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Asiamah EA, Feng B, Guo R, Yaxing X, Du X, Liu X, Zhang J, Cui H, Ma J. The Contributions of the Endolysosomal Compartment and Autophagy to APOEɛ4 Allele-Mediated Increase in Alzheimer's Disease Risk. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:1007-1031. [PMID: 38306054 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), although yet-to-be fully understood, increases the risk and lowers the age of onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the major cause of dementia among elderly individuals. The endosome-lysosome and autophagy pathways, which are necessary for homeostasis in both neurons and glia, are dysregulated even in early AD. Nonetheless, the contributory roles of these pathways to developing AD-related pathologies in APOE4 individuals and models are unclear. Therefore, this review summarizes the dysregulations in the endosome-lysosome and autophagy pathways in APOE4 individuals and non-human models, and how these anomalies contribute to developing AD-relevant pathologies. The available literature suggests that APOE4 causes endosomal enlargement, increases endosomal acidification, impairs endosomal recycling, and downregulates exosome production. APOE4 impairs autophagy initiation and inhibits basal autophagy and autophagy flux. APOE4 promotes lysosome formation and trafficking and causes ApoE to accumulate in lysosomes. APOE4-mediated changes in the endosome, autophagosome and lysosome could promote AD-related features including Aβ accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, glial dysfunction, lipid dyshomeostasis, and synaptic defects. ApoE4 protein could mediate APOE4-mediated endosome-lysosome-autophagy changes. ApoE4 impairs vesicle recycling and endosome trafficking, impairs the synthesis of autophagy genes, resists being dissociated from its receptors and degradation, and forms a stable folding intermediate that could disrupt lysosome structure. Drugs such as molecular correctors that target ApoE4 molecular structure and enhance autophagy may ameliorate the endosome-lysosome-autophagy-mediated increase in AD risk in APOE4 individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Amponsah Asiamah
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB UCC, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Baofeng Feng
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Hebei, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Ruiyun Guo
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Hebei, China
| | - Xu Yaxing
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaofeng Du
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Hebei, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Hebei, China
| | - Huixian Cui
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Hebei, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Hebei Medical University-Galway University of Ireland Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Hebei, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Hebei, China
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Chen J, Chen C, Ma S, Li J, Li M, Huang Q. An immunomodulatory role of Fc receptor γ chain independent of FcγR ligation by IgG in acute neuroinflammation triggered by MPTP intoxication. Neurochem Int 2023; 171:105638. [PMID: 37923297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant microglial activation is a prominent feature of neuroinflammation, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Fc receptor common γ-chain (FcRγ), one of the two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-bearing adaptor proteins, is abundantly expressed in microglia. It couples with different receptors, such as receptors for the Fc portion of IgG. In this study, we observed increased FcRγ expression along with increased IgG-binding during acute neuroinflammation triggered by MPTP intoxication, where adaptive immune responses should not be involved. Notably, FcRγ was expressed not only in the cell membrane but also in the cytoplasm in the activated microglia. FcRγ deficiency exacerbated microglial activation, pro-inflammatory factor upregulation, nigral dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor deficits, implicating a beneficial role of FcRγ in this model. Blockade of Fcγ receptor ligation by IgG in mice by Endoglycosidase S treatment, a bacterial endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase cleaving specifically the Asn297-linked glycan of IgG, or by using the mice deficient in mature B cells (muMT) with IgG production defects, did not show similar phenotypes to those observed in FcRγ-deficient mice, indicating that the beneficial effect mediated by FcRγ did not depend on FcγR ligation by IgG. Further, FcRγ knockout aggravated the expression and activation of STAT1 in microglia, suggesting FcRγ modulated neuroinflammation by dampening STAT1 signaling. Collectively, these results revealed that FcRγ-associated receptors could function as negative regulators of neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Congmin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Junyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qiaoying Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Afsar A, Chacon Castro MDC, Soladogun AS, Zhang L. Recent Development in the Understanding of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying the Etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087258. [PMID: 37108421 PMCID: PMC10138573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to dementia and patient death. AD is characterized by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque deposition, and neurodegeneration. Diverse alterations have been associated with AD progression, including genetic mutations, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and metal ion imbalance.Additionally, recent studies have shown an association between altered heme metabolism and AD. Unfortunately, decades of research and drug development have not produced any effective treatments for AD. Therefore, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying AD pathology and identifying potential therapeutic targets are crucial for AD drug development. This review discusses the most common alterations associated with AD and promising therapeutic targets for AD drug discovery. Furthermore, it highlights the role of heme in AD development and summarizes mathematical models of AD, including a stochastic mathematical model of AD and mathematical models of the effect of Aβ on AD. We also summarize the potential treatment strategies that these models can offer in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Afsar
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | | | | | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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Decrease in naturally occurring antibodies against epitopes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk gene products is associated with cognitive decline in AD. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:74. [PMID: 36922858 PMCID: PMC10018846 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naturally occurring antibodies (NAbs) are germline-encoded immunoglobulins that can bind to and clear out self-neo-epitopes as well as apoptotic and necrotic cells. However, NAbs pathological relevance in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not well-understood. METHODS Twenty-eight candidate proteins encoded by AD-associated genes were selected for this study based on a number of selection criteria, including preferential expression in the brain and B-lymphocyte cells. The levels of NAbs in plasma were analyzed according to their epitopes in age- and gender-matched cognitively normal subjects (CN, n = 56), subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 16) and subjects with AD (n = 56). We aimed to study the levels of their NAbs in plasma and their associations with cognitive decline in individuals with AD. RESULTS Of the 28 antigens tested, 17 showed decreased NAbs in individuals with AD; in particular, NAb-TREM2 had an area under the ROC curve of 0.806, with the highest sensitivity (0.370) at 95% specificity among all 28 tests. Further protein-protein interaction networks and functional enrichment analysis suggested that target genes were enriched in AD-related pathological processes classified under "Alzheimer's disease", "neurodegenerative disease" and "amyloidosis". The "Alzheimer's disease" and "neurodegenerative disease" clusters, which converged on the initial "recognition" step of microglial phagocytosis, showed the best diagnostic performance for AD. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a decline in the function of the adaptive immune system in AD, and the levels of circulating NAbs are likely to serve as biomarkers for surveilling the progression of AD.
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Pocevičiūtė D, Roth B, Schultz N, Nuñez-Diaz C, Janelidze S, Olofsson A, Hansson O, Wennström M. Plasma IAPP-Autoantibody Levels in Alzheimer's Disease Patients Are Affected by APOE4 Status. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043776. [PMID: 36835187 PMCID: PMC9960837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreas-derived islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) crosses the blood-brain barrier and co-deposits with amyloid beta (Aβ) in brains of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Depositions might be related to the circulating IAPP levels, but it warrants further investigation. Autoantibodies recognizing toxic IAPP oligomers (IAPPO) but not monomers (IAPPM) or fibrils have been found in T2D, but studies on AD are lacking. In this study, we have analyzed plasma from two cohorts and found that levels of neither immunoglobulin (Ig) M, nor IgG or IgA against IAPPM or IAPPO were altered in AD patients compared with controls. However, our results show significantly lower IAPPO-IgA levels in apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4 carriers compared with non-carriers in an allele dose-dependent manner, and the decrease is linked to the AD pathology. Furthermore, plasma IAPP-Ig levels, especially IAPP-IgA, correlated with cognitive decline, C-reactive protein, cerebrospinal fluid Aβ and tau, neurofibrillary tangles, and brain IAPP exclusively in APOE4 non-carriers. We speculate that the reduction in IAPPO-IgA levels may be caused by increased plasma IAPPO levels or masked epitopes in APOE4 carriers and propose that IgA and APOE4 status play a specific role in clearance of circulatory IAPPO, which may influence the amount of IAPP deposition in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovilė Pocevičiūtė
- Cognitive Disorder Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bodil Roth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nina Schultz
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cristina Nuñez-Diaz
- Cognitive Disorder Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Shorena Janelidze
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Olofsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, 212 24 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Malin Wennström
- Cognitive Disorder Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Pocevičiūtė D, Nuñez-Diaz C, Roth B, Janelidze S, Giannisis A, Hansson O, Wennström M. Increased plasma and brain immunoglobulin A in Alzheimer’s disease is lost in apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:117. [PMID: 36008818 PMCID: PMC9414424 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is foremost characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ)-extracellular plaques, tau-intraneuronal fibrillary tangles (NFT), and neuroinflammation, but over the last years it has become evident that peripheral inflammation might also contribute to the disease. AD patients often demonstrate increased levels of circulating proinflammatory mediators and altered antibody levels in the blood. In our study, we investigated the plasma Immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels in association with apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 status and Aβ pathology. Methods IgA levels in antemortem-collected (cohort I) and postmortem-collected (cohort II) plasma samples from AD patients (n = 30 in cohort I and n = 16 in cohort II) and non-demented age-matched controls (NC) (n = 42 in cohort I and n = 7 in cohort II) were measured using ELISA. Hippocampal sections from cohort II were immunostained against IgA, and the IgA area fraction as well as the number of IgA positive (IgA+) cells in the cornu ammonis region were analysed using ImageJ. The relationship between plasma IgA levels and cognition, C-reactive protein (CRP), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers in cohort I as well as neuropathology, IgA+ cell number, and IgA area fraction in cohort II was analysed before and after grouping the cohorts into APOEε4 carriers and APOEε4 non-carriers. Results Plasma IgA levels were higher in AD patients compared to NC in both cohorts. Also, AD patients demonstrated higher IgA area fraction and IgA+ cell number compared to NC. When APOEε4 status was considered, higher plasma IgA levels in AD patients were only seen in APOEε4 non-carriers. Finally, plasma IgA levels, exclusively in APOEε4 non-carriers, were associated with cognition, CRP, and CSF Aβ levels in cohort I as well as with IgA area fraction, IgA+ cell number, and Aβ, Lewy body, and NFT neuropathology in cohort II. Conclusions Our study suggests that AD pathology and cognitive decline are associated with increased plasma IgA levels in an APOE allele-dependent manner, where the associations are lost in APOEε4 carriers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-022-01062-z.
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Wen X, Wang Z, Xu L, Luo J, Geng X, Chen X, Yang Y, Cui D, Mao Z. The impacts of the “4+7” pilot policy on the volume, expenditures, and daily cost of Serotonin-Specific Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) antidepressants: A quasi-experimental study. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:829660. [PMID: 36060003 PMCID: PMC9428282 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.829660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the impacts of the”4 + 7” pilot policy on purchase volume, purchase expenditures, and daily cost and to find the changes in the use of SSRIs. Methods: Data was collected covering 31 months, before, during, and after the “4 + 7” pilot policy was implemented in Shenzhen. Interrupted time-series (ITS) analysis was used to examine whether there had been a significant effect with the onset of the “4 + 7” pilot policy in March 2019. Findings: The daily cost of policy-related drugs had a substantial drop of 2.93 yuan under the “4 + 7” pilot policy. The result has shown a 76.70% increase in volume and a 3.39% decrease in the expenditure on policy-related drugs. This study found that the “4 + 7” pilot policy increased the proportion of purchasing winning drugs, with an increment of 85.60 percent. After the implementation of the “4 + 7” pilot policy, policy-related drugs decreased by 443.55thousand Chinese yuan. The study indicated that volume of winning products significantly increased as shown in the regression with a level coefficient (β2) of -224.17 (p < 0.001) and trend coefficient (β3) of 15.74 (p < 0.001). The result revealed that both volume and expenditures on branded products showed a significant decrease in the regression in the post-intervention period (level coefficient of volume: β2 = -57.65, p < 0.01, trend coefficient of volume: β3 = -3.44, p < 0.01; level coefficient of expenditure: β2 = -712.98, p < 0.01, trend coefficient of expenditure: β3 = -40.10, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The volume-based procurement has successfully led to price reductions and improved the affordability of medicines, especially for those with chronic diseases. The volume-based procurement has demonstrated initial success in reshaping the composition of the Chinese pharmaceutical market in favor of generics with high quality and low prices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wen
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaotong Wen, ; Dan Cui, ; Zongfu Mao,
| | - Zhaolun Wang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luxinyi Xu
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Luo
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Geng
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoze Chen
- Xi’an Jiao Tong Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Cui
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaotong Wen, ; Dan Cui, ; Zongfu Mao,
| | - Zongfu Mao
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaotong Wen, ; Dan Cui, ; Zongfu Mao,
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Perner C, Krüger E. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Role in Homeostasis and Immunity of Central and Peripheral Neurons. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859703. [PMID: 35572517 PMCID: PMC9092946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cells are specialists for rapid transfer and translation of information. Their electrical properties relay on a precise regulation of ion levels while their communication via neurotransmitters and neuropeptides depends on a high protein and lipid turnover. The endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is fundamental to provide these necessary requirements for optimal neuronal function. Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER lumen, reactive oxygen species and exogenous stimulants like infections, chemical irritants and mechanical harm can induce ER stress, often followed by an ER stress response to reinstate cellular homeostasis. Imbedded between glial-, endothelial-, stromal-, and immune cells neurons are constantly in communication and influenced by their local environment. In this review, we discuss concepts of tissue homeostasis and innate immunity in the central and peripheral nervous system with a focus on its influence on ER stress, the unfolded protein response, and implications for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Perner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Krüger
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Lekhraj R, Lalezari S, Aguilan JT, Qin J, Sidoli S, Mowrey W, Gollamudi S, Lalezari P. Altered abundances of human immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G subclasses in Alzheimer's disease frontal cortex. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6934. [PMID: 35484384 PMCID: PMC9050688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10793-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has been described to play a role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the distribution of immunoglobulins and their subclasses in brain tissue has not been explored. In this study, examination of pathologically diagnosed frontal cortex gray matter revealed significantly higher levels of IgM and IgG in late-stage AD (Braak and Braak stages V and VI) compared to age-matched controls. While levels of IgG2 and IgG4 constant region fragments were higher in late-stage AD, concentration of native–state IgG4 with free Fc regions was increased in AD III and VI. RNA analysis did not support parenchymal B-cell production of IgG4 in AD III and V, indicating possible peripheral or meningeal B-cell involvement. Changes in the profile of IgM, IgG and IgG subclasses in AD frontal cortex may provide insight into understanding disease pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukmani Lekhraj
- Neurological Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Shirin Lalezari
- Neurological Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer T Aguilan
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jiyue Qin
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Wenzhu Mowrey
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Seema Gollamudi
- Neurological Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Parviz Lalezari
- Neurological Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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10
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Wyatt-Johnson SK, Brutkiewicz RR. The Complexity of Microglial Interactions With Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:592359. [PMID: 33328972 PMCID: PMC7718034 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.592359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the naïve mouse brain, microglia and astrocytes are the most abundant immune cells; however, there is a complexity of other immune cells present including monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytic cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, and B cells. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), there is high inflammation, reactive microglia, and astrocytes, leaky blood–brain barrier, the buildup of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles which attract infiltrating peripheral immune cells that are interacting with the resident microglia. Limited studies have analyzed how these infiltrating immune cells contribute to the neuropathology of AD and even fewer have analyzed their interactions with the resident microglia. Understanding the complexity and dynamics of how these immune cells interact in AD will be important for identifying new and novel therapeutic targets. Thus, this review will focus on discussing our current understanding of how macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, T cells, and B cells, alongside astrocytes, are altered in AD and what this means for the disorder, as well as how these cells are affected relative to the resident microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Season K Wyatt-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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11
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Sim KY, Im KC, Park SG. The Functional Roles and Applications of Immunoglobulins in Neurodegenerative Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5295. [PMID: 32722559 PMCID: PMC7432158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural autoantibodies, immunoglobulins (Igs) that target self-proteins, are common in the plasma of healthy individuals; some of the autoantibodies play pathogenic roles in systemic or tissue-specific autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Recently, the field of autoantibody-associated diseases has expanded to encompass neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), with related studies examining the functions of Igs in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent evidence suggests that Igs have various effects in the CNS; these effects are associated with the prevention of neurodegeneration, as well as induction. Here, we summarize the functional roles of Igs with respect to neurodegenerative disease (AD and PD), focusing on the target antigens and effector cell types. In addition, we review the current knowledge about the roles of these antibodies as diagnostic markers and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sung-Gyoo Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea; (K.-Y.S.); (K.C.I.)
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12
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A novel multi-parametric analysis of non-invasive methods to assess animal distress during chronic pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14084. [PMID: 31575986 PMCID: PMC6773730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethical responsibility, legal requirements and the need to improve the quality of research create a growing interest in the welfare of laboratory animals. Judging the welfare of animals requires readout parameters, which are valid and sensitive as well as specific to assess distress after different interventions. In the present study, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of different non-invasive parameters (body weight change, faecal corticosterone metabolites concentration, burrowing and nesting activity) by receiver operating characteristic curves and judged the merit of a multi-parametric analysis by logistic regression. Chronic pancreatitis as well as laparotomy caused significant changes in all parameters. However, the accuracy of these parameters was different between the two animal models. In both animal models, the multi-parametric analysis relying on all the readout parameters had the highest accuracy when predicting distress. This multi-parametric analysis revealed that C57BL/6 mice during the course of chronic pancreatitis often experienced less distress than mice after laparotomy. Interestingly these data also suggest that distress does not steadily increase during chronic pancreatitis. In conclusion, combining these non-invasive methods for severity assessment represents a reliable approach to evaluate animal distress in models such as chronic pancreatitis.
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Jiang C, Stewart LT, Kuo HC, McGilberry W, Wall SB, Liang B, van Groen T, Bailey SM, Kim YI, Tipple TE, Jones DP, McMahon LL, Liu RM. Cyclic O 3 exposure synergizes with aging leading to memory impairment in male APOE ε3, but not APOE ε4, targeted replacement mice. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 81:9-21. [PMID: 31207469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of late-onset Alzheimer's disease is unknown. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to high levels of ozone (O3) may be a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Nonetheless, whether and how O3 exposure contributes to AD development remains to be determined. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that O3 exposure synergizes with the genetic risk factor APOE ε4 and aging leading to AD, using male apolipoprotein E (apoE)4 and apoE3 targeted replacement mice as men have increased risk exposure to high levels of O3 via working environments and few studies have addressed APOE ε4 effects on males. Surprisingly, our results show that O3 exposure impairs memory in old apoE3, but not old apoE4 or young apoE3 and apoE4, male mice. Further studies show that old apoE4 mice have increased hippocampal activities or expression of some enzymes involved in antioxidant defense, diminished protein oxidative modification, and neuroinflammation following O3 exposure compared with old apoE3 mice. These novel findings highlight the complexity of interactions between APOE genotype, age, and environmental exposure in AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsun Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Luke T Stewart
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hui-Chien Kuo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - William McGilberry
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephanie B Wall
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Bill Liang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Thomas van Groen
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Trent E Tipple
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lori L McMahon
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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