced viral suppression, and viremic non-controllers. Methods The VirScan library contains 3,384 phage-displayed peptides spanning the HIV proteome. Antibody reactivity to these peptides was measured in plasma from a Discovery Cohort that included 13 elite controllers, 27 viremic controllers, 12 viremic non-controllers, and 21 non-controllers who were virally suppressed on ART. Antibody reactivity to selected peptides was also assessed in an independent cohort of 29 elite controllers and 37 non-controllers who were virally suppressed on ART (Validation Cohort) and in a longitudinal cohort of non-controllers. Results In the Discovery Cohort, 62 peptides were preferentially targeted in HIV controllers compared to non-controllers who were virally suppressed on ART. These specificities were not significantly different when comparing controllers versus viremic non-controllers. Aggregate reactivity to these peptides was also high in elite controllers from the independent Validation Cohort. The 62 peptides formed seven clusters of homologous epitopes in env, gag, integrase, and vpu. Reactivity to one of these clusters located in gag p17 was inversely correlated with viral load set point in an independent cohort of non-controllers. Conclusions Antibody reactivity was low in non-controllers suppressed on ART, but remained high in viremic controllers despite viral suppression. Antibodies in controllers and viremic non-controllers were directed against epitopes in diverse HIV proteins; higher reactivity against p17 peptides was associated with lower viral load set point. Further studies are needed to determine if these antibodies play a role in regulation of HIV viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kammers
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Athena Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daniel R. Monaco
- Department of Pathology and the Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sarah E. Hudelson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wendy Grant-McAuley
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard D. Moore
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Galit Alter
- Department of Medicine, Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Charles S. Morrison
- Behavioral, Epidemiologic and Clinical Sciences, Family Health International (FHI) 360, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Leigh A. Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joel N. Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Susan H. Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,*Correspondence: H. Benjamin Larman, ; Susan H. Eshleman,
| | - H. Benjamin Larman
- Department of Pathology and the Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,*Correspondence: H. Benjamin Larman, ; Susan H. Eshleman,
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17
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Ensoli B, Moretti S, Borsetti A, Maggiorella MT, Buttò S, Picconi O, Tripiciano A, Sgadari C, Monini P, Cafaro A. New insights into pathogenesis point to HIV-1 Tat as a key vaccine target. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2955-2974. [PMID: 34390393 PMCID: PMC8363864 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite over 30 years of enormous effort and progress in the field, no preventative and/or therapeutic vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are available. Here, we briefly summarize the vaccine strategies and vaccine candidates that in recent years advanced to efficacy trials with mostly unsatisfactory results. Next, we discuss a novel and somewhat contrarian approach based on biological and epidemiological evidence, which led us to choose the HIV protein Tat for the development of preventive and therapeutic HIV vaccines. Toward this goal, we review here the role of Tat in the virus life cycle as well as experimental and epidemiological evidence supporting its key role in the natural history of HIV infection and comorbidities. We then discuss the preclinical and clinical development of a Tat therapeutic vaccine, which, by improving the functionality and homeostasis of the immune system and by reducing the viral reservoir in virologically suppressed vaccinees, helps to establish key determinants for intensification of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and a functional cure. Future developments and potential applications of the Tat therapeutic vaccine are also discussed, as well as the rationale for its use in preventative strategies. We hope this contribution will lead to a reconsideration of the current paradigms for the development of HIV/AIDS vaccines, with a focus on targeting of viral proteins with key roles in HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sonia Moretti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Maggiorella
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Buttò
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Orietta Picconi
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tripiciano
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Sgadari
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Monini
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelio Cafaro
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) with exceptional breadth and potency, and targeting different HIV-1 envelope epitopes have entered clinical trials. bNAbs are being evaluated for their potential as long-acting alternatives to antiretrovirals in HIV-1 prevention and therapy, and for potential role in strategies aiming at long-term viral remission. Here, we discuss recent findings from bNAb clinical studies. RECENT FINDINGS bNAbs targeting distinct HIV-1 envelope epitopes have shown, in general, favorable safety profiles, and engineered bNAb variants have demonstrated improved pharmacokinetics. Single bNAb infusions transiently decreased viremia with subsequent selection of escape variants, while a combination of two bNAbs successfully maintained viral suppression in individuals harboring antibody-sensitive viruses after antiretroviral therapy (ART) was discontinued. Studies in animal models suggest that bNAbs can modulate immune responses and potentially interfere with the establishment or composition of the latent reservoir, and ongoing clinical studies aim to assess potential bNAb-mediated effects on HIV-1 persistence and host immune responses. SUMMARY Early clinical studies support additional evaluation of bNAbs. Antibodies may offer advantages over standard ART for HIV-1 prevention and therapy, and as components of immunologic strategies to achieve sustained virologic control. The evaluation of engineered bNAbs with multispecificity, extended half-lives and increased potency, as well as alternative bNAb-delivery systems are being pursued.
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19
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Liu Q, Zhang P, Miao H, Lin Y, Kwon YD, Kwong PD, Rikhtegaran-Tehrani Z, Seaman MS, DeVico AL, Sajadi MM, Lusso P. Rational Engraftment of Quaternary-Interactive Acidic Loops for Anti-HIV-1 Antibody Improvement. J Virol 2021; 95:e00159-21. [PMID: 33827946 PMCID: PMC8315909 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00159-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are the focus of increasing interest for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) prevention and treatment. Although several bNAbs are already under clinical evaluation, the development of antibodies with even greater potency and breadth remains a priority. Recently, we reported a novel strategy for improving bNAbs against the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) of gp120 by engraftment of the elongated framework region 3 (FR3) from VRC03, which confers the ability to establish quaternary interactions with a second gp120 protomer. Here, we applied this strategy to a new series of anti-CD4bs bNAbs (N49 lineage) that already possess high potency and breadth. The resultant chimeric antibodies bound the HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimer with a higher affinity than their parental forms. Likewise, their neutralizing capacity against a global panel of HIV-1 Envs was also increased. The introduction of additional modifications further enhanced the neutralization potency. We also tried engrafting the elongated CDR1 of the heavy chain from bNAb 1-18, another highly potent quaternary-binding antibody, onto several VRC01-class bNAbs, but none of them was improved. These findings point to the highly selective requirements for the establishment of quaternary contact with the HIV-1 Env trimer. The improved anti-CD4bs antibodies reported here may provide a helpful complement to current antibody-based protocols for the therapy and prevention of HIV-1 infection.IMPORTANCE Monoclonal antibodies represent one of the most important recent innovations in the fight against infectious diseases. Although potent antibodies can be cloned from infected individuals, various strategies can be employed to improve their activity or pharmacological features. Here, we improved a lineage of very potent antibodies that target the receptor-binding site of HIV-1 by engineering chimeric molecules containing a fragment from a different monoclonal antibody. These engineered antibodies are promising candidates for development of therapeutic or preventive approaches against HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Liu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Huiyi Miao
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yin Lin
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Young Do Kwon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zahra Rikhtegaran-Tehrani
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony L DeVico
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohammad M Sajadi
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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20
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Pollara J, Tay MZ, Edwards RW, Goodman D, Crowley AR, Edwards RJ, Easterhoff D, Conley HE, Hoxie T, Gurley T, Jones C, Machiele E, Tuyishime M, Donahue E, Jha S, Spreng RL, Hope TJ, Wiehe K, He MM, Moody MA, Saunders KO, Ackerman ME, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD. Functional Homology for Antibody-Dependent Phagocytosis Across Humans and Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:678511. [PMID: 34093580 PMCID: PMC8174565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of human clinical HIV-1 vaccine trials and preclinical vaccine studies performed in rhesus macaque (RM) models have identified associations between non-neutralizing Fc Receptor (FcR)-dependent antibody effector functions and reduced risk of infection. Specifically, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) has emerged as a common correlate of reduced infection risk in multiple RM studies and the human HVTN505 trial. This recurrent finding suggests that antibody responses with the capability to mediate ADP are most likely a desirable component of vaccine responses aimed at protecting against HIV-1 acquisition. As use of RM models is essential for development of the next generation of candidate HIV-1 vaccines, there is a need to determine how effectively ADP activity observed in RMs translates to activity in humans. In this study we compared ADP activity of human and RM monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) to bridge this gap in knowledge. We observed considerable variability in the magnitude of monocyte and PMN ADP activity across individual humans and RM that was not dependent on FcR alleles, and only modestly impacted by cell-surface levels of FcRs. Importantly, we found that for both human and RM phagocytes, ADP activity of antibodies targeting the CD4 binding site was greatest when mediated by human IgG3, followed by RM and human IgG1. These results demonstrate that there is functional homology between antibody and FcRs from these two species for ADP. We also used novel RM IgG1 monoclonal antibodies engineered with elongated hinge regions to show that hinge elongation augments RM ADP activity. The RM IgGs with engineered hinge regions can achieve ADP activity comparable to that observed with human IgG3. These novel modified antibodies will have utility in passive immunization studies aimed at defining the role of IgG3 and ADP in protection from virus challenge or control of disease in RM models. Our results contribute to a better translation of human and macaque antibody and FcR biology, and may help to improve testing accuracy and evaluations of future active and passive prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Matthew Zirui Tay
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - R Whitney Edwards
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Andrew R Crowley
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Robert J Edwards
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David Easterhoff
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Haleigh E Conley
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Taylor Hoxie
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Thaddeus Gurley
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Caroline Jones
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Emily Machiele
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Marina Tuyishime
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth Donahue
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Shalini Jha
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rachel L Spreng
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Max M He
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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21
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Van de Perre P, Goga A, Ngandu N, Nagot N, Moodley D, King R, Molès JP, Mosqueira B, Chirinda W, Scarlatti G, Tylleskär T, Dabis F, Gray G. Eliminating postnatal HIV transmission in high incidence areas: need for complementary biomedical interventions. Lancet 2021; 397:1316-1324. [PMID: 33812490 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The rate of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV from breastfeeding is increasing relative to other causes of MTCT. Early effective preconception and antenatal antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces intrauterine and intrapartum MTCT, whereas maternal post-partum HIV acquisition, untreated maternal HIV, and suboptimal postnatal maternal ART adherence increase the risk of MTCT through breastfeeding. Although the absolute number of cases of MTCT acquired through breastfeeding is decreasing, the rate of decrease is less than the decrease in intrauterine and intrapartum MTCT. Unless current strategies are universally applied, they might not be sufficient to eliminate MTCT due to breastfeeding. Urgent action is needed to evaluate and implement additional preventive biomedical strategies in high HIV prevalence and incidence settings to eliminate MTCT from breastfeeding. Preventive strategies include: pre-exposure prophylaxis in breastfeeding women who have an increased risk of acquiring HIV; postnatal reinforcement strategies, such as maternal retesting for HIV, maternal care reinforcement, and prophylaxis in infants exposed to HIV via breastmilk; and active (vaccine) or passive immunoprophylaxis with long-acting broadly neutralising antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Ameena Goga
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nobubelo Ngandu
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicolas Nagot
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Dhayendre Moodley
- Centre for AIDS Research in South Africa, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rachel King
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Molès
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Beatriz Mosqueira
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | | | - François Dabis
- Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS), Paris, France; Bordeaux Population Health, INSERM U 1219, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Glenda Gray
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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22
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Kumar A, Giorgi EE, Tu JJ, Martinez DR, Eudailey J, Mengual M, Honnayakanahalli Marichannegowda M, Van Dyke R, Gao F, Permar SR. Mutations that confer resistance to broadly-neutralizing antibodies define HIV-1 variants of transmitting mothers from that of non-transmitting mothers. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009478. [PMID: 33798244 PMCID: PMC8055002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable reduction of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV through use of maternal and infant antiretroviral therapy (ART), over 150,000 infants continue to become infected with HIV annually, falling far short of the World Health Organization goal of reaching <20,000 annual pediatric HIV cases worldwide by 2020. Prior to the widespread use of ART in the setting of pregnancy, over half of infants born to HIV-infected mothers were protected against HIV acquisition. Yet, the role of maternal immune factors in this protection against vertical transmission is still unclear, hampering the development of synergistic strategies to further reduce MTCT. It has been established that infant transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses are often resistant to maternal plasma, yet it is unknown if the neutralization resistance profile of circulating viruses predicts the maternal risk of transmission to her infant. In this study, we amplified HIV-1 envelope genes (env) by single genome amplification and produced representative Env variants from plasma of 19 non-transmitting mothers from the U.S. Women Infant Transmission Study (WITS), enrolled in the pre-ART era. Maternal HIV Env variants from non-transmitting mothers had similar sensitivity to autologous plasma as observed for non-transmitting variants from transmitting mothers. In contrast, infant variants were on average 30% less sensitive to paired plasma neutralization compared to non-transmitted maternal variants from both transmitting and non-transmitting mothers (p = 0.015). Importantly, a signature sequence analysis revealed that motifs enriched in env sequences from transmitting mothers were associated with broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) resistance. Altogether, our findings suggest that circulating maternal virus resistance to bnAb-mediated neutralization, but not autologous plasma neutralization, near the time of delivery, predicts increased MTCT risk. These results caution that enhancement of maternal plasma neutralization through passive or active vaccination during pregnancy may potentially drive the evolution of variants fit for vertical transmission. Despite widespread, effective use of ART among HIV infected pregnant women, new pediatric HIV infections increase by about 150,000 every year. Thus, alternative strategies will be required to reduce MTCT and eliminate pediatric HIV infections. Interestingly, in the absence of ART, less than half of HIV-infected pregnant women will transmit HIV, suggesting natural immune protection of infants from virus acquisition. To understand the impact of maternal plasma autologous virus neutralization responses on MTCT, we compared the plasma and bnAb neutralization sensitivity of the circulating viral population present at the time of delivery in untreated, HIV-infected transmitting and non-transmitting mothers. While there was no significant difference in the ability of transmitting and non-transmitting women to neutralize their own circulating virus strains, specific genetic motifs enriched in variants from transmitting mothers were associated with resistance to bnAbs, suggesting that acquired bnAb resistance is a common feature of vertically-transmitted variants. This work suggests that enhancement of plasma neutralization responses in HIV-infected mothers through passive or active vaccination could further drive selection of variants that could be vertically transmitted, and cautions the use of passive bnAbs for HIV-1 prophylaxis or therapy during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Joshua J. Tu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David R. Martinez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joshua Eudailey
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael Mengual
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Russell Van Dyke
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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CD34T+ Humanized Mouse Model to Study Mucosal HIV-1 Transmission and Prevention. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030198. [PMID: 33673566 PMCID: PMC7997265 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice are critical for HIV-1 research, but humanized mice generated from cord blood are inefficient at mucosal HIV-1 transmission. Most mucosal HIV-1 transmission studies in mice require fetal tissue-engraftment, the use of which is highly restricted or prohibited. We present a fetal tissue-independent model called CD34T+ with enhanced human leukocyte levels in the blood and improved T cell homing to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. CD34T+ mice are highly permissive to intra-rectal HIV-1 infection and also show normal env diversification in vivo despite high viral replication. Moreover, mucosal infection in CD34T+ mice can be prevented by infusion of broadly neutralizing antibodies. CD34T+ mice can be rapidly and easily generated using only cord blood cells and do not require any complicated surgical procedures for the humanization process. Therefore, CD34T+ mice provide a novel platform for mucosal HIV-1 transmission studies as well as rapid in vivo testing of novel prevention molecules against HIV-1.
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24
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Abstract
Even after more than 30 years since its discovery, there is no cure for HIV-1 infection. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is currently the only HIV-1 infection management option in clinics. Despite its success in suppressing viral replication and converting HIV-1 from a lethal infection to a chronic and manageable disease, cART treatment is life long and long-term use can result in major drawbacks such as high cost, multiple side effects, and an increase in the development of multidrug-resistant escape mutants. Recently, antibody-based anti-HIV-1 treatment has emerged as a potential alternative therapeutic modality for HIV-1 treatment and cure strategies. These antibody-based anti-HIV-1 treatments comprising either receptor-targeting antibodies or broad neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are currently being developed and evaluated in clinical trials. These antibodies have demonstrated potent antiviral effects against multiple strains of HIV-1, and shown promise for prevention, maintenance, and prolonged remission of HIV-1 infection. This review gives an update on the current status of these antibody-based treatments for HIV-1, discusses their mechanism of action and the challenges in developing them, providing insight for their development as novel clinical therapies against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Promsote
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Megan E DeMouth
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cassandra G Almasri
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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25
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Kwon YD, Asokan M, Gorman J, Zhang B, Liu Q, Louder MK, Lin BC, McKee K, Pegu A, Verardi R, Yang ES, Program VRCP, Carlton K, Doria-Rose NA, Lusso P, Mascola JR, Kwong PD. A matrix of structure-based designs yields improved VRC01-class antibodies for HIV-1 therapy and prevention. MAbs 2021; 13:1946918. [PMID: 34328065 PMCID: PMC8331036 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1946918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive transfer of broadly neutralizing antibodies is showing promise in the treatment and prevention of HIV-1. One class of antibodies, the VRC01 class, appears especially promising. To improve VRC01-class antibodies, we combined structure-based design with a matrix-based approach to generate VRC01-class variants that filled an interfacial cavity, used diverse third-complementarity-determining regions, reduced potential steric clashes, or exploited extended contacts to a neighboring protomer within the envelope trimer. On a 208-strain panel, variant VRC01.23LS neutralized 90% of the panel at a geometric mean IC80 less than 1 μg/ml, and in transgenic mice with human neonatal-Fc receptor, the serum half-life of VRC01.23LS was indistinguishable from that of the parent VRC01LS, which has a half-life of 71 d in humans. A cryo-electron microscopy structure of VRC01.23 Fab in complex with BG505 DS-SOSIP.664 Env trimer determined at 3.4-Å resolution confirmed the structural basis for its ~10-fold improved potency relative to VRC01. Another variant, VRC07-523-F54-LS.v3, neutralized 95% of the 208-isolated panel at a geometric mean IC80 of less than 1 μg/ml, with a half-life comparable to that of the parental VRC07-523LS. Our matrix-based structural approach thus enables the engineering of VRC01 variants for HIV-1 therapy and prevention with improved potency, breadth, and pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young D. Kwon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mangaiarkarasi Asokan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark K. Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bob C. Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raffaello Verardi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - VRC Production Program
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Carlton
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole A. Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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26
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Abstract
HIV is a virus that remains a major health concern and results in an infection that has no cure even after over 30 years since its discovery. As such, HIV vaccine discovery continues to be an area of intensive research. In this review, we summarize the most recent HIV vaccine efficacy trials, clinical trials initiated within the last 3 years, and discuss prominent improvements that have been made in prophylactic HIV vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Lee
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA.
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27
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Kalusche S, Vanshylla K, Kleipass F, Gruell H, Müller B, Zeng Z, Koch K, Stein S, Marcotte H, Klein F, Dietrich U. Lactobacilli Expressing Broadly Neutralizing Nanobodies against HIV-1 as Potential Vectors for HIV-1 Prophylaxis? Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E758. [PMID: 33322227 PMCID: PMC7768517 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of an active prophylactic vaccine against HIV-1, passively administered, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) identified in some chronically infected persons were shown to prevent HIV-1 infection in animal models. However, passive administration of bnAbs may not be suited to prevent sexual HIV-1 transmission in high-risk cohorts, as a continuous high level of active bnAbs may be difficult to achieve at the primary site of sexual transmission, the human vagina with its acidic pH. Therefore, we used Lactobacillus, a natural commensal in the healthy vaginal microbiome, to express bn nanobodies (VHH) against HIV-1 that we reported previously. After demonstrating that recombinant VHHA6 expressed in E. coli was able to protect humanized mice from mucosal infection by HIV-1Bal, we expressed VHHA6 in a soluble or in a cell-wall-anchored form in Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSM14870. This strain is already clinically applied for treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Both forms of VHHA6 neutralized a set of primary epidemiologically relevant HIV-1 strains in vitro. Furthermore, VHHA6 was still active at an acidic pH. Thus, lactobacilli expressing bn VHH potentially represent an attractive vector for the passive immunization of women in cohorts at high risk of HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kalusche
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.K.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.V.); (F.K.); (H.G.)
| | - Franziska Kleipass
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.V.); (F.K.); (H.G.)
| | - Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.V.); (F.K.); (H.G.)
| | - Barbara Müller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology Centre for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Kathrin Koch
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.K.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefan Stein
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.K.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Harold Marcotte
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.V.); (F.K.); (H.G.)
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.K.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
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28
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Abstract
In the last decade, over a dozen potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to several HIV envelope protein epitopes have been identified, and their in vitro neutralization profiles have been defined. Many have demonstrated prevention efficacy in preclinical trials and favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profiles in early human clinical trials. The first human prevention efficacy trials using 10 sequential, every-two-month administrations of a single anti-HIV bnAb are anticipated to conclude in 2020. Combinations of complementary bnAbs and multi-specific bnAbs exhibit improved breadth and potency over most individual antibodies and are entering advanced clinical development. Genetic engineering of the Fc regions has markedly improved bnAb half-life, increased mucosal tissue concentrations of antibodies (especially in the genital tract), and enhanced immunomodulatory and Fc effector functionality, all of which improve antibodies' preventative and therapeutic potential. Human-derived monoclonal antibodies are likely to enter the realm of primary care prevention and therapy for viral infections in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly T Karuna
- HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; ,
| | - Lawrence Corey
- HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; , .,Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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29
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Ng'uni T, Chasara C, Ndhlovu ZM. Major Scientific Hurdles in HIV Vaccine Development: Historical Perspective and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:590780. [PMID: 33193428 PMCID: PMC7655734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of HIV as a causative agent of AIDS, the expectation was to rapidly develop a vaccine; but thirty years later, we still do not have a licensed vaccine. Progress has been hindered by the extensive genetic variability of HIV and our limited understanding of immune responses required to protect against HIV acquisition. Nonetheless, valuable knowledge accrued from numerous basic and translational science research studies and vaccine trials has provided insight into the structural biology of the virus, immunogen design and novel vaccine delivery systems that will likely constitute an effective vaccine. Furthermore, stakeholders now appreciate the daunting scientific challenges of developing an effective HIV vaccine, hence the increased advocacy for collaborative efforts among academic research scientists, governments, pharmaceutical industry, philanthropy, and regulatory entities. In this review, we highlight the history of HIV vaccine development efforts, highlighting major challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiza Ng'uni
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Caroline Chasara
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zaza M Ndhlovu
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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30
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Pediatric HIV: the Potential of Immune Therapeutics to Achieve Viral Remission and Functional Cure. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2020; 17:237-248. [PMID: 32356090 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-020-00495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), more than 50% of perinatally HIV-infected children die by 2 years of age. Early ART from infancy is therefore a global recommendation and significantly improves immune health, child survival, and disease outcome. However, even early treatment does not prevent or eradicate the latent reservoir necessitating life-long ART. Adherence to life-long ART is challenging for children and longstanding ART during chronic HIV infection led to higher risks of non-AIDS co-morbidities and virologic failure in infected children. Thus, HIV-infected children are an important population for consideration for immune-based interventions to achieve ART-free remission and functional cure. This review summarizes how the uniqueness of the early life immune system can be harnessed for the development of ART-free remission and functional cure, which means complete virus control in absence of ART. In addition, recent advances in therapeutics in the HIV cure field and their potential for the treatment of pediatric HIV infections are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Preclinical studies and clinical trials demonstrated that immune-based interventions target HIV replication, limit size of virus reservoir, maintain virus suppression, and delay time to virus rebound. However, these studies have been performed so far only in carefully selected HIV-infected adults, highlighting the need to evaluate the efficacy of immune-based therapeutics in HIV-infected children and to design interventions tailored to the early life maturing immune system. Immune-based therapeutics alone or in combination with ART should be actively explored as potential strategies to achieve viral remission and functional cure in HIV-infected pediatric populations.
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31
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Predicting Antibody Neutralization Efficacy in Hypermutated Epitopes Using Monte Carlo Simulations. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102392. [PMID: 33080783 PMCID: PMC7602999 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) evades adaptive immunity by means of its extremely high mutation rate, which allows the HIV envelope glycoprotein to continuously escape from the action of antibodies. However, some broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting specific viral regions show the ability to block the infectivity of a large number of viral variants. The discovery of these antibodies opens new avenues in anti-HIV therapy; however, they are still suboptimal tools as their amplitude of action ranges between 50% and 90% of viral variants. In this context, being able to discriminate between sensitive and resistant strains to an antibody would be of great interest for the design of optimal clinical antibody treatments and to engineer potent bNAbs for clinical use. Here, we describe a hierarchical procedure to predict the antibody neutralization efficacy of multiple viral isolates to three well-known anti-CD4bs bNAbs: VRC01, NIH45-46 and 3BNC117. Our method consists of simulating the three-dimensional binding process between the gp120 and the antibody by using Protein Energy Landscape Exploration (PELE), a Monte Carlo stochastic approach. Our results clearly indicate that the binding profiles of sensitive and resistant strains to a bNAb behave differently, showing the latter’s weaker binding profiles, that can be exploited for predicting antibody neutralization efficacy in hypermutated HIV-1 strains.
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32
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Cobb DA, Smith NA, Edagwa BJ, McMillan JM. Long-acting approaches for delivery of antiretroviral drugs for prevention and treatment of HIV: a review of recent research. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1227-1238. [PMID: 32552187 PMCID: PMC7442675 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1783233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite significant advances in treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection, poor adherence to daily combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens remains a major obstacle toward achieving sustained viral suppression and prevention. Adherence to ART could also be compromised by adverse drug reactions and societal factors that limit access to therapy. Therefore, medicines that aim to improve adherence by limiting ART side effects, frequency of dosing and socially acceptable regimens are becoming more attractive. AREAS COVERED This review highlights recent advances and challenges in the development of long-acting drug delivery strategies for HIV prevention and treatment. Approaches for extended oral and transdermal deliveries, microbicides, broadly neutralizing antibodies, and long-acting implantable and injectable deliveries are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Emerging approaches on long-acting antiretroviral therapies and broadly neutralizing antibody technologies are currently at various stages of development. Such efforts, if successful and become broadly accepted by clinicians and users, will provide newer and simpler options for prevention and treatment of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A. Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nathan A. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Benson J. Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, NE, USA
| | - JoEllyn M. McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, NE, USA
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33
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Ahangarzadeh S, Payandeh Z, Arezumand R, Shahzamani K, Yarian F, Alibakhshi A. An update on antiviral antibody-based biopharmaceuticals. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 86:106760. [PMID: 32645633 PMCID: PMC7336121 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the vastness of the science virology, it is no longer an offshoot solely of the microbiology. Viruses have become as the causative agents of major epidemics throughout history. Many therapeutic strategies have been used for these microorganisms, and in this way the recognizing of potential targets of viruses is of particular importance for success. For decades, antibodies and antibody fragments have occupied a significant body of the treatment approaches against infectious diseases. Because of their high affinity, they can be designed and engineered against a variety of purposes, mainly since antibody fragments such as scFv, nanobody, diabody, and bispecific antibody have emerged owing to their small size and interesting properties. In this review, we have discussed the antibody discovery and molecular and biological design of antibody fragments as inspiring therapeutic and diagnostic agents against viral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Ahangarzadeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roghaye Arezumand
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Molecular Science, North Khorasan University of Medical Science, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Kiana Shahzamani
- Isfahan Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center (IGHRC), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yarian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Alibakhshi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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34
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are considered a key component of an effective HIV-1 vaccine, but despite intensive efforts, induction of bnAbs by vaccination has thus far not been possible. Potent bnAb activity is rare in natural infection and a deeper understanding of factors that promote or limit bnAb evolution is critical to guide bnAb vaccine development. This review reflects on recent key discoveries on correlates of bnAb development and discusses what further insights are needed to move forward. RECENT FINDINGS An increasing number of parameters have been implicated to influence bnAb development in natural infection. Most recent findings highlight a range of immune factors linked with bnAb evolution. Novel approaches have brought exciting progress in defining signatures of the viral envelope associated with bnAb activity. SUMMARY Focused efforts of recent years have unraveled a multiply layered process of HIV-1 bnAb development. As it is understood today, bnAb evolution can be triggered and influenced by a range of factors and several different pathways may exist how bnAb induction and maturation can occur. To capitalize on the gained knowledge, future research needs to validate factors to identify independent drivers of bnAb induction to advance vaccine design.
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35
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review recalls recent findings regarding the induction of vaccinal effects by HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and highlights potential therapeutic strategies to exploit such immunomodulatory properties. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in different animal models have shown that mAbs can generate long-lasting protective immunity. Induction of this vaccinal effect by HIV-1 bNAbs has also been more recently reported in animal models of HIV-1 infection. Notably, bNAbs treatment of macaques infected with the chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) improved both humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses that contributed to disease control. Importantly, this concept has been extended to HIV-1-infected patients as enhancement of humoral responses was recently reported in HIV-1 patients treated with bNAbs. Studies aiming at elucidating the mechanisms underlying these immunomodulatory properties of bNAbs have identified a role for immune complexes in shaping immune responses against HIV-1. They also highlight different Fc (fragment crystallizable) region effector functions that might be required for the enhancement of HIV-1 immune responses upon bNAbs treatment. SUMMARY HIV-1 bNAbs can elicit protective adaptive immune responses through mechanisms involving multiple cellular and molecular actors of the immune system. Harnessing these mechanisms will be crucial to achieve protective immunity against HIV-1 infection by bNAbs.
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36
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Jiang ZQ, Wu HY, Tian J, Li N, Hu XX. Targeting lentiviral vectors to primordial germ cells (PGCs): An efficient strategy for generating transgenic chickens. Zool Res 2020; 41:281-291. [PMID: 32274905 PMCID: PMC7231476 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in avian transgenic studies highlight the possibility of utilizing lentiviral vectors as tools to generate transgenic chickens. However, low rates of gonadal chimerism and germ line transmission efficiency still limit the broad usage of this method in creating transgenic chickens. In this study, we implemented a simple strategy using modified lentiviral vectors targeted to chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) to generate transgenic chickens. The lentiviral vectors were pseudotyped with a modified Sindbis virus envelope protein (termed M168) and conjugated with an antibody specific to PGC membrane proteins. We demonstrated that these optimized M168-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors conjugated with SSEA4 antibodies successfully targeted transduction of PGCs in vitro and in vivo. Compared with the control, 50.0%-66.7% of chicken embryos expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) in gonads transduced by the M168-pseudotyped lentivirus. This improved the targeted transduction efficiency by 30.0%-46.7%. Efficient chimerism of exogenous genes was also observed. This targeting technology could improve the efficiency of germ line transmission and provide greater opportunities for transgenic poultry studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qin Jiang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Han-Yu Wu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jing Tian
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Hu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China. E-mail:
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37
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Thomas AS, Ghulam-Smith M, Olson A, Coote C, Gonzales O, Sagar M. A new cell line for assessing HIV-1 antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity against a broad range of variants. J Immunol Methods 2020; 480:112766. [PMID: 32135162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) studies suggest that antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) influences both virus acquisition and subsequent disease outcome. Technical issues with currently available assays, however, have limited the ability to comprehensively assess the impact of ADCC on transmission and disease progression. Commonly used ADCC assays use a target cell line, CEM.NKr-CCR5-Luc, that often does not support replication of relevant HIV-1 variants. Thus, the extent of ADCC responses against a large panel of HIV-1 strains often cannot be assessed using the currently available methods. We developed two new reporter cell-lines (MT4-CCR5-Luc and PM1-CCR5-Luc) to overcome these issues. MT4-CCR5-Luc cells are resistant, whereas PM1-CCR5-Luc cells are susceptible, to killing by a natural killer cell line, CD16+KHYG-1, in the absence of antibody. Polyclonal HIVIG gave similar ADCC estimates against HIV-1 isolate, NL4-3, regardless of which of the three cell lines were used as the targets. In contrast to CEM.NKr-CCR5-Luc and PM1-CCR5-Luc, however, MT4-CCR5-Luc target cells produce significantly higher luciferase after exposure to various HIV-1 strains, including transmitted founder variants and viruses incorporating specific envelopes of interest. This higher luciferase expression does not yield spurious results because ADCC estimates are similar when killing is assessed by both reporter protein expression and flow cytometry. Furthermore, ADCC estimates derived from MT4-CCR5-Luc cells are not skewed by non-antibody contents present in human plasma. In aggregate, the MT4-CCR5-Luc cell line can be used to estimate monoclonal antibody or plasma-induced ADCC responses against a diverse range of HIV-1 envelopes relevant for transmission and disease progression studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison S Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alex Olson
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn Coote
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oscar Gonzales
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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38
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Dufloo J, Guivel‐Benhassine F, Buchrieser J, Lorin V, Grzelak L, Dupouy E, Mestrallet G, Bourdic K, Lambotte O, Mouquet H, Bruel T, Schwartz O. Anti-HIV-1 antibodies trigger non-lytic complement deposition on infected cells. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49351. [PMID: 31833228 PMCID: PMC10563447 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of anti-HIV-1 antibodies on complement activation at the surface of infected cells remains partly understood. Here, we show that a subset of anti-Envelope (Env) broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), targeting the CD4 binding site and the V3 loop, triggers C3 deposition and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) on Raji cells engineered to express high surface levels of HIV-1 Env. Primary CD4 T cells infected with laboratory-adapted or primary HIV-1 strains and treated with bNAbs are susceptible to C3 deposition but not to rapid CDC. The cellular protein CD59 and viral proteins Vpu and Nef protect infected cells from CDC mediated by bNAbs or by polyclonal IgGs from HIV-positive individuals. However, complement deposition accelerates the disappearance of infected cells within a few days of culture. Altogether, our results uncover the contribution of complement to the antiviral activity of anti-HIV-1 bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Dufloo
- Virus & Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3569ParisFrance
- Sorbonne Paris CitéParis Diderot UniversityParisFrance
| | | | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus & Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3569ParisFrance
| | - Valérie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral ImmunologyDepartment of ImmunologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- INSERM U1222ParisFrance
| | - Ludivine Grzelak
- Virus & Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3569ParisFrance
| | - Emilie Dupouy
- Virus & Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3569ParisFrance
| | - Guillaume Mestrallet
- Virus & Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3569ParisFrance
| | - Katia Bourdic
- CEA, DSV/IMETI, IDMITFontenay‐aux‐RosesFrance
- Université Paris SudUMR‐1184Le Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
- Inserm, U1184Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune DiseasesLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
- APHPService de Médecine Interne‐Immunologie CliniqueHôpitaux Universitaires Paris SudLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- CEA, DSV/IMETI, IDMITFontenay‐aux‐RosesFrance
- Université Paris SudUMR‐1184Le Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
- Inserm, U1184Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune DiseasesLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
- APHPService de Médecine Interne‐Immunologie CliniqueHôpitaux Universitaires Paris SudLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral ImmunologyDepartment of ImmunologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- INSERM U1222ParisFrance
- Vaccine Research InstituteCréteilFrance
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3569ParisFrance
- Vaccine Research InstituteCréteilFrance
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3569ParisFrance
- Vaccine Research InstituteCréteilFrance
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39
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Schommers P, Gruell H, Abernathy ME, Tran MK, Dingens AS, Gristick HB, Barnes CO, Schoofs T, Schlotz M, Vanshylla K, Kreer C, Weiland D, Holtick U, Scheid C, Valter MM, van Gils MJ, Sanders RW, Vehreschild JJ, Cornely OA, Lehmann C, Fätkenheuer G, Seaman MS, Bloom JD, Bjorkman PJ, Klein F. Restriction of HIV-1 Escape by a Highly Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody. Cell 2020; 180:471-489.e22. [PMID: 32004464 PMCID: PMC7042716 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) represent a promising approach to prevent and treat HIV-1 infection. However, viral escape through mutation of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) limits clinical applications. Here we describe 1-18, a new VH1-46-encoded CD4 binding site (CD4bs) bNAb with outstanding breadth (97%) and potency (GeoMean IC50 = 0.048 μg/mL). Notably, 1-18 is not susceptible to typical CD4bs escape mutations and effectively overcomes HIV-1 resistance to other CD4bs bNAbs. Moreover, mutational antigenic profiling uncovered restricted pathways of HIV-1 escape. Of most promise for therapeutic use, even 1-18 alone fully suppressed viremia in HIV-1-infected humanized mice without selecting for resistant viral variants. A 2.5-Å cryo-EM structure of a 1-18-BG505SOSIP.664 Env complex revealed that these characteristics are likely facilitated by a heavy-chain insertion and increased inter-protomer contacts. The ability of 1-18 to effectively restrict HIV-1 escape pathways provides a new option to successfully prevent and treat HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schommers
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Morgan E Abernathy
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - My-Kim Tran
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Adam S Dingens
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Harry B Gristick
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Christopher O Barnes
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Till Schoofs
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maike Schlotz
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniela Weiland
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Udo Holtick
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christof Scheid
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus M Valter
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jörg J Vehreschild
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Medical Department 2, University Hospital of Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Köln), University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Clara Lehmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerd Fätkenheuer
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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Beretta M, Mouquet H. [CRISPR-Cas9 editing of HIV-1 neutralizing human B cells]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 35:993-996. [PMID: 31903905 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Les anticorps (ou immunoglobulines, Ig) produits par les lymphocytes B sont essentiels aux réponses immunitaires induites par les infections et les vaccins. Les anticorps sont des glycoprotéines hétérodimériques résultant de l’association de deux chaînes lourdes (IgH), et de deux chaînes légères (IgL) d’immunoglobuline. Les chaînes IgH et IgL possèdent des régions « hypervariables », également appelées en anglais complementarity determining regions (CDR), situées dans leurs domaines variables, VH et VL, qui, en se combinant, forment le site de liaison à l’antigène ou paratope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Beretta
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Humorale, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1222, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Humorale, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1222, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage and Variable Loop Contact Impact V3 Loop Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Susceptibility. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01604-19. [PMID: 31694950 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01604-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical trials, HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) effectively lower plasma viremia and delay virus reemergence. The presence of less neutralization-susceptible strains prior to treatment decreases the efficacy of these antibody-based treatments, but neutralization sensitivity often cannot be predicted by sequence analysis alone. We found that phenotypically confirmed CXCR4-utilizing strains are less neutralization sensitive, especially to variable loop 3 (V3 loop)-directed bnAbs, than exclusively CCR5-utilizing strains in some, but not all, cases. Homology modeling suggested that the primary V3 loop bnAb epitope is equally accessible among CCR5- and CXCR4-using strains, although variants that exclusively use CXCR4 have V3 loop protrusions that interfere with CCR5 receptor interactions. Homology modeling also showed that among some, but not all, envelopes with decreased neutralization sensitivity, V1 loop orientation interfered with V3 loop-directed bnAb binding. Thus, there are likely different structural reasons for the coreceptor usage restriction and the different bnAb susceptibilities. Importantly, we show that individuals harboring envelopes with higher likelihood of using CXCR4 or greater predicted V1 loop interference have faster virus rebound and a lower maximum decrease in plasma viremia, respectively, after treatment with a V3 loop bnAb. Knowledge of receptor usage and homology models may be useful in developing future algorithms that predict treatment efficacy with V3 loop bnAbs.IMPORTANCE The efficacy of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) therapies may be compromised by the preexistence of less susceptible variants. Sequence-based methods are needed to predict pretreatment variants' neutralization sensitivities. HIV-1 strains that exclusively use the CXCR4 receptor rather than the CCR5 receptor are less neutralization susceptible, especially to variable loop 3 (V3 loop) bnAbs in some, but not all, instances. While the inability to utilize the CCR5 receptor maps to a predicted protrusion in the envelope V3 loop, this viral determinant does not directly influence V3 loop bnAb sensitivity. Homology modeling predicts that contact between the envelope V1 loop and the antibody impacts V3 loop bnAb susceptibility in some cases. Among pretreatment envelopes, increased probability of using CXCR4 and greater predicted V1 interference are associated with faster virus rebound and a smaller decrease in the plasma virus level, respectively, after V3 loop bnAb treatment. Receptor usage information and homology models may be useful for predicting V3 loop bnAb therapy efficacy.
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Broadly neutralizing antibodies and vaccine design against HIV-1 infection. Front Med 2019; 14:30-42. [PMID: 31858368 PMCID: PMC8320319 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-019-0721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been achieved for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) through antiretroviral therapy. However, vaccine development has remained challenging. Recent discoveries in broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) has led to the development of multiple novel vaccine approaches for inducing bNAbs-like antibody response. Structural and dynamic studies revealed several vulnerable sites and states of the HIV-1 envelop glycoprotein (Env) during infection. Our review aims to highlight these discoveries and rejuvenate our endeavor in HIV-1 vaccine design and development.
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Gaebler C, Lorenzi JCC, Oliveira TY, Nogueira L, Ramos V, Lu CL, Pai JA, Mendoza P, Jankovic M, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC. Combination of quadruplex qPCR and next-generation sequencing for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the HIV-1 latent reservoir. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2253-2264. [PMID: 31350309 PMCID: PMC6781006 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 cure research seeks to decrease or eliminate the latent reservoir. The evaluation of such curative strategies requires accurate measures of the reservoir. Gaebler et al. describe a combined multicolor qPCR and next-generation sequencing method that enables the sensitive and specific characterization of the HIV-1 latent reservoir. HIV-1 infection requires lifelong therapy with antiretroviral drugs due to the existence of a latent reservoir of transcriptionally inactive integrated proviruses. The goal of HIV-1 cure research is to eliminate or functionally silence this reservoir. To this end, there are numerous ongoing studies to evaluate immunological approaches, including monoclonal antibody therapies. Evaluating the results of these studies requires sensitive and specific measures of the reservoir. Here, we describe a relatively high-throughput combined quantitative PCR (qPCR) and next-generation sequencing method. Four different qPCR probes covering the packaging signal (PS), group-specific antigen (gag), polymerase (pol), and envelope (env) are combined in a single multiplex reaction to detect the HIV-1 genome in limiting dilution samples followed by sequence verification of individual reactions that are positive for combinations of any two of the four probes (Q4PCR). This sensitive and specific approach allows for an unbiased characterization of the HIV-1 latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gaebler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Julio C C Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Lilian Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Ching-Lan Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Joy A Pai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Pilar Mendoza
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Mila Jankovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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44
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Schoofs T, Barnes CO, Suh-Toma N, Golijanin J, Schommers P, Gruell H, West AP, Bach F, Lee YE, Nogueira L, Georgiev IS, Bailer RT, Czartoski J, Mascola JR, Seaman MS, McElrath MJ, Doria-Rose NA, Klein F, Nussenzweig MC, Bjorkman PJ. Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibodies Recognize the Silent Face of the HIV Envelope. Immunity 2019; 50:1513-1529.e9. [PMID: 31126879 PMCID: PMC6591006 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 envelope (Env) inform vaccine design and are potential therapeutic agents. We identified SF12 and related bNAbs with up to 62% neutralization breadth from an HIV-infected donor. SF12 recognized a glycan-dominated epitope on Env's silent face and was potent against clade AE viruses, which are poorly covered by V3-glycan bNAbs. A 3.3Å cryo-EM structure of a SF12-Env trimer complex showed additional contacts to Env protein residues by SF12 compared with VRC-PG05, the only other known donor-derived silentface antibody, explaining SF12's increased neutralization breadth, potency, and resistance to Env mutation routes. Asymmetric binding of SF12 was associated with distinct N-glycan conformations across Env protomers, demonstrating intra-Env glycan heterogeneity. Administrating SF12 to HIV-1-infected humanized mice suppressed viremia and selected for viruses lacking the N448gp120 glycan. Effective bNAbs can therefore be raised against HIV-1 Env's silent face, suggesting their potential for HIV-1 prevention, therapy, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Schoofs
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christopher O Barnes
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Nina Suh-Toma
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Westridge High School, 324 Madeline Drive, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA
| | - Jovana Golijanin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philipp Schommers
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anthony P West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Franziska Bach
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yu Erica Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lilian Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie Czartoski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Yeap LS, Meng FL. Cis- and trans-factors affecting AID targeting and mutagenic outcomes in antibody diversification. Adv Immunol 2019; 141:51-103. [PMID: 30904133 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antigen receptor diversification is a hallmark of adaptive immunity which allows specificity of the receptor to particular antigen. B cell receptor (BCR) or its secreted form, antibody, is diversified through antigen-independent and antigen-dependent mechanisms. During B cell development in bone marrow, BCR is diversified via V(D)J recombination mediated by RAG endonuclease. Upon stimulation by antigen, B cell undergo somatic hypermutation (SHM) to allow affinity maturation and class switch recombination (CSR) to change the effector function of the antibody. Both SHM and CSR are initiated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Repair of AID-initiated lesions through different DNA repair pathways results in diverse mutagenic outcomes. Here, we focus on discussing cis- and trans-factors that target AID to its substrates and factors that affect different outcomes of AID-initiated lesions. The knowledge of mechanisms that govern AID targeting and outcomes could be harnessed to elicit rare functional antibodies and develop ex vivo antibody diversification approaches with diversifying base editors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leng-Siew Yeap
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fei-Long Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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