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Pramotton FM, Spitz S, Kamm RD. Challenges and Future Perspectives in Modeling Neurodegenerative Diseases Using Organ-on-a-Chip Technology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403892. [PMID: 38922799 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) affect more than 50 million people worldwide, posing a significant global health challenge as well as a high socioeconomic burden. With aging constituting one of the main risk factors for some NDDs such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), this societal toll is expected to rise considering the predicted increase in the aging population as well as the limited progress in the development of effective therapeutics. To address the high failure rates in clinical trials, legislative changes permitting the use of alternatives to traditional pre-clinical in vivo models are implemented. In this regard, microphysiological systems (MPS) such as organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms constitute a promising tool, due to their ability to mimic complex and human-specific tissue niches in vitro. This review summarizes the current progress in modeling NDDs using OoC technology and discusses five critical aspects still insufficiently addressed in OoC models to date. Taking these aspects into consideration in the future MPS will advance the modeling of NDDs in vitro and increase their translational value in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Michela Pramotton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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2
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Matsui Y, Togayachi A, Sakamoto K, Angata K, Kadomatsu K, Nishihara S. Integrated Systems Analysis Deciphers Transcriptome and Glycoproteome Links in Alzheimer's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.25.573290. [PMID: 38234803 PMCID: PMC10793412 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.25.573290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Glycosylation is increasingly recognized as a potential therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease. In recent years, evidence of Alzheimer's disease-specific glycoproteins has been established. However, the mechanisms underlying their dysregulation, including tissue- and cell-type specificity, are not fully understood. We aimed to explore the upstream regulators of aberrant glycosylation by integrating multiple data sources using a glycogenomics approach. We identified dysregulation of the glycosyltransferase PLOD3 in oligodendrocytes as an upstream regulator of cerebral vessels and found that it is involved in COL4A5 synthesis, which is strongly correlated with amyloid fiber formation. Furthermore, COL4A5 has been suggested to interact with astrocytes via extracellular matrix receptors as a ligand. This study suggests directions for new therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease targeting glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsui
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Biomedical and Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Akira Togayachi
- Glycan and Life Systems Integration Center (GaLSIC), Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sakamoto
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Angata
- Glycan and Life Systems Integration Center (GaLSIC), Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- Glycan and Life Systems Integration Center (GaLSIC), Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
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3
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Yaldız B, Erdoğan O, Rafatov S, Iyigün C, Aydın Son Y. Revealing third-order interactions through the integration of machine learning and entropy methods in genomic studies. BioData Min 2024; 17:3. [PMID: 38291454 PMCID: PMC10826120 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-024-00355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-linear relationships at the genotype level are essential in understanding the genetic interactions of complex disease traits. Genome-wide association Studies (GWAS) have revealed statistical association of the SNPs in many complex diseases. As GWAS results could not thoroughly reveal the genetic background of these disorders, Genome-Wide Interaction Studies have started to gain importance. In recent years, various statistical approaches, such as entropy-based methods, have been suggested for revealing these non-additive interactions between variants. This study presents a novel prioritization workflow integrating two-step Random Forest (RF) modeling and entropy analysis after PLINK filtering. PLINK-RF-RF workflow is followed by an entropy-based 3-way interaction information (3WII) method to capture the hidden patterns resulting from non-linear relationships between genotypes in Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease to discover early and differential diagnosis markers. RESULTS Three models from different datasets are developed by integrating PLINK-RF-RF analysis and entropy-based three-way interaction information (3WII) calculation method, which enables the detection of the third-order interactions, which are not primarily considered in epistatic interaction studies. A reduced SNP set is selected for all three datasets by 3WII analysis by PLINK filtering and prioritization of SNP with RF-RF modeling, promising as a model minimization approach. Among SNPs revealed by 3WII, 4 SNPs out of 19 from GenADA, 1 SNP out of 27 from ADNI, and 4 SNPs out of 106 from NCRAD are mapped to genes directly associated with Alzheimer Disease. Additionally, several SNPs are associated with other neurological disorders. Also, the genes the variants mapped to in all datasets are significantly enriched in calcium ion binding, extracellular matrix, external encapsulating structure, and RUNX1 regulates estrogen receptor-mediated transcription pathways. Therefore, these functional pathways are proposed for further examination for a possible LOAD association. Besides, all 3WII variants are proposed as candidate biomarkers for the genotyping-based LOAD diagnosis. CONCLUSION The entropy approach performed in this study reveals the complex genetic interactions that significantly contribute to LOAD risk. We benefited from the entropy-based 3WII as a model minimization step and determined the significant 3-way interactions between the prioritized SNPs by PLINK-RF-RF. This framework is a promising approach for disease association studies, which can also be modified by integrating other machine learning and entropy-based interaction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Yaldız
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, METU, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onur Erdoğan
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, METU, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevda Rafatov
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, METU, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cem Iyigün
- Department of Industrial Engineering, METU, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Aydın Son
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, METU, Ankara, Turkey.
- Graduate School of Informatics, ODTU-NOROM, METU, Ankara, Turkey.
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Gholami A. Alzheimer's disease: The role of proteins in formation, mechanisms, and new therapeutic approaches. Neurosci Lett 2023; 817:137532. [PMID: 37866702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS), leading to memory and cognitive decline. In AD, the brain experiences three main structural changes: a significant decrease in the quantity of neurons, the development of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and the formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) or senile plaques, which are protein deposits found outside cells and surrounded by dystrophic neurites. Genetic studies have identified four genes associated with autosomal dominant or familial early-onset AD (FAD): amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1), presenilin 2 (PS2), and apolipoprotein E (ApoE). The formation of plaques primarily involves the accumulation of Aβ, which can be influenced by mutations in APP, PS1, PS2, or ApoE genes. Mutations in the APP and presenilin (PS) proteins can cause an increased amyloid β peptides production, especially the further form of amyloidogenic known as Aβ42. Apart from genetic factors, environmental factors such as cytokines and neurotoxins may also have a significant impact on the development and progression of AD by influencing the formation of amyloid plaques and intracellular tangles. Exploring the causes and implications of protein aggregation in the brain could lead to innovative therapeutic approaches. Some promising therapy strategies that have reached the clinical stage include using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, estrogen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antioxidants, and antiapoptotic agents. The most hopeful therapeutic strategies involve inhibiting activity of secretase and preventing the β-amyloid oligomers and fibrils formation, which are associated with the β-amyloid fibrils accumulation in AD. Additionally, immunotherapy development holds promise as a progressive therapeutic approach for treatment of AD. Recently, the two primary categories of brain stimulation techniques that have been studied for the treatment of AD are invasive brain stimulation (IBS) and non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS). In this article, the amyloid proteins that play a significant role in the AD formation, the mechanism of disease formation as well as new drugs utilized to treat of AD will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Gholami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
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5
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Khaing ZZ, Chandrasekaran A, Katta A, Reed MJ. The Brain and Spinal Microvasculature in Normal Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:1309-1319. [PMID: 37093786 PMCID: PMC10395569 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the brain and spinal cord microvasculature during normal aging contribute to the "sensitive" nature of aged central nervous system tissue to ischemic insults. In this review, we will examine alterations in the central nervous system microvasculature during normal aging, which we define as aging without a dominant pathology such as neurodegenerative processes, vascular injury or disease, or trauma. We will also discuss newer technologies to improve the study of central nervous system microvascular structure and function. Microvasculature within the brain and spinal cord will be discussed separately as anatomy and physiology differ between these compartments. Lastly, we will identify critical areas for future studies as well as key unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin Z Khaing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Anjali Katta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - May J Reed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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6
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Amontree M, Deasy S, Turner RS, Conant K. Matrix disequilibrium in Alzheimer's disease and conditions that increase Alzheimer's disease risk. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1188065. [PMID: 37304012 PMCID: PMC10250680 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1188065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and related dementias are a leading cause of death globally and are predicted to increase in prevalence. Despite this expected increase in the prevalence of AD, we have yet to elucidate the causality of the neurodegeneration observed in AD and we lack effective therapeutics to combat the progressive neuronal loss. Throughout the past 30 years, several non-mutually exclusive hypotheses have arisen to explain the causative pathologies in AD: amyloid cascade, hyper-phosphorylated tau accumulation, cholinergic loss, chronic neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Published studies in this field have also focused on changes in neuronal extracellular matrix (ECM), which is critical to synaptic formation, function, and stability. Two of the greatest non-modifiable risk factors for development of AD (aside from autosomal dominant familial AD gene mutations) are aging and APOE status, and two of the greatest modifiable risk factors for AD and related dementias are untreated major depressive disorder (MDD) and obesity. Indeed, the risk of developing AD doubles for every 5 years after ≥ 65, and the APOE4 allele increases AD risk with the greatest risk in homozygous APOE4 carriers. In this review, we will describe mechanisms by which excess ECM accumulation may contribute to AD pathology and discuss pathological ECM alterations that occur in AD as well as conditions that increase the AD risk. We will discuss the relationship of AD risk factors to chronic central nervous system and peripheral inflammation and detail ECM changes that may follow. In addition, we will discuss recent data our lab has obtained on ECM components and effectors in APOE4/4 and APOE3/3 expressing murine brain lysates, as well as human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from APOE3 and APOE4 expressing AD individuals. We will describe the principal molecules that function in ECM turnover as well as abnormalities in these molecular systems that have been observed in AD. Finally, we will communicate therapeutic interventions that have the potential to modulate ECM deposition and turnover in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Amontree
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Samantha Deasy
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - R. Scott Turner
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Katherine Conant
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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7
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Benarroch E. What Are the Roles of Pericytes in the Neurovascular Unit and Its Disorders? Neurology 2023; 100:970-977. [PMID: 37188542 PMCID: PMC10186232 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
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8
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La Russa D, Di Santo C, Lizasoain I, Moraga A, Bagetta G, Amantea D. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α-Stimulated Gene 6 (TSG-6): A Promising Immunomodulatory Target in Acute Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021162. [PMID: 36674674 PMCID: PMC9865344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6), the first soluble chemokine-binding protein to be identified in mammals, inhibits chemotaxis and transendothelial migration of neutrophils and attenuates the inflammatory response of dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, and T cells. This immunoregulatory protein is a pivotal mediator of the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) in diverse pathological conditions, including neuroinflammation. However, TSG-6 is also constitutively expressed in some tissues, such as the brain and spinal cord, and is generally upregulated in response to inflammation in monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, astrocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. Due to its ability to modulate sterile inflammation, TSG-6 exerts protective effects in diverse degenerative and inflammatory diseases, including brain disorders. Emerging evidence provides insights into the potential use of TSG-6 as a peripheral diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker, especially in the context of ischemic stroke, whereby the pathobiological relevance of this protein has also been demonstrated in patients. Thus, in this review, we will discuss the most recent data on the involvement of TSG-6 in neurodegenerative diseases, particularly focusing on relevant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions. Furthermore, we will examine evidence suggesting novel therapeutic opportunities that can be afforded by modulating TSG-6-related pathways in neuropathological contexts and, most notably, in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele La Russa
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Santo
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Moraga
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
- Correspondence:
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9
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Anwar MM, Özkan E, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y. The role of extracellular matrix alterations in mediating astrocyte damage and pericyte dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5453-5475. [PMID: 34182602 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a highly vascularized tissue protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a complex structure allowing only necessary substances to pass through into the brain while limiting the entrance of harmful toxins. The BBB comprises several components, and the most prominent features are tight junctions between endothelial cells (ECs), which are further wrapped in a layer of pericytes. Pericytes are multitasked cells embedded in a thick basement membrane (BM) that consists of a fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) and are surrounded by astrocytic endfeet. The primary function of astrocytes and pericytes is to provide essential blood supply and vital nutrients to the brain. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), long-term neuroinflammatory cascades associated with infiltration of harmful neurotoxic proteins may lead to BBB dysfunction and altered ECM components resulting in brain homeostatic imbalance, synaptic damage, and declined cognitive functions. Moreover, BBB structure and functional integrity may be lost due to induced ECM alterations, astrocyte damage, and pericytes dysfunction, leading to amyloid-beta (Aβ) hallmarks deposition in different brain regions. Herein, we highlight how BBB, ECM, astrocytes, and pericytes dysfunction can play a leading role in AD's pathogenesis and discuss their impact on brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Anwar
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esra Özkan
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gürsoy-Özdemir
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Central Nervous System Pericytes Contribute to Health and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101707. [PMID: 35626743 PMCID: PMC9139243 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful neuroprotection is only possible with contemporary microvascular protection. The prevention of disease-induced vascular modifications that accelerate brain damage remains largely elusive. An improved understanding of pericyte (PC) signalling could provide important insight into the function of the neurovascular unit (NVU), and into the injury-provoked responses that modify cell–cell interactions and crosstalk. Due to sharing the same basement membrane with endothelial cells, PCs have a crucial role in the control of endothelial, astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte precursor functions and hence blood–brain barrier stability. Both cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases impair oxygen delivery and functionally impair the NVU. In this review, the role of PCs in central nervous system health and disease is discussed, considering their origin, multipotency, functions and also dysfunction, focusing on new possible avenues to modulate neuroprotection. Dysfunctional PC signalling could also be considered as a potential biomarker of NVU pathology, allowing us to individualize therapeutic interventions, monitor responses, or predict outcomes.
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11
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Fisher RA, Miners JS, Love S. Pathological changes within the cerebral vasculature in Alzheimer's disease: New perspectives. Brain Pathol 2022; 32:e13061. [PMID: 35289012 PMCID: PMC9616094 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease underpins vascular dementia (VaD), but structural and functional changes to the cerebral vasculature contribute to disease pathology and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, we discuss the contribution of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and non‐amyloid small vessel disease in AD, and the accompanying changes to the density, maintenance and remodelling of vessels (including alterations to the composition and function of the cerebrovascular basement membrane). We consider how abnormalities of the constituent cells of the neurovascular unit – particularly of endothelial cells and pericytes – and impairment of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) impact on the pathogenesis of AD. We also discuss how changes to the cerebral vasculature are likely to impair Aβ clearance – both intra‐periarteriolar drainage (IPAD) and transport of Aβ peptides across the BBB, and how impaired neurovascular coupling and reduced blood flow in relation to metabolic demand increase amyloidogenic processing of APP and the production of Aβ. We review the vasoactive properties of Aβ peptides themselves, and the probable bi‐directional relationship between vascular dysfunction and Aβ accumulation in AD. Lastly, we discuss recent methodological advances in transcriptomics and imaging that have provided novel insights into vascular changes in AD, and recent advances in assessment of the retina that allow in vivo detection of vascular changes in the early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Fisher
- Dementia Research Group, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - J Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
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12
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Damodarasamy M, Khaing ZZ, Hyde J, Keene CD, Bentov I, Banks WA, Reed MJ. Viable human brain microvessels for the study of aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Microvasc Res 2022; 140:104282. [PMID: 34813858 PMCID: PMC8846932 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The brain microvasculature is altered in normal aging and in the presence of disease processes, such as neurodegeneration or ischemia, but there are few methods for studying living tissues. We now report that viable microvessels (MV) are readily isolated from brain tissue of subjects enrolled in studies of neurodegenerative diseases who undergo rapid autopsy (performed with <12 h postmortem interval - PMI). We find that these MV retain their morphology and cellular components and are fairly uniform in size. Sufficient MV (~3-5000) are obtained from 3 to 4 g of tissue to allow for studies of cellular composition as well as extracellular matrix (ECM). Using live/dead assays, these MV are viable for up to 5 days in tissue culture media (2D) designed to support endothelial cells and up to 11 days post-isolation in a 3-dimensional (3D) matrix (Low Growth Factor Matrigel™). Assays that measure the reducing potential of live cells \demonstrated that the majority of the MV maintain high levels of metabolic activity for a similar number of days as the live/dead assays. Functional cellular components (such as tight junctions and transporter proteins) and ECM of MV in tissue culture media, and to a lesser extent in 3D matrices, were readily visualized using immunofluorescence techniques. MV in tissue culture media are lysed and protein content analyzed, but MV in 3D matrix first require removal of the supporting matrix, which can confound the analysis of MV ECM. Finally, MV can be preserved in cryoprotective media, whereby over 50% retain their baseline viability upon thawing. In summary, we find that MV isolated from human brains undergoing rapid autopsy are viable in standard tissue culture for up to 5 days and the timeframe for experiments can be extended up to 11 days by use of a supportive 3D matrix. Viable human MV allow for temporal and spatial analysis of relevant cellular and ECM components that have implications for microvascular function in neurodegenerative diseases, vascular brain injury, and neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatha Damodarasamy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zin Z Khaing
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hyde
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Itay Bentov
- Department of Pain and Anesthesia, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - May J Reed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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13
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Bown CW, Carare RO, Schrag MS, Jefferson AL. Physiology and Clinical Relevance of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in the Aging Brain. Neurology 2022; 98:107-117. [PMID: 34810243 PMCID: PMC8792814 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000013077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular spaces (PVS) are fluid-filled compartments that are part of the cerebral blood vessel wall and represent the conduit for fluid transport in and out of the brain. PVS are considered pathologic when sufficiently enlarged to be visible on MRI. Recent studies have demonstrated that enlarged PVS (ePVS) may have clinical consequences related to cognition. Emerging literature points to arterial stiffening and abnormal protein aggregation in vessel walls as 2 possible mechanisms that drive ePVS formation. We describe the clinical consequences, anatomy, fluid dynamics, physiology, risk factors, and in vivo quantification methods of ePVS. Given competing views of PVS physiology, we detail the 2 most prominent theoretical views and review ePVS associations with other common small vessel disease markers. Because ePVS are a marker of small vessel disease and ePVS burden is higher in Alzheimer disease, a comprehensive understanding about ePVS is essential in developing prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey W Bown
- From Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center (C.W.B., M.S.S., A.L.J.) and Department of Neurology (C.W.B., M.S.S., A.L.J.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.W.B., M.S.S., A.L.J.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and Department of Medicine (R.O.C.), University of Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Roxana O Carare
- From Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center (C.W.B., M.S.S., A.L.J.) and Department of Neurology (C.W.B., M.S.S., A.L.J.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.W.B., M.S.S., A.L.J.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and Department of Medicine (R.O.C.), University of Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Matthew S Schrag
- From Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center (C.W.B., M.S.S., A.L.J.) and Department of Neurology (C.W.B., M.S.S., A.L.J.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.W.B., M.S.S., A.L.J.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and Department of Medicine (R.O.C.), University of Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Angela L Jefferson
- From Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center (C.W.B., M.S.S., A.L.J.) and Department of Neurology (C.W.B., M.S.S., A.L.J.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.W.B., M.S.S., A.L.J.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and Department of Medicine (R.O.C.), University of Southampton, Hampshire, UK
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14
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Yim Y, Moon WJ. An Enlarged Perivascular Space: Clinical Relevance and the Role of Imaging in Aging and Neurologic Disorders. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF RADIOLOGY 2022; 83:538-558. [PMID: 36238506 PMCID: PMC9514531 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2022.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Younghee Yim
- Department of Radiology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Jin Moon
- Department of Radiology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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