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Castle G, Smith D, Allen LR, Carter J, Elsworth P, Allen BL. Top-predator removal does not cause trophic cascades in Australian rangeland ecosystems. FOOD WEBS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2022.e00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Castle G, Smith D, Allen LR, Allen BL. Terrestrial mesopredators did not increase after top-predator removal in a large-scale experimental test of mesopredator release theory. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18205. [PMID: 34521924 PMCID: PMC8440509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal or loss of top-predators has been predicted to cause cascading negative effects for ecosystems, including mesopredator release. However, reliable evidence for these processes in terrestrial systems has been mixed and equivocal due, in large part, to the systemic and continued use of low-inference study designs to investigate this issue. Even previous large-scale manipulative experiments of strong inferential value have been limited by experimental design features (i.e. failure to prevent migration between treatments) that constrain possible inferences about the presence or absence of mesopredator release effects. Here, we build on these previous strong-inference experiments and report the outcomes of additional large-scale manipulative experiments to eradicate Australian dingoes from two fenced areas where dingo migration was restricted and where theory would predict an increase in extant European red foxes, feral cats and goannas. We demonstrate the removal and suppression of dingoes to undetectable levels over 4–5 years with no corresponding increases in mesopredator relative abundances, which remained low and stable throughout the experiment at both sites. We further demonstrate widespread absence of negative relationships between predators, indicating that the mechanism underpinning predicted mesopredator releases was not present. Our results are consistent with all previous large-scale manipulative experiments and long-term mensurative studies which collectively demonstrate that (1) dingoes do not suppress red foxes, feral cats or goannas at the population level, (2) repeated, temporary suppression of dingoes in open systems does not create mesopredator release effects, and (3) removal and sustained suppression of dingoes to undetectable levels in closed systems does not create mesopredator release effects either. Our experiments add to similar reports from North America, Asia, Europe and southern Africa which indicate that not only is there a widespread absence of reliable evidence for these processes, but there is also a large and continually growing body of experimental evidence of absence for these processes in many terrestrial systems. We conclude that although sympatric predators may interact negatively with each other on smaller spatiotemporal scales, that these negative interactions do not always scale-up to the population level, nor are they always strong enough to create mesopredator suppression or release effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Castle
- Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Deane Smith
- Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.,NSW Department of Primary Industries, Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Lee R Allen
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia. .,Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6034, South Africa.
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Engeman RM, Kaiser BW, Osorio KJ. Evaluating methods to detect and monitor populations of a large invasive lizard: the Argentine giant tegu. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:31717-31729. [PMID: 31485938 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Argentine giant tegu, a large lizard native to South America, was first discovered as established in the USA in scrub habitats of west-central Florida in 2006. Invasive populations potentially could occupy an extensive range of habitats and in much of the southern United States and Mexico and threaten many native species. The Argentine giant tegu was recently deemed as having a "highest impact concern" among the invasive reptile species most threatening to Florida ecology. Among the most rewarding research directions identified for this species was "having a reliable and practical method to detect/monitor" them. We address this need by evaluating five methods for monitoring Argentine giant tegus on how well each method detected the species and whether the observations were sufficient to quantitatively assess population abundance using a widely applicable framework for indexing animal populations. Passive tracking plots were the most efficient and effective means for detecting tegus and calculating abundance indices but were best suited for late winter to spring before summer rains compacted tracking substrates. Gopher tortoise burrows are often used by tegus and camera traps on their entrances proved able to obtain data suitable for indexing populations but required more labor and expense than tracking plots. Trapping either at gopher tortoise burrows or along drift fences was ineffective at capturing tegus. Similarly, visual encounter transects were not effective for observing tegus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Engeman
- National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80521-2154, USA.
| | - Bernard W Kaiser
- Hillsborough Parks, Recreation and Conservation Department, 10940 McMullen Road, Riverview, FL, 33659, USA
| | - Kimberly J Osorio
- Hillsborough Parks, Recreation and Conservation Department, 10940 McMullen Road, Riverview, FL, 33659, USA
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Hunter DO, Lagisz M, Leo V, Nakagawa S, Letnic M. Not all predators are equal: a continent‐scale analysis of the effects of predator control on Australian mammals. Mamm Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O. Hunter
- Centre for Ecosystem Science University of New South Wales NSW 2052 Sydney Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales NSW 2052 Sydney Australia
| | - Viyanna Leo
- Centre for Ecosystem Science University of New South Wales NSW 2052 Sydney Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales NSW 2052 Sydney Australia
| | - Mike Letnic
- Centre for Ecosystem Science University of New South Wales NSW 2052 Sydney Australia
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Allen BL, Fawcett A, Anker A, Engeman RM, Lisle A, Leung LKP. Environmental effects are stronger than human effects on mammalian predator-prey relationships in arid Australian ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:451-461. [PMID: 28818660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate (drought, rainfall), geology (habitat availability), land use change (provision of artificial waterpoints, introduction of livestock), invasive species (competition, predation), and direct human intervention (lethal control of top-predators) have each been identified as processes driving the sustainability of threatened fauna populations. We used a systematic combination of empirical observational studies and experimental manipulations to comprehensively evaluate the effects of these process on a model endangered rodent, dusky hopping-mice (Notomys fuscus). We established a large manipulative experiment in arid Australia, and collected information from relative abundance indices, camera traps, GPS-collared dingoes (Canis familiaris) and dingo scats, along with a range of related environmental data (e.g. rainfall, habitat type, distance to artificial water etc.). We show that hopping-mice populations were most strongly influenced by geological and climatic effects of resource availability and rainfall, and not land use, invasive species, or human effects of livestock grazing, waterpoint provision, or the lethal control of dingoes. Hopping-mice distribution declined along a geological gradient of more to less available hopping-mice habitat (sand dunes), and their abundance was driven by rainfall. Hopping-mice populations fluctuated independent of livestock presence, artificial waterpoint availability or repeated lethal dingo control. Hopping-mice populations appear to be limited first by habitat availability, then by food availability, then by predation. Contemporary top-predator control practices (for protection of livestock) have little influence on hopping-mice behaviour or population dynamics. Given our inability to constrain the effects of predation across broad scales, management actions focusing on increasing available food and habitat (e.g. alteration of fire and herbivory) may have a greater chance of improving the conservation status of hopping-mice and other small mammals in arid areas. Our study also reaffirms the importance of using systematic and experimental approaches to detect true drivers of population distribution and dynamics where multiple potential drivers operate simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Allen
- University of Southern Queensland, Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia.
| | - Alana Fawcett
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia.
| | - Alison Anker
- Robert Wicks Pest Animal Research Centre, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia
| | - Richard M Engeman
- National Wildlife Research Centre, US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 8051-2154, USA.
| | - Allan Lisle
- University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
| | - Luke K-P Leung
- University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
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Morgan HR, Hunter JT, Ballard G, Fleming PJ. The trophic cascades concept may constrain Australian dingo reintroduction experiments: A response to Newsome et al. (2017). FOOD WEBS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Allen BL, Allen LR, Andrén H, Ballard G, Boitani L, Engeman RM, Fleming PJ, Ford AT, Haswell PM, Kowalczyk R, Linnell JD, David Mech L, Parker DM. Can we save large carnivores without losing large carnivore science? FOOD WEBS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Cooke BD, Soriguer RC. Do dingoes protect Australia's small mammal fauna from introduced mesopredators? Time to consider history and recent events. FOOD WEBS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Meadows AJ, Crowder DW, Snyder WE. Are wolves just wasps with teeth? What invertebrates can teach us about mammal top predators. FOOD WEBS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lewis PM, Burns GL, Jones D. Response and Responsibility: Humans as apex predators and ethical actors in a changing societal environment. FOOD WEBS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Gentle M, Speed J, Allen BL, Harris S, Haapakoski H, Bell K. The longevity of para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) wild dog baits and the implications for effective and safe baiting campaigns. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:12338-12346. [PMID: 28357798 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Considerable effort goes into mitigating the impacts caused by invasive animals and prohibiting their establishment or expansion. In Australia, management of wild dogs (Canis lupus dingo and their hybrids) and their devastating impacts is reliant upon poison baiting. The recent release of baits containing the humane toxin para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) offers potential improvements for control of wild dogs, but little is known about the environmental persistence of PAPP in manufactured baits that could be used to inform best practice guidelines. We investigated the degradation rate of PAPP wild dog baits (DOGABAIT™) under typical field usage and storage conditions in north-eastern Australia and calculated optimal deployment and withholding periods. The PAPP content of buried baits declines faster than surface-laid baits, but both presentations retained lethal doses to wild and domestic dogs for considerable periods (6-16 weeks). Domestic or working dogs should be suitably restrained or excluded from baited areas for extended periods, particularly under dry conditions, to minimise poisoning risk. The period of persistence of PAPP baits may provide opportunities to improve the duration or longer term efficacy of baiting campaigns, but care is needed to protect domestic and working dogs to ensure responsible and safe use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gentle
- Invasive Plants and Animals, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 203 Tor St., Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
| | - James Speed
- Invasive Plants and Animals, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 203 Tor St., Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, QLD, Toowoomba, 4350, Australia
| | - Stacy Harris
- Invasive Plants and Animals, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 47 Mayers Rd., Nambour, QLD, 4560, Australia
| | - Hellen Haapakoski
- Invasive Plants and Animals, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 47 Mayers Rd., Nambour, QLD, 4560, Australia
| | - Kerry Bell
- Crop and Food Science, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 13 Holberton St., Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
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Engeman RM, Meshaka WE, Severson R, Severson MA, Kaufman G, Groninger NP, Smith HT. Monitoring cryptic amphibians and reptiles in a Florida state park. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:7032-7037. [PMID: 26739988 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-6028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We monitored cryptic herpetofauna at Savannas Preserve State Park, Florida, by combining artificial cover counts with a quantitative paradigm for constructing and calculating population indices. Weekly indices were calculated from two consecutive days of data collection each week for 7 months from mid-winter to mid-summer in three habitats. Seventeen species were observed at least once, and time trends using index values were followed for six species. Among these, abundance and seasonal pattern information were obtained for an exotic species (greenhouse frog) and a species identified by the Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals as threatened (Florida scrub lizard). We identified winter as the optimal time in this area to monitor populations for conducting annual assessments. This combined observation and indexing approach could provide managers or researchers with an economical means to quantitatively index population trends for multiple cryptic herpetofauna species simultaneously. Using artificial cover to sample within a population indexing design can be generalized beyond monitoring herpetofauna. Other forms of artificial cover that can be used as observation stations include aquatic artificial substrates, artificial tree cavities, artificial reefs, and other artificial aquatic structures and artificial sea grass units, among many others, and a wide range of taxa are suitable for population monitoring using artificial cover as observation stations in the approach we present, including insects, soil invertebrates, micro and macro aquatic invertebrates, fish, crustaceans, and small mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Engeman
- National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Fort Collins, CO, 80521-2154, USA.
| | - Walter E Meshaka
- Section of Zoology and Botany, The State Museum of Pennsylvania, 300 North Street, Harrisburg, PA, 17120-0024, USA
| | - Robert Severson
- Savannas Preserve State Park, 9551 Gumbo Limbo Lane, Jensen, Beach, FL, 34957, USA
| | - Mary Ann Severson
- Savannas Preserve State Park, 9551 Gumbo Limbo Lane, Jensen, Beach, FL, 34957, USA
| | - Greg Kaufman
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida Park Service, 3900 Commonwealth Boulevard, Tallahassee, Fl, 32399, USA
| | - N Paige Groninger
- National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Fort Collins, CO, 80521-2154, USA
| | - Henry T Smith
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida Park Service, 13798 S.E. Federal Highway, Hobe Sound, FL, 33455, USA
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Evaluation of estimation quality of a general paradigm for indexing animal abundance when observations are counts. ECOL INFORM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Can widespread generalist predators affect keystone prey? A case study with red foxes and European rabbits in their native range. POPUL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-015-0510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Allen BL. More buck for less bang: Reconciling competing wildlife management interests in agricultural food webs. FOOD WEBS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hayward MW, Boitani L, Burrows ND, Funston PJ, Karanth KU, MacKenzie DI, Pollock KH, Yarnell RW. FORUM: Ecologists need robust survey designs, sampling and analytical methods. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matt W. Hayward
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography; Bangor University; Bangor Gwynedd LL572UW UK
- Centre for Wildlife Management; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; Port Elizabeth South Africa
| | - Luigi Boitani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies; Sapienza University of Rome; Viale Università 32 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Neil D. Burrows
- Science and Conservation Division; Department of Parks and Wildlife; Perth WA 6151 Australia
| | - Paul J. Funston
- Lion Program; Panthera; 8 West 40th Street 18th Floor New York NY 0018 USA
| | - K. Ullas Karanth
- Wildlife Conservation Society; 1669, 31st Cross 16th Main Banashankari 2nd Stage Bangalore (Bengaluru) Karnataka 560 070 India
| | | | - Ken H. Pollock
- Department of Applied Ecology; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27695-7617 USA
| | - Richard W. Yarnell
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences; Nottingham Trent University; Brackenhurst Campus Southwell NG250QF UK
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Newsome TM, Ballard GA, Crowther MS, Dellinger JA, Fleming PJS, Glen AS, Greenville AC, Johnson CN, Letnic M, Moseby KE, Nimmo DG, Nelson MP, Read JL, Ripple WJ, Ritchie EG, Shores CR, Wallach AD, Wirsing AJ, Dickman CR. Resolving the value of the dingo in ecological restoration. Restor Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Newsome
- Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences; The University of Sydney; New South Wales 2006 Australia
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 U.S.A
| | - Guy-Anthony Ballard
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences; University of New England; Armidale New South Wales 2351 Australia
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Biosecurity NSW, NSW Department of Primary Industries; University of New England; PO Box U86 Armidale New South Wales 2351 Australia
| | - Mathew S. Crowther
- Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences; The University of Sydney; New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Justin A. Dellinger
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98195 U.S.A
| | - Peter J. S. Fleming
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences; University of New England; Armidale New South Wales 2351 Australia
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Biosecurity NSW; NSW Department of Primary Industries; Locked Bag 6006 Orange New South Wales 2800 Australia
| | | | - Aaron C. Greenville
- Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences; The University of Sydney; New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Chris N. Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Tasmania; Private Bag 55 Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Mike Letnic
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Katherine E. Moseby
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; The University of Adelaide; South Australia 5005 Australia
- Arid Recovery; PO Box 147 Roxby Downs South Australia 5725 Australia
| | - Dale G. Nimmo
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Deakin University; Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway Burwood Victoria 3125 Australia
| | - Michael Paul Nelson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 U.S.A
| | - John L. Read
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; The University of Adelaide; South Australia 5005 Australia
- Arid Recovery; PO Box 147 Roxby Downs South Australia 5725 Australia
| | - William J. Ripple
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 U.S.A
| | - Euan G. Ritchie
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Deakin University; Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway Burwood Victoria 3125 Australia
| | - Carolyn R. Shores
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98195 U.S.A
| | - Arian D. Wallach
- Charles Darwin University; Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods; Darwin Northern Territory 0909 Australia
| | - Aaron J. Wirsing
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98195 U.S.A
| | - Christopher R. Dickman
- Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences; The University of Sydney; New South Wales 2006 Australia
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Allen LR. Demographic and functional responses of wild dogs to poison baiting. ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/emr.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dingo destruction okay for prey. Nature 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/514008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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