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Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Electrical Stimulation over the Supplementary Motor Area Combined with Walking on the Intramuscular Coherence of the Tibialis Anterior in a Subacute Post-Stroke Patient: A Single-Case Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050540. [PMID: 35624929 PMCID: PMC9139188 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor recovery is related to the corticospinal tract (CST) lesion in post-stroke patients. The CST originating from the supplementary motor area (SMA) affects the recovery of impaired motor function. We confirmed the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the SMA combined with walk training on CST excitability. This study involved a stroke patient with severe sensorimotor deficits and a retrospective AB design. Walk training was conducted only in phase A. Phase B consisted of anodal tDCS (1.5 mA) combined with walk training. Walking speed, stride time variability (STV; reflecting gait stability), and beta-band intramuscular coherence—derived from the paired tibialis anterior on the paretic side (reflecting CST excitability)—were measured. STV quantified the coefficient of variation in stride time using accelerometers. Intramuscular coherence during the early stance phase noticeably increased in phase B compared with phase A. Intramuscular coherence in both the stance and swing phases was reduced at follow-up. Walking speed showed no change, while STV was noticeably decreased in phase B compared with phase A. These results suggest that tDCS over the SMA during walking improves gait stability by enhancing CST excitability in the early stance phase.
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Zhong L, Fang S, Wang AQ, Zhang ZH, Wang T, Huang W, Zhou HX, Zhang H, Yin ZS. Identification of the Fosl1/AMPK/autophagy axis involved in apoptotic and inflammatory effects following spinal cord injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 103:108492. [PMID: 34973528 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for reducing spinal cord injury (SCI) have become a research focus because an effective treatment of SCI is unavailable. The objective of this study was to explore the underlying mechanisms of Fosl1 following SCI. Based on the analysis of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, Fosl1 was found to be highly enhanced in SCI. This result was confirmed in our animal model, and Fosl1 was found to be obviously expressed in neurons. Next, we treated PC-12 cells with H2O2 to mimic injured neurons and further verified that Fosl1 silencing upregulated AMPK expression, promoted autophagy and inhibited inflammation and apoptosis. Subsequently, a special inhibitor of AMPK was used to examine the role of AMPK, and we learned that the inhibition of AMPK suppressed autophagy and promoted inflammation and apoptosis following Fosl1 silencing. These changes completely reversed the beneficial effects of Fosl1 silencing on injured PC-12 cells. Moreover, treatment with an AMPK activator resulted in effects that were opposite those of the inhibitor. Finally, rats were injected intrathecally with si-Fosl1 to detect its role in vivo. The results showed that si-Fosl1 improved neurological function and decreased apoptosis and inflammation at 14 d postoperation, and the activator further benefited the rats of si-Fosl1 treatment. In conclusion, Fosl1 inhibits autophagy and promotes inflammation and apoptosis through the AMPK signaling pathway following SCI in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China; Department of Orthopedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #390 Huaihe Road, Hefei, 230061, China
| | - Sheng Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - An-Quan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Anhui Provincial Armed Police Corps Hospital, #78 Changfeng Road, Hefei, 230041, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, #415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003 China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, #17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Zong-Sheng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China.
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Nie BX, Zhao G, Yuan XF, Yu LX, Zhang J, Yuan Y, Liu Y, Hu J, Song E, Zhou YC, Shu J. Inhibition of CDK1 attenuates neuronal apoptosis and autophagy and confers neuroprotection after chronic spinal cord injury in vivo. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 119:102053. [PMID: 34839004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic spinal cord injury (CSCI) results from progressive compression of the spinal cord over time. A variety of factors cause CSCI, and its exact pathogenesis is unknown. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) is closely related to the apoptosis pathway, but no CSCI-related studies on CDK1 have been conducted. In this study, the role of CDK1 in CSCI was explored in a rat model. The CSCI model was established by screw compression using the cervical anterior approach for twelve weeks. The neurological function of the rats was evaluated using the neurological severity scores (NSS) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs). Pathological changes in spinal cord tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and Nissl staining was performed to assess the survival of motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Changes in autophagy and apoptosis in anterior horn of spinal cord tissue were detected using transmission electron microscopy and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, respectively. The expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adaptor (IBA) and choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) in the anterior horn were determined using immunohistochemistry assays to investigate astrocytes, microglia and motor neurons, respectively, in the anterior horn. Western blot assays were used to detect the expression levels of CDK1, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase 3, LC3 and Beclin1. Changes in the expression of CDK1, LC3 and Beclin1 were also observed using immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that CSCI resulted in neuronal injury and a decrease in the NSS. In the CSCI model group, anterior horn astrocytes and microglia were activated, and motor neurons were decreased. Neuronal apoptosis was promoted, and the number of autophagic vacuoles was elevated. Rats treated with the CDK1 shRNA lentivirus exhibited better NSS, more surviving motor neurons, and fewer apoptotic neurons than the model rats. The occurrence of autophagy and the expression of proapoptotic and autophagy-related proteins were lower in the CDK1 shRNA group than the model group. In conclusion, CDK1 downregulation suppressed the activation of anterior horn astrocytes and microglia, promoted motor neuron repair, and inhibited neurons apoptosis and autophagy to promote the recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Xu Nie
- Traumatology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Traumatology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin-Xin Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Traumatology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Yao Liu
- College of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - En Song
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Yunnan Provincial Rehabilitation Center for the Disabled Persons, Kunming 650034, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Shu
- Traumatology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650106, Yunnan, China.
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Balbinot G, Li G, Wiest MJ, Pakosh M, Furlan JC, Kalsi-Ryan S, Zariffa J. Properties of the surface electromyogram following traumatic spinal cord injury: a scoping review. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2021; 18:105. [PMID: 34187509 PMCID: PMC8244234 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-021-00888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts spinal and supraspinal pathways, and this process is reflected in changes in surface electromyography (sEMG). sEMG is an informative complement to current clinical testing and can capture the residual motor command in great detail-including in muscles below the level of injury with seemingly absent motor activities. In this comprehensive review, we sought to describe how the sEMG properties are changed after SCI. We conducted a systematic literature search followed by a narrative review focusing on sEMG analysis techniques and signal properties post-SCI. We found that early reports were mostly focused on the qualitative analysis of sEMG patterns and evolved to semi-quantitative scores and a more detailed amplitude-based quantification. Nonetheless, recent studies are still constrained to an amplitude-based analysis of the sEMG, and there are opportunities to more broadly characterize the time- and frequency-domain properties of the signal as well as to take fuller advantage of high-density EMG techniques. We recommend the incorporation of a broader range of signal properties into the neurophysiological assessment post-SCI and the development of a greater understanding of the relation between these sEMG properties and underlying physiology. Enhanced sEMG analysis could contribute to a more complete description of the effects of SCI on upper and lower motor neuron function and their interactions, and also assist in understanding the mechanisms of change following neuromodulation or exercise therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Balbinot
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada.
| | - Guijin Li
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matheus Joner Wiest
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Maureen Pakosh
- Library & Information Services, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julio Cesar Furlan
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sukhvinder Kalsi-Ryan
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jose Zariffa
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Zeng H, Lu Y, Huang MJ, Yang YY, Xing HY, Liu XX, Zhou MW. Ketogenic diet-mediated steroid metabolism reprogramming improves the immune microenvironment and myelin growth in spinal cord injury rats according to gene and co-expression network analyses. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:12973-12995. [PMID: 33962394 PMCID: PMC8148504 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ketogenic diet has been widely used in the treatment of various nervous system and metabolic-related diseases. Our previous research found that a ketogenic diet exerts a protective effect and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. However, the mechanism of action is still unclear. In this study, different dietary feeding methods were used, and myelin expression and gene level changes were detected among different groups. We established 15 RNA-seq cDNA libraries from among 4 different groups. First, KEGG pathway enrichment of upregulated differentially expressed genes and gene set enrichment analysis of the ketogenic diet and normal diet groups indicated that a ketogenic diet significantly improved the steroid anabolic pathway in rats with spinal cord injury. Through cluster analysis, protein-protein interaction analysis and visualization of iPath metabolic pathways, it was determined that Sqle, Sc5d, Cyp51, Dhcr24, Msmo1, Hsd17b7, and Fdft1 expression changed significantly. Second, through weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that rats fed a ketogenic diet showed a significant reduction in the expression of genes involved in immune-related pathways, including those associated with immunity and infectious diseases. A ketogenic diet may improve the immune microenvironment and myelin growth in rats with spinal cord injury through reprogramming of steroid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Huangpu 200011, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meng-Jie Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hua-Yi Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Xie Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mou-Wang Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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6
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YAZAR U, HIZIROĞLU S, KARAHAN S, ERCIN ME, GÜVERCİN AR, OZER YAMAN S. Sıçanlarda Metoprololün Deneysel Omurilik İskemisi/Reperfüzyon Hasarı Üzerine Etkileri. DÜZCE ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI ENSTITÜSÜ DERGISI 2020. [DOI: 10.33631/duzcesbed.739536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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Decreased supraspinal control and neuromuscular function controlling the ankle joint in athletes with chronic ankle instability. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2041-2052. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04191-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Liu J, Sheng Y, Zeng J, Liu H. Corticomuscular Coherence for Upper Arm Flexor and Extensor Muscles During Isometric Exercise and Cyclically Isokinetic Movement. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:522. [PMID: 31178688 PMCID: PMC6538811 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical-muscular functional coupling reflects the interaction between the cerebral cortex and the muscle activities. Corticomuscular coherence (CMC) has been extensively revealed in sustained contractions of various upper- and lower-limb muscles during static and dynamic force outputs. However, it is not well-understood that the CMC modulation mechanisms, i.e., the relation between a cerebral hemisphere and dynamic motor controlling limbs at constant speeds, such as isokinetic movement. In this paper, we explore the CMC between upper arm flexors/extensors movement and motor cortex during isometric exercise and cyclically isokinetic movement. We also provide further insights of frequency-shift and the neural pathway mechanisms in isokinetic movement by evaluating the coherence between motor cortex and agonistic or antagonistic muscles. This study is the first to investigate the relationship between cortical-muscular functional connections in elbow flexion-extension movement with constant speeds. The result shows that gamma-range coherence for isokinetic movement is greatly increased compared with isometric exercise, and significant CMC is observed in the entire flexion-extension stage regardless the nature of muscles contraction, although dominant synchronization of cortical oscillation and muscular activity resonated in sustained contraction stage principally. Besides, the CMC for extensors and flexors are explicitly consistent in contraction stage during cyclically isokinetic elbow movement. It is concluded that cortical-muscular coherence can be dynamically modulated as well as selective by cognitive demands of the body, and the time-varying mechanisms of the synchronous motor oscillation exist in healthy individuals during dynamic movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Honghai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Li XG, Du JH, Lu Y, Lin XJ. Neuroprotective effects of rapamycin on spinal cord injury in rats by increasing autophagy and Akt signaling. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:721-727. [PMID: 30632514 PMCID: PMC6352584 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.247476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin treatment has been shown to increase autophagy activity and activate Akt phosphorylation, suppressing apoptosis in several models of ischemia reperfusion injury. However, little has been studied on the neuroprotective effects on spinal cord injury by activating Akt phosphorylation. We hypothesized that both effects of rapamycin, the increased autophagy activity and Akt signaling, would contribute to its neuroprotective properties. In this study, a compressive spinal cord injury model of rat was created by an aneurysm clip with a 30 g closing force. Rat models were intraperitoneally injected with rapamycin 1 mg/kg, followed by autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine 2.5 mg/kg and Akt inhibitor IV 1 µg/kg. Western blot assay, immunofluorescence staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay were used to observe the expression of neuronal autophagy molecule Beclin 1, apoptosis-related molecules Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-3 and Akt signaling. Our results demonstrated that rapamycin inhibited the expression of mTOR in injured spinal cord tissue and up-regulated the expression of Beclin 1 and phosphorylated-Akt. Rapamycin prevented the decrease of bcl-2 expression in injured spinal cord tissue, reduced Bax, cytochrome c and caspase-3 expression levels and reduced the number of apoptotic neurons in injured spinal cord tissue 24 hours after spinal cord injury. 3-Methyladenine and Akt inhibitor IV intervention suppressed the expression of Beclin-1 and phosphorylated-Akt in injured spinal cord tissue and reduced the protective effect of rapamycin on apoptotic neurons. The above results indicate that the neuroprotective effect of rapamycin on spinal cord injury rats can be achieved by activating autophagy and the Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Gong Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun-Hua Du
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Jin Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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10
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Aguiar SA, Baker SN, Gant K, Bohorquez J, Thomas CK. Spasms after spinal cord injury show low-frequency intermuscular coherence. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:1765-1771. [PMID: 30067124 PMCID: PMC6230810 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00112.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermuscular coherence allows the investigation of common input to muscle groups. Although beta-band (15–30 Hz) intermuscular coherence is well understood as originating from the cortex, the source of intermuscular coherence at lower frequencies is still unclear. We used a wearable device that recorded electromyographic (EMG) signals during a 24-h period in four lower limb muscles of seven spinal cord injury patients (American Spinal Cord Injury Association impairment scale: A, 6 subjects; B, 1 subject) while they went about their normal daily life activities. We detected natural spasms occurring during these long-lasting recordings and calculated intermuscular coherence between all six possible combinations of muscle pairs. There was significant intermuscular coherence at low frequencies, between 2 and 13 Hz. The most likely source for this was the spinal cord and its peripheral feedback loops, because the spinal lesions in these patients had interrupted connections to supraspinal structures. This is the first report to demonstrate that the spinal cord is capable of producing low-frequency intermuscular coherence with severely reduced or abolished descending drive. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first report to demonstrate that intermuscular coherence between lower limb muscles at low frequencies can be produced by the spinal cord with severely reduced or abolished descending drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefane A Aguiar
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Baker
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Katie Gant
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - Jorge Bohorquez
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - Christine K Thomas
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
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