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Wu MY, Luo HL, Chang YC, Yu CY, Sung WW. Exercise may improve lung immunity after surgical stress: Evidence from a nephrectomy model via a bioinformatic analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303334. [PMID: 38848417 PMCID: PMC11161109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise offers numerous benefits to cancer patients and plays an essential role in postsurgical cancer rehabilitation. However, there is a lack of research examining the effects of exercise after the surgical stress of nephrectomy. To address this gap, we created an animal model that simulated patients who had undergone nephrectomy with or without an exercise intervention. Next, we performed a bioinformatic analysis based on the data generated by the RNA sequencing of the lung tissue sample. An overrepresentation analysis was conducted using two genome databases (Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes [KEGG]). A KEGG analysis of the exercise-treated nephrectomy mice revealed enrichment in immune-related pathways, particularly in the NF-κB and B cell-related pathways. The expression of CD79A and IGHD, which are responsible for B cell differentiation and proliferation, was upregulated in the nephrectomy mice. Differential gene expression was categorized as significantly upregulated or downregulated according to nephrectomy and exercise groups. Notably, we identified several gene expression reversals in the nephrectomy groups with exercise that were not found in the nephrectomy without exercise or control groups. Our preliminary results potentially reveal a genetic landscape for the underlying mechanisms of the effects of exercise on our nephrectomy model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-You Wu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Lun Luo
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chuan Chang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Yu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Sung
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Kazeminasab F, Baharlooie M, Rezazadeh H, Soltani N, Rosenkranz SK. The effects of aerobic exercise on liver function, insulin resistance, and lipid profiles in prediabetic and type 2 diabetic mice. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114340. [PMID: 37648184 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the expression of gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance key genes; including insulin receptor substrate 1 (Irs1), a serine/threonine protein kinase (Akt), forkhead box class-O 1 (FoxO1) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pepck) genes, and lipid profiles following either a standard or a high-fat diet (HFD) and either an aerobic exercise or non-exercise intervention in prediabetic and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) mice. METHODS 24 male mice were randomly assigned to two groups fed with a normal diet (ND) or a HFD for 12 weeks. The mice in each group were again randomly assigned to two groups to create four groups in total: 1. Prediabetes-exercised (Prediabetes-Exe), 2. Prediabetes-non exercised (Prediabetes-Non exe), 3. Healthy-exercised (Healthy-Exe), and 4. Healthy-non exercised (Healthy-Non exe). Eighteen additional male mice were fed with the HFD for 8 weeks, after which streptozotocin (STZ) was administered. The mice were then fed the HFD for an additional 4 weeks. These T2DM mice were then randomly divided into two groups: 1. Diabetes-exercised (Diabetic-Exe), and 2. Diabetes-Non exe. The three Exe groups all exercised on a treadmill for 8 weeks for 5 sessions/week. After the last training session, liver tissue was extracted, and the expression of Irs1, Akt, FoxO1, and Pepck genes was measured using real time quantitative Polymerase chain reaction tests. Lipid profiles were measured in serum and in the liver. RESULTS The expression of both Irs1 and Akt was significantly increased in the Healthy-Exe, Prediabetes-Exe, and Diabetes-Exe groups as compared to the Healthy-Non exe, Prediabetes-Non exe, and Diabetes-Non exe groups (p < 0.001). Additionally, the expression of FoxO1 (p < 0.05) and Pepck (p < 0.001) decreased significantly in the Prediabetes-Exe, and Diabetes-Exe groups as compared to the Prediabetes-non exe, and Diabetes-Non exe groups. Aerobic exercise did not lead to reductions in FoxO1 or Pepck expression in the Healthy-Exe mice. CONCLUSIONS Eight weeks of aerobic exercise (5 sessions/week) significantly increased the expression of key genes that are important for maintaining glucose homeostasis and improving insulin resistance (Irs1 and Akt), and decreased expression of genes that are important for decreasing gluconeogenesis in the liver (FoxO1 and Pepck) in healthy, prediabetic, and T2DM mice. The lipid profiles improved in healthy, prediabetic, and T2DM mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kazeminasab
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Baharlooie
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Rezazadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nepton Soltani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
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Guo B, Li M, Wu P, Chen Y. Identification of ferroptosis-related genes as potential diagnostic biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy based on bioinformatics. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1183530. [PMID: 37593129 PMCID: PMC10428009 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1183530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study investigated to probe ferroptosis-related diagnostic biomarkers and underlying molecular mechanisms in Diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: GSE30122 and GSE1009 from GEO database were used as training and verification sets, respectively, to screen differentially expressed ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs). These genes were further analyzed using GO, KEGG, and GSEA methods, and screened with PPI, LASSO, and SVM-RFE to identify ferroptosis-related diagnostic biomarkers for DN. A diagnostic model was established using the Glm function and verified with ROC curve. The relationship between these biomarkers and immune cell was analyzed, and qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression of these biomarkers in kidney tissues and identify the effect of TP53 on DN development. Results: Fifty one differentially expressed FRGs were enriched in bioprocesses such as p53 signaling pathway, oxidative stress and chemical stress response, and mTOR signaling pathway. TP53, RB1, NF2, RRM2, PRDX1, and CDC25A were identified as ferroptosis-related diagnostic biomarkers for DN. TP53 showed the most differential expression. ROC analysis showed that AUC values of TP53, RB1, NF2, RRM2, PRDX1, and CDC25A were 0.751, 0.705, 0.725, 0.882, 0.691, and 0.675, respectively. The AUC value of DN diagnosis model was 0.939 in training set and 1.000 in verification set. qRT-PCR results confirmed significant differences in these six biomarkers between DN and normal kidney tissue (p < 0.05), and correlation analysis showed that five biomarkers were significantly correlated with infiltrating immune cells (p < 0.05). Furthermore, western blots showed that TP53 promotes apoptosis through PI3K-AKT signaling in DN. Conclusion: TP53, RB1, NF2, RRM2, PRDX1, and CDC25A have potential as diagnostic biomarkers for DN. The diagnostic model containing the above six biomarkers performs well in the diagnosis of DN. Five of the six biomarkers are strongly associated with several infiltrating immune cells. TP53 may play an essential role in the development of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Guo
- International Special Medical Department, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Department of Pediatrics Internal Medicine, Dongying Municipal Children’s Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- International Special Medical Department, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Chen
- International Special Medical Department, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
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Lopes MFDS, Felix JDS, Scaramele NF, Almeida MC, Furlan ADO, Troiano JA, de Athayde FRF, Lopes FL. Co-expression analysis of lncRNA and mRNA identifies potential adipogenesis regulatory non-coding RNAs involved in the transgenerational effects of tributyltin. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281240. [PMID: 36735680 PMCID: PMC10045570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic is considered a global public health crisis, with an increase in caloric intake, sedentary lifestyles and/or genetic predispositions as contributing factors. Although the positive energy balance is one of the most significant causes of obesity, recent research has linked early exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) such as the obesogen tributyltin (TBT) to the disease epidemic. In addition to their actions on the hormonal profile, EDCs can induce long-term changes in gene expression, possibly due to changes in epigenetic patterns. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are epigenetic mediators that play important regulatory roles in several biological processes, through regulation of gene transcription and/or translation. In this study, we explored the differential expression of lncRNAs in gonadal white adipose tissue samples from adult male C57BL/6J F4 generation, female C57BL/6J offspring exposed (F0 generation) to 50 nM TBT or 0.1% DMSO (control of vehicle) via drinking water provided during pregnancy and lactation, analyzing RNA-seq data from a publicly available dataset (GSE105051). A total of 74 lncRNAs were differentially expressed (DE), 22 were up-regulated and 52 were down-regulated in the group whose F4 ancestor was exposed in utero to 50nM TBT when compared to those exposed to 0.1% DMSO (control). Regulation of DE lncRNAs and their potential partner genes in gonadal white adipose tissue of mice ancestrally exposed to EDC TBT may be related to the control of adipogenesis, as pathway enrichment analyses showed that these gene partners are mainly involved in the metabolism of lipids and glucose and in insulin-related pathways, which are essential for obesity onset and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda da Silva Lopes
- Department of Animal Production and Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Souza Felix
- Department of Animal Production and Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Natália Francisco Scaramele
- Department of Animal Production and Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cordeiro Almeida
- Department of Animal Production and Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Amanda de Oliveira Furlan
- Department of Animal Production and Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Antonini Troiano
- Department of Animal Production and Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Araçatuba, Brazil
- Faculdades de Dracena (UNIFADRA–Fundec), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Regina Florêncio de Athayde
- Department of Animal Production and Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Flávia Lombardi Lopes
- Department of Animal Production and Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Araçatuba, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Yang W, Lyu Y, Xiang R, Yang J. Long Noncoding RNAs in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416054. [PMID: 36555704 PMCID: PMC9785789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR), designated as the blunted response of insulin target tissues to physiological level of insulin, plays crucial roles in the development and progression of diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and other diseases. So far, the distinct mechanism(s) of IR still needs further exploration. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a class of non-protein coding RNA molecules with a length greater than 200 nucleotides. LncRNAs are widely involved in many biological processes including cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and metabolism. More recently, there has been increasing evidence that lncRNAs participated in the pathogenesis of IR, and the dysregulated lncRNA profile played important roles in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases including obesity, diabetes and NAFLD. For example, the lncRNAs MEG3, H19, MALAT1, GAS5, lncSHGL and several other lncRNAs have been shown to regulate insulin signaling and glucose/lipid metabolism in various tissues. In this review, we briefly introduced the general features of lncRNA and the methods for lncRNA research, and then summarized and discussed the recent advances on the roles and mechanisms of lncRNAs in IR, particularly focused on liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yixiang Lyu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of the Ministry of Education, Center for Non-Coding RNA Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Rui Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of the Ministry of Education, Center for Non-Coding RNA Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jichun Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of the Ministry of Education, Center for Non-Coding RNA Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence:
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Noncoding RNAs Associated with PPARs in Etiology of MAFLD as a Novel Approach for Therapeutics Targets. PPAR Res 2022; 2022:6161694. [PMID: 36164476 PMCID: PMC9509273 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6161694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a complex disease that results from the accumulation of fat in the liver. MAFLD is directly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. PPARγ ligands, including pioglitazone, are also used in the management of this disease. Noncoding RNAs play a critical role in various diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and liver diseases including MAFLD. However, there is no adequate knowledge about the translation of using these ncRNAs to the clinics, particularly in MAFLD conditions. The aim of this study was to identify ncRNAs in the etiology of MAFLD as a novel approach to the therapeutic targets. Methods. We collected human and mouse MAFLD gene expression datasets available in GEO. We performed pathway enrichment analysis of total mRNAs based on KEGG repository data to screen the most potential pathways in the liver of MAFLD human subjects and mice model, and analyzed pathway interconnections via ClueGO. Finally, we screened disease causality of the MAFLD ncRNAs, which were associated with PPARs, and then discussed the role of revealed ncRNAs in PPAR signaling and MAFLD. Results. We found 127 ncRNAs in MAFLD which 25 out of them were strongly validated before for regulation of PPARs. With a polypharmacology approach, we screened 51 ncRNAs which were causal to a subset of diseases related to MAFLD. Conclusion. This study revealed a subset of ncRNAs that could help in more clear and guided designation of preclinical and clinical studies to verify the therapeutic application of the revealed ncRNAs by manipulating the PPARs molecular mechanism in MAFLD.
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Wang C, Duan M, Lin J, Wang G, Gao H, Yan M, Chen L, He J, Liu W, Yang F, Zhu S. LncRNA and mRNA expression profiles in brown adipose tissue of obesity-prone and obesity-resistant mice. iScience 2022; 25:104809. [PMID: 35992072 PMCID: PMC9382264 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-prone or obesity-resistant phenotypes can exist in individuals who consume the same diet type. Brown adipose tissue functions to dissipate energy in response to cold exposure or overfeeding. Long noncoding RNAs play important roles in a wide range of biological processes. However, systematic examination of lncRNAs in phenotypically divergent mice has not yet been reported. Here, the lncRNA expression profiles in BAT of HFD-induced C57BL/6J mice were investigated by high-throughput RNA sequencing. Genes that play roles in thermogenesis and related pathways were identified. We found lncRNA (Gm44502) may play a thermogenic role in obesity resistance by interacting with six mRNAs. Our results also indicated that seven differentially expressed lncRNAs (4930528G23Rik, Gm39490, Gm5627, Gm15551, Gm16083, Gm36860, Gm42002) may play roles in reducing heat production in obesity susceptibility by interacting with seven differentially expressed mRNAs. The screened lncRNAs may participate in the pathogenesis of weight regulation and provide insight into obesity therapy. First lncRNA profiles in BAT of OR and OP mice via bioinformatic analysis Gm44502 may play a thermogenic role by interacting with 6 mRNAs 7 DElncRNAs may reduce thermogenesis by interacting with 7 DEmRNAs Validation of expression changes of candidate genes in BAT by in vivo or in vitro
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Wang
- Chronic Disease Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Meng Duan
- Chronic Disease Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jinhua Lin
- Chronic Disease Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Chronic Disease Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - He Gao
- Chronic Disease Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Mengsha Yan
- Chronic Disease Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Chronic Disease Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jialing He
- Chronic Disease Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Chronic Disease Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Shankuan Zhu
- Chronic Disease Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Corresponding author
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