Immune gene expression in swine macrophages expressing the Torque Teno Sus Virus1 (TTSuV1) ORF-1 and 2 proteins.
Virus Res 2016;
220:33-8. [PMID:
27059616 DOI:
10.1016/j.virusres.2016.04.004]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Torque Teno viruses (TTVs) are small DNA viruses which are ubiquitous in nature. Recent reports indicate that swine torque teno viruses (TTSuVs) can act as primary pathogens or play a role in exacerbating co-infections. However, very little is known about the TTSuV host-viral interaction or how they so successfully establish chronic infections in the host. To determine whether the major viral proteins can modulate host immunity, recombinant TTSuV1 ORF1 and 2 proteins were expressed in a swine macrophage cell line (3D4/31). The differential expression of a panel of innate, adaptive, regulatory and inflammatory immune genes was studied by quantitative PCR; using cDNA samples collected at 6, 12, 24 and 48h post-transfection. The ORF1 protein induced an early anti-viral response. However, at 6h post-transfection it also upregulated IL-10, PD-1 and SOCS-1, the suppressors of T cell mediated immunity. An ensuing diminishment of the early protective response was noted. The TTSuV1 ORF2 protein suppressed IFN-β and IL-13 responses but did not significantly influence anti-viral immunity otherwise. These findings indicate that the TTSuV1 ORF1 protein plays a significant but dual role in viral immunity.
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