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Cammarata RV, Barrios ME, Díaz SM, García López G, Fortunato MS, Torres C, Blanco Fernández MD, Mbayed VA. Assessment of Microbiological Quality of Fresh Vegetables and Oysters Produced in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:507-519. [PMID: 34449055 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fresh vegetables and shellfish are prone to microbial contamination through irrigation or breeding with sewage-polluted waters, as well as by infected food handlers. In this work, we studied the presence of human and bovine polyomaviruses and human norovirus in fresh lettuces, strawberries and oysters produced in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. In oysters, we also investigated F-specific RNA bacteriophages, indicator Escherichia coli (E. coli) and pathogen bacteria of concern (Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp.). Within vegetables, we found viral contamination of human origin given the presence of human-associated polyomaviruses -MCPyV, HPyV6, JCPyV, and SV40- in lettuce and strawberry samples (16 and 10%, respectively), probably coming from irrigation waters and food handling. Among oysters, human (MCPyV, 4.2%) and bovine (BPyV1, 8.4%) polyomaviruses were detected even with low counts of E. coli. Bacteriophages (n = 3) and Salmonella spp. (n = 1) were also found, while Vibrio spp. was not detected. These results may indicate that the contamination in oysters comes from human and animal excreta, probably present in breeding waters. Norovirus was not detected in any food sample. To our knowledge, this is the first description of SV40 in lettuces and MCPyV and BPyV1 in oysters. The detection of different viral contaminants encourages further studies to evaluate the need for including viral indicators in microbiological standards. The identification of possible sources and routes of contamination using viral markers during routine microbiological controls, such as the polyomaviruses used in this work, would be useful to focus attention on the most hazardous stages of the food production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertina Viviana Cammarata
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina Elizabeth Barrios
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofía Micaela Díaz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Godoy Cruz 2370, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe García López
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Salud Pública e Higiene Ambiental, Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Susana Fortunato
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Salud Pública e Higiene Ambiental, Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Torres
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Dolores Blanco Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Andrea Mbayed
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Del Valle L, Khalili K. Induction of Brain Tumors by the Archetype Strain of Human Neurotropic JCPyV in a Transgenic Mouse Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020162. [PMID: 33499370 PMCID: PMC7911272 DOI: 10.3390/v13020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
JC Virus (JCPyV), a member of the Polyomaviridiæ family, is a human neurotropic virus with world-wide distribution. JCPyV is the established opportunistic infectious agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a fatal demyelinating disease, which results from the cytolytic infection of oligodendrocytes. Mutations in the regulatory region of JCPyV determine the different viral strains. Mad-1 the strain associated with PML contains two 98 base pair repeats, whereas the archetype strain (CY), which is the transmissible form of JCPyV, contains only one 98 tandem with two insertions of 62 and 23 base pairs respectively. The oncogenicity of JCPyV has been suspected since direct inoculation into the brain of rodents and primates resulted in the development of brain tumors and has been attributed to the viral protein, T-Antigen. To further understand the oncogenicity of JCPyV, a transgenic mouse colony containing the early region of the archetype strain (CY), under the regulation of its own promoter was generated. These transgenic animals developed tumors of neural crest origin, including: primitive neuroectodermal tumors, medulloblastomas, adrenal neuroblastomas, pituitary tumors, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and glioblastomas. Neoplastic cells from all different phenotypes express T-Antigen. The close parallels between the tumors developed by these transgenic animals and human CNS tumors make this animal model an excellent tool for the study of viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Del Valle
- Neurological Cancer Research, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (L.D.V.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neurosciences and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Correspondence: (L.D.V.); (K.K.)
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