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Miller CH, Sheyholislami H, Burns JL, Connor KL. Sensory evaluations of a novel iron and zinc-enriched powder for the potential treatment and prevention of iron deficiency in women of reproductive age. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2024; 20:e13575. [PMID: 37950427 PMCID: PMC10750016 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) and ID with anaemia (IDA) are serious global health problems that disproportionately affect women aged 15-49 years. Although food fortification is one of the most effective and sustainable ways to combat nutritional deficiencies, iron remains one of the most difficult micronutrients to fortify, given its tendency to react strongly with food constituents. Therefore, it is important to assess the sensory properties of foods fortified with iron to determine the acceptability and palatability in target populations. We aimed to determine the palatability and acceptability of a novel iron and zinc-enriched powder fortified in tap water by conducting sensory evaluations in 35 women of reproductive age using a 9-point hedonic scale, where participants rated the sensory properties of six samples containing different amounts of the active or placebo powder. We found significant differences between samples reconstituted at 1, 2, and 3 g/L for sensory properties, including overall taste. Participants were found to be more willing to drink the mineral-enriched powder when prepared at the lowest concentration (1 g/L) compared to higher concentrations. Our results provide important insight into the sensory qualities of a novel formulation of an iron and zinc-enriched powder for at-home fortification and indicate consumer acceptability in reproductive-aged women, a key group at risk for ID/IDA. If found to improve iron status, novel treatments like this product will contribute to global efforts to develop safe, acceptable and sustainable interventions for ID and IDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara H. Miller
- Department of Health SciencesCarleton UniversityOttawaOntarioCanada
| | | | - Jessie L. Burns
- Department of Health SciencesCarleton UniversityOttawaOntarioCanada
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Cai J, Ren T, Lu J, Wu J, Mao D, Li W, Zhang Y, Li M, Piao J, Yang L, Ma Y, Wang J, Yang X. Physiologic requirement for iron in pregnant women, assessed using the stable isotope tracer technique. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:33. [PMID: 32336977 PMCID: PMC7175517 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of the physiologic requirement for iron, the core index for the formulation of a dietary reference intake (DRI), is of great importance for the health of a pregnant woman and her fetus, and can help a mother accurately plan her iron supplementation. However, direct measurements of the physiologic requirement for iron during pregnancy are still lacking. METHOD Eleven women of reproductive age from Hebei Province, China, who planned to become pregnant in the near future, were enrolled between January and March 2015 and included in the final analysis. Subjects participated in a 2-week metabolic trial in which they consumed 50 mg of the stable isotope 58Fe, and were then followed for ~ 2 years. The abundance of 58Fe and the total iron concentration in the circulation were measured using Multi-collector Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, respectively. The physiologic requirement for iron during pregnancy was then calculated by the formula derived from our previously published work. RESULTS The mean physiologic requirement for iron in the 11 subjects, across their entire pregnancies, was 3.05 mg.d- 1 in total and 44.0 μg.kg- 1.d- 1 after adjustment for body mass. The physiologic requirements for iron in the first, second, and third trimesters were 2.04 mg.d- 1, 3.26 mg.d- 1, and 4.13 mg.d- 1, respectively. When adjusted for body mass, the physiologic requirements for iron in different trimesters were 32.3 μg.kg- 1.d- 1, 46.9 μg.kg- 1.d- 1, and 55.7 μg.kg- 1.d- 1, respectively. CONCLUSION We preliminarily explored the physiologic requirement for iron in pregnant women. The data demonstrated that pregnant women needed about twice iron than non-pregnant women. This research may be helpful for the design of future studies and the modification of iron DRIs. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR, ChiCTR-OCH-14004302. Registered 14 February 2014, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=5267.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese center for disease control and prevention, 29 Nan Wei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050 People’s Republic of China
- Hospital Management Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongxiang Ren
- National Institute of Metrology, National Research Center for Certified Reference Material, No.18, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 10050 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxi Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese center for disease control and prevention, 29 Nan Wei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinghuan Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese center for disease control and prevention, 29 Nan Wei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050 People’s Republic of China
| | - Deqian Mao
- The Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese center for disease control and prevention, 29 Nan Wei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese center for disease control and prevention, 29 Nan Wei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese center for disease control and prevention, 29 Nan Wei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050 People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese center for disease control and prevention, 29 Nan Wei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Piao
- The Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese center for disease control and prevention, 29 Nan Wei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lichen Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese center for disease control and prevention, 29 Nan Wei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, National Research Center for Certified Reference Material, No.18, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 10050 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese center for disease control and prevention, 29 Nan Wei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050 People’s Republic of China
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Milman NT. Dietary Iron Intake in Pregnant Women in Europe: A Review of 24 Studies from 14 Countries in the Period 1991-2014. J Nutr Metab 2020; 2020:7102190. [PMID: 32185079 PMCID: PMC7060865 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assessment of dietary iron intake in pregnant women in Europe. DESIGN Review. Setting. Literature search of dietary surveys reporting the intake of dietary iron using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases covering the years 1990-2019. SUBJECTS Healthy pregnant women. RESULTS 24 dietary surveys/studies in 14 European countries were included. Nine studies (38%) used Food Frequency Questionnaires, which yielded significantly higher iron intake than studies using Dietary Records. Results from Dietary Record studies in 11 countries showed that iron intake varied between 8.3-15.4 mg/day with an estimated "median" value of 10-11 mg/day. Spain, Bosnia, and Poland reported an intake of 8.3-10.1 mg/day, Croatia, England, Norway, and Finland an intake of 10.2-11.4 mg/day, and Germany, Portugal, Czech Republic, and Greece an intake of 12.2-15.4 mg/day. The recommended iron intake in the various countries varied from 14.8-30 mg/day. In all studies, 60-100% of the women had a dietary iron intake below the recommended intake. CONCLUSIONS In Europe, the majority of pregnant women have a dietary iron intake, which is markedly below the recommended intake. This contributes to a low iron status in many pregnant women. Most guidelines do not advice routine iron supplements, while two guidelines (World Health Organization and Nordic Nutrition Recommendations) recommend routine iron supplementation during pregnancy. Within the European community, we need to reach consensus on the various guidelines and on the issue of iron supplementation. We should establish common European standardized dietary methods, uniform Dietary Reference Values, and uniform statistical methods in order to perform more reliable comparisons between studies in different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Thorm Milman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Næstved Hospital, University College Zealand, DK-4700 Næstved, Denmark
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