|
1
|
Gullo G, Scaglione M, Cucinella G, Riva A, Coldebella D, Cavaliere AF, Signore F, Buzzaccarini G, Spagnol G, Laganà AS, Noventa M, Zaami S. Congenital Zika Syndrome: Genetic Avenues for Diagnosis and Therapy, Possible Management and Long-Term Outcomes. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051351. [PMID: 35268441 PMCID: PMC8911172 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) was discovered in Uganda in 1947 and was originally isolated only in Africa and Asia. After a spike of microcephaly cases in Brazil, research has closely focused on different aspects of congenital ZIKV infection. In this review, we evaluated many aspects of the disease in order to build its natural history, with a focus on the long-term clinical and neuro-radiological outcomes in children. The authors have conducted a wide-ranging search spanning the 2012–2021 period from databases PubMed, PubMed Central, Web of Science, Medline, Scopus. Different sections reflect different points of congenital ZIKV infection syndrome: pathogenesis, prenatal diagnosis, clinical signs, neuroimaging and long-term developmental outcomes. It emerged that pathogenesis has not been fully clarified and that the clinical signs are not only limited to microcephaly. Given the current absence of treatments, we proposed schemes to optimize diagnostic protocols in endemic countries. It is essential to know the key aspects of this disease to guarantee early diagnosis, even in less severe cases, and an adequate management of the main chronic problems. Considering the relatively recent discovery of this congenital infectious syndrome, further studies and updated long-term follow-up are needed to further improve management strategies for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gullo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Villa Sofia Cervello Hospital IVF UNIT, University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Marco Scaglione
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaspare Cucinella
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Villa Sofia Cervello Hospital IVF UNIT, University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Arianna Riva
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Padova Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Davide Coldebella
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Gynaecological Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (D.C.); (G.B.); (G.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Anna Franca Cavaliere
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Santo Stefano Hospital, ULS Toscana Centro, 59100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Signore
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sant’Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Buzzaccarini
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Gynaecological Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (D.C.); (G.B.); (G.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Giulia Spagnol
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Gynaecological Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (D.C.); (G.B.); (G.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Filippo Del Ponte” Hospital, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Marco Noventa
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Gynaecological Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (D.C.); (G.B.); (G.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Simona Zaami
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Lindenbach BD. Reinventing positive-strand RNA virus reverse genetics. Adv Virus Res 2022; 112:1-29. [PMID: 35840179 PMCID: PMC9273853 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Reverse genetics is the prospective analysis of how genotype determines phenotype. In a typical experiment, a researcher alters a viral genome, then observes the phenotypic outcome. Among RNA viruses, this approach was first applied to positive-strand RNA viruses in the mid-1970s and over nearly 50 years has become a powerful and widely used approach for dissecting the mechanisms of viral replication and pathogenesis. During this time the global health importance of two virus groups, flaviviruses (genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae) and betacoronaviruses (genus Betacoronavirus, subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, family Coronaviridae), have dramatically increased, yet these viruses have genomes that are technically challenging to manipulate. As a result, several new techniques have been developed to overcome these challenges. Here I briefly review key historical aspects of positive-strand RNA virus reverse genetics, describe some recent reverse genetic innovations, particularly as applied to flaviviruses and coronaviruses, and discuss their benefits and limitations within the larger context of rigorous genetic analysis.
Collapse
|