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Gomes E, Alder G, Bright FAS, Signal N. Understanding task "challenge" in stroke rehabilitation: an interdisciplinary concept analysis. Disabil Rehabil 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38821140 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2024.2356010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rehabilitation plays a critical role in minimising disability after stroke, with the concept of "challenge" proposed to be essential to rehabilitation efficacy and outcomes. This review unpacks how challenge is conceptualised in stroke rehabilitation literature from the perspectives of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech-language therapy and people with stroke. A secondary purpose was to provide a definition of challenge that is applicable to stroke rehabilitation. METHODS Principle-based concept analysis was utilised to examine challenge within the stroke rehabilitation literature. Forty-two papers were included. Data analysis involved immersion, analytical questioning, coding and synthesis to elicit the conceptual components of challenge. RESULTS Challenge was understood as a multidimensional and dynamic concept with three facets: nominal, functional and perceived challenge. Functional and perceived challenge were integral to optimal challenge. Optimal challenge was central to enhancing the outcomes and experiences of people with stroke, in rehabilitation and everyday life. CONCLUSIONS Challenge is a key concept which, when carefully optimised to the person's ability and experience, may positively influence their learning, recovery and engagement after stroke. This review lays a conceptual foundation for better understanding, operationalisation and advancement of challenge, offering important implications for addressing the growing burden of stroke disability, through rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Gomes
- Rehabilitation Innovation Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gemma Alder
- Rehabilitation Innovation Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Felicity A S Bright
- Centre for Person Centred Research, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nada Signal
- Rehabilitation Innovation Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Reich N, Mannino M, Kotler S. Using caffeine as a chemical means to induce flow states. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 159:105577. [PMID: 38331128 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Flow is an intrinsically rewarding state characterised by positive affect and total task absorption. Because cognitive and physical performance are optimal in flow, chemical means to facilitate this state are appealing. Caffeine, a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, has been emphasized as a potential flow-inducer. Thus, we review the psychological and biological effects of caffeine that, conceptually, enhance flow. Caffeine may facilitate flow through various effects, including: i) upregulation of dopamine D1/D2 receptor affinity in reward-associated brain areas, leading to greater energetic arousal and 'wanting'; ii) protection of dopaminergic neurons; iii) increases in norepinephrine release and alertness, which offset sleep-deprivation and hypoarousal; iv) heightening of parasympathetic high frequency heart rate variability, resulting in improved cortical stress appraisal, v) modification of striatal endocannabinoid-CB1 receptor-signalling, leading to enhanced stress tolerance; and vi) changes in brain network activity in favour of executive function and flow. We also discuss the application of caffeine to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and caveats. We hope to inspire studies assessing the use of caffeine to induce flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Biomedical & Life Sciences Division, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK; The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK.
| | - Michael Mannino
- Flow Research Collective, USA; Miami Dade College, Miami, FL, USA
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Polechoński J, Szczechowicz B, Ryśnik J, Tomik R. Recreational cycling provides greater satisfaction and flow in an immersive virtual environment than in real life. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:31. [PMID: 38291484 PMCID: PMC10826202 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the state of satisfaction and flow involved in the physical activity (PA) determines future training commitment, it is undoubtedly very important to study the factors influencing the attractiveness of PA. One of such factors is the usage of virtual reality (VR) technology which creates opportunities for its users to practice various forms of PA in a altered way. It is interesting whether PA practiced in a virtual environment can offer higher levels of satisfaction and flow comparing with PA practiced in the real world. Positive answer to this question support the statement that the use of such technology could contribute to the future commitment in PA. Therefore, in order to find out whether PA in VR can be an attractive alternative towards the PA in a real world, the research should be undertaken to verify if the state of satisfaction and flow involved in the practising certain PA in the VR environment could be higher comparing to the levels of pleasure and flow connected with the same PA carried out in the real world. OBJECTIVE The main objective of the study was to assess the level of satisfaction and flow experienced by healthy adults during various cycling conditions: real life (RL), non-immersive and immersive virtual reality (nIVR and IVR). Additionally, questionnaires for assessing satisfaction with PA and flow in RL and VR were also validated in terms of their measurement reliability. The correlation of the results obtained during tests using both measurement tools was also assessed. METHODS Forty students were studied, including 20 women (age 22.35 ± 2.32 years) and 20 men (age 22.95 ± 2.19 years). The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) was used to evaluate the enjoyment of cycling. Flow state was assessed using The Flow State Scale (FSS). RESULTS Based on Friedman's analysis of variance regarding the results obtained for all the respondents, it can be concluded that the conditions of cycling significantly affect their level of satisfaction (χ2 = 85.61(40;3); p < 0.001) and flow (χ2 = 40.52(40;3); p < 0.001). The research participants rated cycling the highest in IVR. Based on the calculated Cronbach's alpha coefficients, high measurement reliability of the questionnaires used in nIVR (PACES, α = 0.94; FFS-2, α = 0.86) and IVR (PACES, α = 0.89; FFS-2, α = 0.91). There was also a significant positive moderate correlation between PA satisfaction and user flow. CONCLUSIONS The research is the first attempt to directly compare the sense of satisfaction and flow when practicing cycling in RL and in nIVR and IVR. The greater attractiveness and higher level of flow during PA in IVR compared to a similar traditional form of PA in RL, found on the basis of the conducted research, should prompt reflection by both those involved in planning and promoting PA, as well as the creators of active video games (AVGs). Due to the great attractiveness of PA in IVR and the constant, dynamic development of immersive information technologies, virtual training may, in the near future, become not only an important supplement to conventional forms of exercise, but perhaps even an alternative solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Polechoński
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72A, 40-065, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Szczechowicz
- Faculty of Tourism and Leisure, Institute of Entrepreneurship and Management, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Jana Pawła II Avenue 78, 31-571, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub Ryśnik
- Department of Health-Related Physical Activity and Tourism, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72A, 40-065, Katowice, Poland
| | - Rajmund Tomik
- Department of Health-Related Physical Activity and Tourism, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72A, 40-065, Katowice, Poland
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Wang Q, Chen Y, Li L, Li C, Li L, Cao H, Yang H. Barriers to home exercise for patients with Parkinson's disease: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e061932. [PMID: 36754554 PMCID: PMC9923294 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the barriers to home exercise for patients with Parkinson's disease (PwPDs) and to provide guidelines for healthcare providers to build and implement home exercise strategies for PwPDs. DESIGN A qualitative descriptive method was used. Semistructured interviews were conducted and thematic analysis was employed. SETTING The study was conducted at the Department of Neurology at a grade 3 Class A general hospital in China. PARTICIPANTS A total of 24 participants were interviewed, including 10 PwPDs, 7 caregivers, 4 nurses, 1head nurse, and 2 Parkinson's clinicians. RESULTS Five themes were identified in this analysis. (1) Psychosomatic stress and low activity; (2) Lack of early rehabilitation authorisation; (3) Poor 'flow' state of home exercise; (4) iInaccessibility of continued service; (5) Sociocultural impact on family coping. CONCLUSION PwPDs, caregivers and specialised medical staff raised the challenges faced by patients' home exercises from different perspectives. We can improve services and integrate resources through the management of multi-disciplinary, early rehabilitation authorisation, exercise experience, continuous service mode, and family coping strategies under different cultures to gradually adjust the home exercise behaviour of PwPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohong Wang
- College of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- College of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Linbo Li
- College of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Huili Cao
- College of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Nursing, Linfen Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Linfen, Shanxi, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Nursing, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Pastore-Wapp M, Kaufmann BC, Nyffeler T, Wapp S, Bohlhalter S, Vanbellingen T. Feasibility of a combined intermittent theta-burst stimulation and video game-based dexterity training in Parkinson's disease. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2023; 20:2. [PMID: 36635679 PMCID: PMC9837937 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-023-01123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with Parkinson's disease (PD) often exhibit difficulties with dexterity during the performance of activities of daily living (ADL), inter alia due to dysfunctional supplementary motor area (SMA). Combined intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) over the SMA followed by video game-based training (VBT) may therefore improve dexterity related ADL. The VBT may induce high flow levels related to high performance during the training. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of a combined iTBS-VBT intervention in persons with PD. METHODS A total of nine persons with PD (mean age 63.3 ± 8.76 years) with self-reported difficulties with dexterity related ADL were included in this pilot iTBS-VBT study. All participants received either iTBS or sham stimulation over the SMA followed by a 45-min VBT, three times a week for a total of three weeks. Feasibility was measured by means of the adherence rate and the system usability (System Usability Scale). Moreover, flow was measured after the last VBT session. RESULTS Adherence rate was excellent with 100%. High system usability scores (i.e., mean 80%, range 55-97.5) and a significant Spearman's correlation with the Flow State Scale (r = .762, p = .017) further point to the high feasibility of the VBT. Neither demographic variables nor difficulties in dexterity related ADL affected the usability of the VBT. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the high feasibility of a combined iTBS-VBT intervention. Moreover, the level of self-reported usability was related to flow experience. Whether this kind of combined iTBS-VBT intervention improves dexterity will be evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. Trial registration clincaltrials.gov NCT04699149, date of registration 1. June 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Pastore-Wapp
- Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland. .,ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Brigitte C. Kaufmann
- grid.413354.40000 0000 8587 8621Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland ,Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau – Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France ,grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Nyffeler
- grid.413354.40000 0000 8587 8621Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland ,grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ,grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simona Wapp
- grid.413354.40000 0000 8587 8621Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Bohlhalter
- grid.413354.40000 0000 8587 8621Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Neurology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tim Vanbellingen
- grid.413354.40000 0000 8587 8621Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland ,grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Alameda C, Sanabria D, Ciria LF. The brain in flow: A systematic review on the neural basis of the flow state. Cortex 2022; 154:348-364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Saric L, Knobel SEJ, Pastore-Wapp M, Nef T, Mast FW, Vanbellingen T. Usability of Two New Interactive Game Sensor-Based Hand Training Devices in Parkinson's Disease. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6278. [PMID: 36016039 PMCID: PMC9416263 DOI: 10.3390/s22166278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This pilot cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the usability of two new interactive game sensor-based hand devices (GripAble and Smart Sensor Egg) in both healthy adults as well as in persons with Parkinson's Disease (PD). Eight healthy adults and eight persons with PD participated in this study. Besides a standardised usability measure, the state of flow after one training session and the effect of cognitive abilities on flow were evaluated. High system usability scores (SUS) were obtained both in healthy participants (72.5, IQR = 64.375-90, GripAble) as well as persons with PD (77.5, IQR = 70-80.625, GripAble; 77.5, IQR = 75-82.5, Smart Sensor Egg). Similarly, high FSSOT scores were achieved after one training session (42.5, IQR = 39.75-50, GripAble; 50, IQR = 47-50, Smart Sensor Egg; maximum score 55). Across both groups, FSSOT scores correlated significantly with SUS scores (r = 0.52, p = 0.039). Finally, MoCA did not correlate significantly with FSSOT scores (r = 0.02, p = 0.9). The present study shows high usability for both interactive game sensor-based hand training devices, for persons with PD and healthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Saric
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Samuel E. J. Knobel
- Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Pastore-Wapp
- Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, 6000 Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Nef
- Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fred W. Mast
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tim Vanbellingen
- Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, 6000 Luzern, Switzerland
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Ramos Muñoz EDJ, Swanson VA, Johnson C, Anderson RK, Rabinowitz AR, Zondervan DK, Collier GH, Reinkensmeyer DJ. Using Large-Scale Sensor Data to Test Factors Predictive of Perseverance in Home Movement Rehabilitation: Optimal Challenge and Steady Engagement. Front Neurol 2022; 13:896298. [PMID: 35795800 PMCID: PMC9252527 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.896298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Persevering with home rehabilitation exercise is a struggle for millions of people in the US each year. A key factor that may influence motivation to engage with rehabilitation exercise is the challenge level of the assigned exercises, but this hypothesis is currently supported only by subjective, self-report. Here, we studied the relationship between challenge level and perseverance using long-term, self-determined exercise patterns of a large number of individuals (N = 2,581) engaging in home rehabilitation with a sensor-based exercise system without formal supervision. FitMi is comprised of two puck-like sensors and a library of 40 gamified exercises for the hands, arms, trunk, and legs that are designed for people recovering from a stroke. We found that individuals showed the greatest perseverance with the system over a 2-month period if they had (1) a moderate level of motor impairment and (2) high but not perfect success during the 1st week at completing the exercise game. Further, a steady usage pattern (vs. accelerating or decelerating use) was associated with more overall exercise, and declines in exercise amount over time were associated with exponentially declining session initiation probability rather than decreasing amounts of exercise once a session was initiated. These findings confirm that an optimized challenge level and regular initiation of exercise sessions predict achievement of a greater amount of overall rehabilitation exercise in a group of users of commercial home rehabilitation technology and suggest how home rehabilitation programs and exercise technologies can be optimized to promote perseverance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar De Jesus Ramos Muñoz
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Veronica Ann Swanson
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Veronica Ann Swanson
| | - Christopher Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Raeda K. Anderson
- Shepherd Center, Virginia C. Crawford Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Sociology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - George H. Collier
- Shepherd Center, Virginia C. Crawford Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David J. Reinkensmeyer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, UC Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Alblehai F. Can avatar homophily influence flow and exploratory behaviour of online users? EDUCATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 27:12363-12379. [PMID: 35668904 PMCID: PMC9143712 DOI: 10.1007/s10639-022-11111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Virtual learning environments have been recognized as an area of particular importance by which educators can use to improve desirable learning behaviours. Investigating the impact of different virtual environments on learners' behaviours has become the centre of attention of researchers, especially during COVID-19. The homophily effect of avatar-identity on individuals' perceptions of an environment can be a key for understanding their learning behaviours. This study examined the relationship between key constructs related to avatar homophily (background and attitude) and learners' flow and exploratory behaviour. An online survey was distributed to 157 students (93 males and 64 females with age ranging from 19 to 21 years) who took part in an online learning activity using an avatar-mediated environment (Second Life). The results showed that users' flow experience can be influenced by the function of perceived background and attitude homophily in an avatar-mediated environment. Flow experience was found to mediate the relationship between avatar homophily and learners' exploratory behaviour. This study offers a conceptual understanding of the relationship between homophily and individual's flow state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alblehai
- Computer Science Department, Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Phan HP, Ngu BH. Advancing the Study of “Goals of Best Practice”: Toward Achieving Optimal Best – Educational Implications to Developments in Flow Research and Positive Optimal Psychology. Front Psychol 2022; 13:838560. [PMID: 35478753 PMCID: PMC9036102 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.838560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The paradigm of positive psychology is significant in introducing positive psychological concepts such as “flourishing,” “optimal best,” and “a state of flow.” In terms of research development of positive psychology, the researchers of this article have made extensive theoretical, empirical, and methodological contributions by advancing the study of optimal best. One aspect of this research, notably, consists of advancement of the psychological process of optimization. Optimization, in brief, provides a theoretical account into the “optimization” of a person’s state of functioning. Non-academically, a Buddhist nun’s seeking to successfully achieve an optimal state of enlightenment or, academically, a first-year student’s seeking to achieve an A grade in Psych 101 would require some form of optimization. Recent research development has, interestingly, considered a related concept known as “goals of best practice” (GsBP), which may co-exist with the process of optimization and/or assist to account for the optimization of learning experiences. This conceptual analysis article, by utilizing the paradigm of philosophical psychology, advances the study of optimal best practice by focusing on three major aspects: (i) to consider conceptually and philosophically how and/or the extent to which GsBP could, in fact, relate to the nature of flow, flourishing, and optimal best; (ii) to consider a methodological account, which could help to measure and assess the concept GsBP; and (iii) to consider the potential practicality of GsBP in educational contexts, which may assist to facilitate and motivate the achievement of optimal best. These three aspects, we firmly believe, are of significance as they provide grounding for implementation and continuing research development into the area of best practice.
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