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Mushy SE, Mtisi E, Mkawe S, Mboggo E, Ndega J, Yahya-Malima KI, Kamugunya D, Kilimba ES, Mlay BS, Muya A, Ngalesoni F. Barriers to viral load suppression among adolescents living with HIV on anti-retroviral therapy: a retrospective study in Tanga, Tanzania. AIDS Res Ther 2024; 21:35. [PMID: 38778318 PMCID: PMC11112887 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-024-00622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the decreased incidence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Tanzania, the number of adolescents living with HIV is increasing. This study aimed to describe factors independently associated with viral load non-suppression among adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) on ART in the Tanga region. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of routinely collected data from ALHIV on ART from October 2018 to April 2022. We extracted data from the Care and Treatment Clinics form number 2 (CTC2) database that included age, sex, BMI, World Health Organization HIV clinical disease stage, marital status, ART duration, viral load suppression, facility level, and Dolutegravir (DTG)-based regimen. We did descriptive analysis using frequencies to describe the study participants' socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to identify factors associated with viral load non-suppression (VLS). Viral load non-suppression was defined as viral load ≥ 1000 copies/ml. A total of 4735 ALHIV on ART were extracted from CTC2, then 2485 were excluded (2186 missed viral load results, 246 were lost to follow-up, and 53 deaths). RESULTS 2250 ALHIV on ART were tested for viral load, of whom 2216 (98.62%) adolescents were on first-line ART, and 2024 (89.96%) participants were virally suppressed, while 226 (10.04%) were virally non-suppressed. In addition, 2131 (94.71%) of participants were using a DTG-based regimen; of them, 1969 (92.40%) were virally suppressed. Not using a DTG-based regimen (HR: 9.36, 95% CI 3.41-15.31) and dispensary facility level (HR: 3.61, 95% CI 1.44-7.03) were independently associated with increased hazard for viral load non-suppression. In addition, adolescents aged between 15 and 19 years are less likely to be virally suppressed (HR: 0.55, 95% CI 0.30-0.99). CONCLUSIONS The dispensary facility level and not using a DTG-based regimen were significantly associated with viral load non-suppression. HIV intervention strategies should ensure a DTG-based regimen utilization in all adolescents living with HIV, and techniques used by higher-level health facilities should be disseminated to lower-level facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Expeditho Mtisi
- Dar Es Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Simon Mkawe
- Amref Health Africa, Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eric Mboggo
- Amref Health Africa, Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - John Ndega
- Amref Health Africa, Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Denice Kamugunya
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Boniface S Mlay
- National Aids, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Hepatitis Control Progralmme, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Aisa Muya
- Amref Health Africa, Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Frida Ngalesoni
- Amref Health Africa, Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Kahabuka MS, Woldeamanuel Y, Mbelele PM, Mpolya EA, Mpagama SG, Kessy JP, Manyazewal T. HIV viral suppression and risk of viral rebound in patients on antiretroviral therapy: a two- year retrospective cohort study in Northern Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:390. [PMID: 38605325 PMCID: PMC11007878 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The world is moving towards the third target of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS to ensure most people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) are virologically suppressed. Little is known about viral suppression at an undetectable level and the risk of viral rebound phenomenon in sub-Saharan Africa which covers 67% of the global HIV burden.This study aimed to investigate the proportion of viral suppression at an undetectable level and the risk of viral rebound among people living with HIV receiving ART in northern Tanzania. METHODOLOGY A hospital based-retrospective study recruited people living with HIV who were on ART for at least two years at Kibong'oto Infectious Disease Hospital and Mawenzi Regional Referral Hospital in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. Participants' two-year plasma HIV were captured at months 6, 12, and 24 of ART. Undetectable viral load was defined by plasma HIV of viral load (VL) less than 20copies/ml and viral rebound (VR) was considered to anyone having VL of more than 50 copies/ml after having history of undetectable level of the VL less than 20copies/ml. A multivariable log-binomial generalized linear model was used to determine factors for undetectable VL and viral VR. RESULTS Among 416 PLHIV recruited, 226 (54.3%) were female. The mean (standard deviation) age was 43.7 (13.3) years. The overall proportion of undetectable VL was 68% (95% CI: 63.3-72.3) and 40.0% had viral rebound (95% CI: 34.7-45.6). Participants who had at least 3 clinic visits were 1.3 times more likely to have undetectable VL compared to those who had 1 to 2 clinic visits in a year (p = 0.029). Similarly, participants with many clinical visits ( > = 3 visits) per year were less likely to have VR compared to those with fewer visits ( = 2 visits) [adjusted relative risk (aRR) = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.44-0.93]. CONCLUSION Participants who had fewer clinic visits per year(ART refills) were less likely to achieve viral suppression and more likely to experience viral rebound. Enhanced health education and close follow-up of PLHIV on antiretroviral therapy are crucial to reinforce adherence and maintain an undetectable viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica S Kahabuka
- College of Health Sciences, Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Kibong'oto National Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.
| | - Yimtubezinash Woldeamanuel
- College of Health Sciences, Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Peter M Mbelele
- Kibong'oto National Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel A Mpolya
- Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Population Health Building/Hans Rosling Center, University of Washington, 3980 15th Avenue, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stellah G Mpagama
- Kibong'oto National Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
- Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Jonas P Kessy
- Mawenzi Regional Referral Hospital, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Tsegahun Manyazewal
- College of Health Sciences, Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Kabiibi F, Tamukong R, Muyindike W, Yadesa TM. Virological Non-Suppression, Non-Adherence and the Associated Factors Among People Living with HIV on Dolutegravir-Based Regimens: A Retrospective Cohort Study. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 2024; 16:95-107. [PMID: 38533311 PMCID: PMC10964029 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s449947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background HIV is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, with 39.0 million people living with HIV worldwide, 25.6 million of whom reside in the African region. Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has improved survival and quality of life, yet some patients develop viral non-suppression. Dolutegravir (DTG) has been recommended since 2018 as a first-line treatment option in low- and middle-income countries owing to its effectiveness, low cost, and tolerability, but some studies have reported virological non-suppression with its use. This study aims to explore the prevalence and factors associated with virological non-suppression in adults taking DTG-based regimens in Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. Methods A retrospective cohort study was carried out among people living with HIV (PLWHIV) taking DTG-based HAART regimens by way of record review. SPSS was used for analysis, and both binary and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to test associated factors. Results Among the 422 participants' records reviewed, 62.8% were female (median age 40 years, IQR=13). The prevalence of virological non-suppression was 4.2%. Poor adherence to HAART was significantly associated with virological non-suppression, with 100.3 increased adjusted odds (95% CI: 28.90-348.12, p<0.001) compared to those with a record of good adherence. The reasons for poor adherence included alcohol use, stigma, forgetting to take medication, transport problems, and irregular timing of swallowing. Conclusion This study found poor adherence to be associated with a 4.2% prevalence of virological non-suppression among PLWHIV in a large public HIV care clinic. Despite the high suppression rates on DTG-based regimens, adherence counseling and viral load monitoring need to be emphasized at all HIV care centers to mark the trends of virological non-suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Kabiibi
- Department of Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Robert Tamukong
- Department of Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | - Tadele Mekuriya Yadesa
- Department of Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Kampala International University, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
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Oryokot B, Kazibwe A, Oluka AI, Kagimu D, Bakashaba B, Ssentongo S, Mafabi T, Odoi C, Kawuba A, Miya Y, Etukoit BM, Mugisha K, Namusoke-Magongo E. "Swallowing these drugs every day, you get tired": a mixed-methods study to identify Barriers and facilitators to retention and HIV Viral Load suppression among the Adolescents living with HIV in TASO Mbale and TASO Soroti centers of excellence. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3863602. [PMID: 38313290 PMCID: PMC10836109 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3863602/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Background Adolescents aged 10-19, living with HIV (ALHIV) lag behind in attaining optimal viral load suppression (VLS) rates and retention in care, an important impediment to reaching epidemic control. This study aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to both VLS and retention among in the sub-population who seek care from TASO Mbale and TASO Soroti centers of excellence, to facilitate adaptation of the operation triple zero in the setting. Methods We used a mixed methods approach, extracting secondary data on ALHIV who were active in care during April-June 2022 quarter to determine one year retention in care. Analysis was done in STATA Corp, 15.0. We used logistic regression to determine associated factors and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) to report level of predictability, using 95% confidence interval (CI) and P<0.05 for statistical significance. For qualitative component, purposive sampling of 59 respondents was done. Focused group discussions, key informant interviews, and in-depth interviews were used to collect data. Thematic content analysis was done using Atlas ti. Results There were 533 ALHIV, with 12-month retention rate of 95.9% and VLS rate of 74.9%. Predictors for good VLS included good adherence [aOR:95%CI 0.066(0.0115, 0.38) P=0.02], being on first line treatment [aOR:95%CI 0.242 (0.0873,0.6724) P=0.006]. For retention, they include being a school going [aOR:95%CI 0.148(0.024,0.9218) P=0.041], multi month dispensing aOR:95%CI 32.6287(5.1446,206.9404) P<0.001, OVC enrolment aOR:95%CI 0.2625(0.083, 0.83) P=0.023]. Meanwhile key barriers included: individual ones such as internal stigma, lack of transport and treatment/drug fatigue; facility-level such as prolonged waiting time and lack of social activities; community level include stigma and discrimination, inadequate social support and food shortage. In terms of facilitators, individual level ones include good adherence and knowledge of one's HIV status; facility-level such as provision of adolescent friendly services and community-level such as social support and decent nutrition. Conclusions VLS rate was sub-optimal mainly due to poor adherence. HIV programs could utilize the barriers and facilitators identified to improve VLS. Conversely, retention rate at one year was good, likely due to provision of adolescent friendly health services. ALHIV and their caregivers need to be empowered to sustain retention and improve VLS. Contributions to science By accentuating the barriers and facilitators to retention and VLS among the ALHIV, we ensure HIV programs continue to prioritize effective interventions and discard others as the epidemic evolves. To this, our findings strategically validate the effectiveness of provision of adolescent friendly services and client-centered care in attaining good retention rate.Secondly, being a mixed-methods study, complementarily adds value to the existing body of knowledge on barriers and facilitators while reminding programmers that VLS remains sub-optimal and more efforts are necessary.Finally, different stakeholders could use our findings to advocate for more resources to address some of the barriers such as food shortage, empowerment of ALHIV and caregivers and strengthening skilling programs for ALHIV, especially the out-of-school.
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Song JW, Yang G, Kamara MN, Sun W, Guan Q, Barrie U, Jiba DF, Jalloh AT, Liu M, Tamba FK, Yendewa GA, Wang L, Zhao R, Lakoh S. HIV viral suppression at different thresholds and duration of treatment in the dolutegravir treatment era in Sierra Leone: a nationwide survey. Virol J 2023; 20:279. [PMID: 38031075 PMCID: PMC10687966 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Viral load assessment for people living with HIV is key for monitoring treatment and achieving the 95-95-95. In this study, we aimed to assess the degree of viral suppression at different thresholds and treatment duration after the introduction of dolutegravir-based therapy in ten public hospitals in Sierra Leone. METHODS We used a cross-sectional study design to recruits patients aged 18 years or older between August 2022 and January 2023. Statistical analyses were performed using R-software. Logistic regression was used to assess factors independently associated with viral suppression. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS Of the 2,253 patients recruited, 1,720 (76%) were women and 1,705 (76%) were receiving a fixed dose combination of tenofovir, lamivudine and dolutegravir. The median age and duration of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) was 36.0 (IQR, 28.0-45.0) years and 40.9 (IQR, 14.4-79.6) months, respectively. Using a threshold of HIV RNA < 1000 copies/mL, 1,715 (88.4%) patients on ART for more than 6 months were virally suppressed. Viral suppression rates were higher with dolutegravir-based (1,277, 89.5%) than efavirenz-based (418, 86.2%) ART. HIV RNA was < 200 copies/mL in 1,643 (84.6%) patients or < 50 copies/mL in 1,487 (76.6%) patients or between 50 and 999 copies/mL in 228 (11.7%) patients. Viral suppression rates at different ART durations (months) were as follows: 84.2% (≤ 3), 88.8% (4-6), 90.9% (6-12), and 88.1% (> 12). Viral suppression rates were higher for patients aged 40 or older (40-50 years: aOR 2.05, 95%CI 1.41-3.04, P < 0.01; 50-60 years: aOR 2.51, 95%CI 1.53-4.35, P < 0.01; >60 years: aOR 2.69, 95%CI 1.28-6.63, P = 0.02). Men had 49% lower odds of viral suppression than women (aOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.38-0.67, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION We report a viral suppression rate of 88.4% among patients on treatment for at least 6 months, with higher rate of suppression with dolutegravir than efavirenz. Factors associated with virological suppression were age and gender, emphasizing the need for innovative differentiated ART delivery models to optimize viral suppression and achieve the 95% target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wen Song
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Tropical Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Center, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Tropical Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Center, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Matilda N Kamara
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qun Guan
- The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Umu Barrie
- Infectious Disease Research Network, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Darlinda F Jiba
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Government of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Abdulai Tejan Jalloh
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Government of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Francis K Tamba
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Government of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - George A Yendewa
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ligui Wang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Rongtao Zhao
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Sulaiman Lakoh
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Government of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
- Sustainable Health Systems Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
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Kabuya M, Musekiwa A, Takuva S, Thabane L, Mbuagbaw L. Antiretroviral therapy programme outcomes at Senkatana antiretroviral therapy clinic, Lesotho: a four-year retrospective cohort study. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 46:74. [PMID: 38282767 PMCID: PMC10819837 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.46.74.40122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction sub-Saharan Africa, home to over 10% of the world´s population, is the worst Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-affected region in the world. HIV/AIDS is a major public health challenge in Lesotho, with an HIV prevalence of 25.6% in 2018. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment outcomes of people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) after 48 months of initiation. Methods we conducted a register-based retrospective cohort study for all patients registered at the Senkatana ART Clinic from January to December 2014 and followed them for 48 months until 2018. The ART treatment register and treatment cards were the primary source of data. Data were captured and cleaned in Epi info version 7 and exported into Stata version 14 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to describe participant characteristics. Due to the lack of incident data, the factors associated with treatment outcomes were determined using Chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results in 2014, 604 patients were enrolled on ART, of which the majority were female (59.4%) and married (54.8%). The mean age (standard deviation (SD)) at which ART was started was 36 years (10.5) years. After 48 months of initiation, the cohort consisted of 387 patients of which 365 (94.3%) were retained on treatment. In the multivariable logistic regression model, neither demographic characteristics nor clinical factors were associated with ART treatment outcome (viral load suppression, adherence, or ART retention), however, the univariable analysis showed that higher CD4 count at initiation was associated with viral load suppression. Conclusion retention, viral load suppression, and adherence were generally good in this cohort after 48 months of initiation. CD4 at initiation was a significant predictor of viral load suppression at 48 months. The ART programme has managed to maintain high viral load suppression and improve immunity in patients who are immunocompromised. Proper data quality management is required for adequate patient monitoring to enable clinical personnel to record and use individual patient data for guiding the clinical management of such patients. Strengthening patient support and tracing will help to reduce the number of patients lost to follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwamba Kabuya
- Senkatana Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Clinic Maseru, Maseru, Lesotho
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alfred Musekiwa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Simbarashe Takuva
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O´Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph´s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence Mbuagbaw
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O´Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph´s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Esber AL, Dear NF, King D, Francisco LV, Sing'oei V, Owuoth J, Maswai J, Iroezindu M, Bahemana E, Kibuuka H, Shah N, Polyak CS, Ake JA, Crowell TA. Achieving the third 95 in sub-Saharan Africa: application of machine learning approaches to predict viral failure. AIDS 2023; 37:1861-1870. [PMID: 37418549 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Viral failure in people with HIV (PWH) may be influenced by multiple sociobehavioral, clinical, and context-specific factors, and supervised learning approaches may identify novel predictors. We compared the performance of two supervised learning algorithms to predict viral failure in four African countries. DESIGN Cohort study. METHODS The African Cohort Study is an ongoing, longitudinal cohort enrolling PWH at 12 sites in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and Nigeria. Participants underwent physical examination, medical history-taking, medical record extraction, sociobehavioral interviews, and laboratory testing. In cross-sectional analyses of enrollment data, viral failure was defined as a viral load at least 1000 copies/ml among participants on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for at least 6 months. We compared the performance of lasso-type regularized regression and random forests by calculating area under the curve (AUC) and used each to identify factors associated with viral failure; 94 explanatory variables were considered. RESULTS Between January 2013 and December 2020, 2941 PWH were enrolled, 1602 had been on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for at least 6 months, and 1571 participants with complete case data were included. At enrollment, 190 (12.0%) had viral failure. The lasso regression model was slightly superior to the random forest in its ability to identify PWH with viral failure (AUC: 0.82 vs. 0.75). Both models identified CD4 + count, ART regimen, age, self-reported ART adherence and duration on ART as important factors associated with viral failure. CONCLUSION These findings corroborate existing literature primarily based on hypothesis-testing statistical approaches and help to generate questions for future investigations that may impact viral failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allahna L Esber
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole F Dear
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David King
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leilani V Francisco
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Valentine Sing'oei
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate - Africa
- HJF Medical Research International, Kisumu
| | - John Owuoth
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate - Africa
- HJF Medical Research International, Kisumu
| | - Jonah Maswai
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate - Africa, Kericho, Kenya
| | - Michael Iroezindu
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
- HJF Medical Research International, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Bahemana
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
- HJF Medical Research International, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University-Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Neha Shah
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | - Christina S Polyak
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie A Ake
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | - Trevor A Crowell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Ambangira F, Sharman JE, Muddu M, Kimera ID, Namara D, Musimbaggo DJ, Namugenyi C, Ssenyonjo R, Mbuliro M, Katwesigye R, Schwartz JI, Semitala FC, Ssinabulya I. Diabetes mellitus care cascade among a cohort of persons living with HIV and hypertension in Uganda: A retrospective cohort study. Int J STD AIDS 2023; 34:728-734. [PMID: 37269360 DOI: 10.1177/09564624231179497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Uganda, it is recommended that persons with HIV receive integrated care to address both hypertension and diabetes. However, the extent to which appropriate diabetes care is delivered remains unknown and was the aim of this study. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study among participants receiving integrated care for HIV and hypertension for at least 1 year at a large urban HIV clinic in Mulago, Uganda to determine the diabetes care cascade. RESULTS Of the 1115 participants, the majority were female (n = 697, 62.5%) with a median age of 50 years (Inter Quartile Range: 43, 56). Six hundred twenty-seven participants (56%) were screened for diabetes mellitus, 100 (16%) were diagnosed and almost all that were diagnosed (n = 94, 94%) were initiated on treatment. Eighty-five patients (90%) were retained and all were monitored (100%) in care. Thirty-two patients (32/85, 38%) had glycaemic control. Patients on a Dolutegravir-based regimen (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.22-0.46, p < 0.001) and those with a non-suppressed viral load (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.07-0.83, p = 0.02) were less likely to be screened for diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS In very successful HIV care programs, large gaps still linger for the management of non-communicable diseases necessitating uniquely designed intervention by local authorities and implementing partners addressing the dual HIV and non-communicable diseases burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James E Sharman
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Martin Muddu
- Makerere University, Joint AIDS Program (MJAP), Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Daphine Namara
- University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mary Mbuliro
- Makerere University, Joint AIDS Program (MJAP), Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Jeremy I Schwartz
- Yale School of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Djiyou ABD, Penda CI, Madec Y, Ngondi GD, Moukoko A, Varloteaux M, de Monteynard LA, Moins C, Moukoko CEE, Aghokeng AF. Viral load suppression in HIV-infected adolescents in cameroon: towards achieving the UNAIDS 95% viral suppression target. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:119. [PMID: 36922769 PMCID: PMC10015512 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achieving the UNAIDS 95% sustained viral suppression (VS) rate requires considerable global efforts, particularly among adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) who are often associated with high rates of virological failure (VF). In this study, we prospectively assessed the rate of VS, and the factors associated with VF in a cohort of adolescents followed up according to the WHO guidelines in Cameroon. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2021 among adolescents (aged 10-19 years) receiving ART in the national program in Cameroon. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using patients' medical files and a brief interview with the participant and/or his guardian. Thereafter, a first viral load test (VL1) was performed using the ABBOTT Platform. For adolescents with VL1 > 1000 copies/ml, adherence-enhancing interventions were routinely performed each month for 3 consecutive months, after which a second viral load (VL2) was measured. Adolescents with VL2 > 1000 copies/ml were considered in VF. RESULTS Overall, 280 adolescents were enrolled, of whom 89.3% (250/280) acquired HIV infection via mother-to-child transmission. The median age was 16.0 (IQR: 13.0-18.0) years and the median duration on ART was 9.8 (IQR: 5.1-12.8) years. Females and males were almost equally represented, as 52.1% (146/280) were female, while 47.9% (134/280) were males (p = 0.47). The VS rate was 88.2% (CI: 83.8-91.7%) overall; 89.0% (CI: 82.0-93.1%) and 88.7% (CI: 81.2-93.0%) in females and males, respectively. Being on second or third-line ART, self-declared suboptimal adherence, and a history of past VF were independently associated with VF. CONCLUSION The high rate of VS we report in this study is welcome in the era of the 95/95/95 UNAIDS goals, and indicates that improving treatment outcomes in this specific and fragile population that represent adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa is achievable. TRIAL REGISTRATION 20/10/2020 NCT04593979 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04593979 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando B D Djiyou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911, avenue Agropolis, PO. Box 64501, 34394, Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Calixte Ida Penda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, General Hospital of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Yoann Madec
- Epidemiology of emerging diseases, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, F-75015, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Marie Varloteaux
- Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS | Maladies infectieuses émergentes), Paris, France
| | - Laure-Amélie de Monteynard
- Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS | Maladies infectieuses émergentes), Paris, France
| | - Cecile Moins
- Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS | Maladies infectieuses émergentes), Paris, France
| | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Avelin F Aghokeng
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911, avenue Agropolis, PO. Box 64501, 34394, Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Rugemalila J, Kamori D, Kunambi P, Mizinduko M, Sabasaba A, Masoud S, Msafiri F, Mugusi S, Mutagonda R, Mlunde L, Amani D, Mboya E, Mahiti M, Ruhago G, Mushi J, Sambu V, Mgomella G, Jullu B, Maokola W, Njau P, Mutayoba B, Barabona G, Ueno T, Pembe A, Nagu T, Sunguya B, Aboud S. HIV virologic response, patterns of drug resistance mutations and correlates among adolescents and young adults: A cross-sectional study in Tanzania. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281528. [PMID: 36821538 PMCID: PMC9949668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of HIV drug resistance mutations (DRMs) is of significant threat to achieving viral suppression (VS) in the quest to achieve global elimination targets. We hereby report virologic outcomes and patterns of acquired DRMs and its associated factors among adolescents and young adults (AYA) from a broader HIV drug resistance surveillance conducted in Tanzania. METHODS Data of AYA was extracted from a cross-sectional study conducted in 36 selected facilities using a two-stage cluster sampling design. Dried blood spot (DBS) samples were collected and samples with a viral load (VL) ≥1000 copies/mL underwent genotyping for the HIV-1 pol gene. Stanford HIV database algorithm predicted acquired DRMs, Fisher's exact test and multivariable logistic regression assessed factors associated with DRMs and VS, respectively. FINDINGS We analyzed data of 578 AYA on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 9-15 and ≥ 36 months; among them, 91.5% and 88.2% had VS (VL<1000copies/mL) at early and late time points, respectively. Genotyping of 64 participants (11.2%) who had VL ≥1000 copies/ml detected 71.9% of any DRM. Clinically relevant DRMs were K103N, M184V, M41L, T215Y/F, L210W/L, K70R, D67N, L89V/T, G118R, E138K, T66A, T97A and unexpectedly absent K65R. Participants on a protease inhibitor (PI) based regimen were twice as likely to not achieve VS compared to those on integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI). The initial VL done 6 months after ART initiation of ≥1000copies/mL was the primary factor associated with detecting DRMs (p = .019). CONCLUSIONS VS amongst AYA is lower than the third UNAIDs target. Additionally, a high prevalence of ADR and high levels of circulating clinically relevant DRMs may compromise the long-term VS in AYA. Furthermore, the first VL result of ≥1000copies/ml after ART initiation is a significant risk factor for developing DRMs. Thus, strict VL monitoring for early identification of treatment failure and genotypic testing during any ART switch is recommended to improve treatment outcomes for AYA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Rugemalila
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- * E-mail:
| | - Doreen Kamori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Peter Kunambi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mucho Mizinduko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Amon Sabasaba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Salim Masoud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Frank Msafiri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sabina Mugusi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rita Mutagonda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Linda Mlunde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Davis Amani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Erick Mboya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Macdonald Mahiti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - George Ruhago
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Veryeh Sambu
- National AIDS Control Programme, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - George Mgomella
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Boniface Jullu
- Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Prosper Njau
- National AIDS Control Programme, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | | | - Godfrey Barabona
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ueno
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Andrea Pembe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Tumaini Nagu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bruno Sunguya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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