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Petpiroon N, Netkueakul W, Sukrak K, Wang C, Liang Y, Wang M, Liu Y, Li Q, Kamran R, Naruse K, Aueviriyavit S, Takahashi K. Development of lung tissue models and their applications. Life Sci 2023; 334:122208. [PMID: 37884207 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The lungs are important organs that play a critical role in the development of specific diseases, as well as responding to the effects of drugs, chemicals, and environmental pollutants. Due to the ethical concerns around animal testing, alternative methods have been sought which are more time-effective, do not pose ethical issues for animals, do not involve species differences, and provide easy investigation of the pathobiology of lung diseases. Several national and international organizations are working to accelerate the development and implementation of structurally and functionally complex tissue models as alternatives to animal testing, particularly for the lung. Unfortunately, to date, there is no lung tissue model that has been accepted by regulatory agencies for use in inhalation toxicology. This review discusses the challenges involved in developing a relevant lung tissue model derived from human cells such as cell lines, primary cells, and pluripotent stem cells. It also introduces examples of two-dimensional (2D) air-liquid interface and monocultured and co-cultured three-dimensional (3D) culture techniques, particularly organoid culture and 3D bioprinting. Furthermore, it reviews development of the lung-on-a-chip model to mimic the microenvironment and physiological performance. The applications of lung tissue models in various studies, especially disease modeling, viral respiratory infection, and environmental toxicology will be also introduced. The development of a relevant lung tissue model is extremely important for standardizing and validation the in vitro models for inhalation toxicity and other studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalinrat Petpiroon
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Woranan Netkueakul
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Sukrak
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Thailand Network Center on Air Quality Management: TAQM, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chen Wang
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yin Liang
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mengxue Wang
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yun Liu
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Qiang Li
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Rumaisa Kamran
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Keiji Naruse
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Sasitorn Aueviriyavit
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Luettich K, Sharma M, Yepiskoposyan H, Breheny D, Lowe FJ. An Adverse Outcome Pathway for Decreased Lung Function Focusing on Mechanisms of Impaired Mucociliary Clearance Following Inhalation Exposure. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:750254. [PMID: 35295103 PMCID: PMC8915806 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.750254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) help to organize available mechanistic information related to an adverse outcome into key events (KEs) spanning all organizational levels of a biological system(s). AOPs, therefore, aid in the biological understanding of a particular pathogenesis and also help with linking exposures to eventual toxic effects. In the regulatory context, knowledge of disease mechanisms can help design testing strategies using in vitro methods that can measure or predict KEs relevant to the biological effect of interest. The AOP described here evaluates the major processes known to be involved in regulating efficient mucociliary clearance (MCC) following exposures causing oxidative stress. MCC is a key aspect of the innate immune defense against airborne pathogens and inhaled chemicals and is governed by the concerted action of its functional components, the cilia and airway surface liquid (ASL). The AOP network described here consists of sequences of KEs that culminate in the modulation of ciliary beat frequency and ASL height as well as mucus viscosity and hence, impairment of MCC, which in turn leads to decreased lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsta Luettich
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Monita Sharma
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hasmik Yepiskoposyan
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Damien Breheny
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Group Research and Development, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Frazer J Lowe
- Broughton Nicotine Services, Earby, Lancashire, United Kingdom
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Rahman L, Williams A, Gelda K, Nikota J, Wu D, Vogel U, Halappanavar S. 21st Century Tools for Nanotoxicology: Transcriptomic Biomarker Panel and Precision-Cut Lung Slice Organ Mimic System for the Assessment of Nanomaterial-Induced Lung Fibrosis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000272. [PMID: 32347014 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for reliable toxicity assays to support the human health risk assessment of an ever increasing number of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Animal testing is not a suitable option for ENMs. Sensitive in vitro models and mechanism-based targeted in vitro assays that enable accurate prediction of in vivo responses are not yet available. In this proof-of-principle study, publicly available mouse lung transcriptomics data from studies investigating xenobiotic-induced lung diseases are used and a 17-gene biomarker panel (PFS17) applicable to the assessment of lung fibrosis is developed. The PFS17 is validated using a limited number of in vivo mouse lung transcriptomics datasets from studies investigating ENM-induced responses. In addition, an ex vivo precision-cut lung slice (PCLS) model is optimized for screening of potentially inflammogenic and pro-fibrotic ENMs. Using bleomycin and a multiwalled carbon nanotube, the practical application of the PCLS method as a sensitive alternative to whole animal tests to screen ENMs that may potentially induce inhalation toxicity is shown. Conditional to further optimization and validation, it is established that a combination of PFS17 and the ex vivo PCLS method will serve as a robust and sensitive approach to assess lung inflammation and fibrosis induced by ENMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Rahman
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Building 22, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Building 22, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Krishna Gelda
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Building 22, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Jake Nikota
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Building 22, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Building 22, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 101A 2800 Copenhagen, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Building 22, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
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Irreversible disruption of the cytoskeleton as induced by non-cytotoxic exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles in lung epithelial cells. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 323:109063. [PMID: 32224134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to TiO2 NPs induces several cellular alterations after NPs uptake including disruption of cytoskeleton that is crucial for lung physiology but is not considered as a footprint of cell damage. We aimed to investigate cytoskeleton disturbances and the impact on cell migration induced by an acute TiO2 NPs exposure (24 h) and the recovery capability after 6 days of NPs-free treatment, which allowed investigating if cytoskeleton damage was reversible. Exposure to TiO2 NPs (10 μg/cm2) for 24 h induced a decrease 20.2% and 25.1% in tubulin and actin polymerization. Exposure to TiO2 NPs (10 μg/cm2) for 24 h followed by 6 days of NPs-free had a decrease of 26.6% and 21.3% in tubulin and actin polymerization, respectively. The sustained exposure for 7 days to 1 μg/cm2 and 10 μg/cm2 induced a decrease of 22.4% and 30.7% of tubulin polymerization respectively, and 28.7% and 46.2% in actin polymerization. In addition, 24 h followed 6 days of NPs-free exposure of TiO2 NPs (1 μg/cm2 and 10 μg/cm2) decreased cell migration 40.7% and 59.2%, respectively. Cells exposed (10 μg/cm2) for 7 days had a decrease of 65.5% in cell migration. Ki67, protein surfactant B (SFTPB) and matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP2) were analyzed as genes related to lung epithelial function. The results showed a 20% of Ki67 upregulation in cells exposed for 24 h to 10 μg/cm2 TiO2 NPs while a downregulation of 20% and 25.8% in cells exposed to 1 μg/cm2 and 10 μg/cm2 for 24 h followed by 6 days of NPs-free exposure. Exposure to 1 μg/cm2 and 10 μg/cm2 for 24 h and 7 days upregulates SFTPB expression in 53% and 59% respectively, MMP2 expression remain unchanged. In conclusion, exposure of TiO2 NPs affected cytoskeleton of lung epithelial cells irreversibly but this damage was not cumulative.
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Snyder RJ, Verhein KC, Vellers HL, Burkholder AB, Garantziotis S, Kleeberger SR. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes upregulate mitochondrial gene expression and trigger mitochondrial dysfunction in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:1344-1361. [PMID: 31478767 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1655107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are a relatively new class of materials that acquire novel properties based on their reduced size. While these materials have widespread use in consumer products and industrial applications, the potential health risks associated with exposure to them remain to be fully characterized. Carbon nanotubes are among the most widely used nanomaterials and have high potential for human exposure by inhalation. These nanomaterials are known to penetrate the cell membrane and interact with intracellular molecules, resulting in a multitude of documented effects, including oxidative stress, genotoxicity, impaired metabolism, and apoptosis. While the capacity for carbon nanotubes to damage nuclear DNA has been established, the effect of exposure on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is relatively unexplored. In this study, we investigated the potential of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to impair mitochondrial gene expression and function in human bronchial epithelial cells (BECs). Primary BECs were exposed to sub-cytotoxic doses (up to 3 μg/ml) of MWCNTs for 5 d and assessed for changes in expression of all mitochondrial protein-coding genes, heteroplasmies, and insertion/deletion mutations (indels). Exposed cells were also measured for cytotoxicity, metabolic function, mitochondrial abundance, and mitophagy. We found that MWCNTs upregulated mitochondrial gene expression, while significantly decreasing oxygen consumption rate and mitochondrial abundance. Confocal microscopy revealed induction of mitophagy by 2 hours of exposure. Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy and insertion/deletion mutations were not significantly affected by any treatment. We conclude that carbon nanotubes cause mitochondrial dysfunction that leads to mitophagy in exposed BECs via a mechanism unrelated to its reported genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Snyder
- Immunity, Inflammation & Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Heather L Vellers
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Adam B Burkholder
- Immunity, Inflammation & Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Immunity, Inflammation & Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Steven R Kleeberger
- Immunity, Inflammation & Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, NC, USA
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Beyeler S, Chortarea S, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Petri-Fink A, Wick P, Tschanz SA, von Garnier C, Blank F. Acute effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on primary bronchial epithelial cells from COPD patients. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:699-711. [PMID: 29804489 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1472310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The risks of occupational exposure during handling of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have received limited attention to date, in particular for potentially susceptible individuals with highly prevalent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this in vitro study, we simulated acute inhalation of MWCNTs employing an air-liquid interface cell exposure (ALICE) system: primary human bronchial epithelial cells from COPD patients and healthy donors (controls), cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI) were exposed to MWCNTs. To study acute health effects on the respiratory epithelium, two different concentrations (0.16; 0.34 µg/cm2) of MWCNTs were aerosolized onto cell cultures followed by analysis after 24 h. Following MWCNT exposure, epithelial integrity and differentiation remained intact. Electron microscopy analyses identified MWCNTs both extra- and intracellular within vesicles of mucus producing cells. In both COPD and healthy control cultures, MWCNTs neither caused increased release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), nor alterations in inflammatory responses, as measured by RNA expression and protein secretion of the cytokines IL-6, IL-8, CXCL10, IL-1β and TGF-β and oxidative stress markers HMOX-1 and SOD-2. No short-term alteration of epithelial cell function, as determined by ciliary beating frequency (CBF), occurred in any of the conditions tested. In conclusion, the present study provided a reliable and realistic in vitro acute-exposure model of the respiratory tract, responsive to positive controls such as Dörentruper Quartz (DQ12) and asbestos. Acute exposure to MWCNTs did not affect epithelial integrity, nor induce increased cell death, apoptosis or inflammatory changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraina Beyeler
- a Department of BioMedical Research , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland.,b Department of Pulmonary Medicine , University Hospital of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Savvina Chortarea
- c BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland.,d Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology , St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | | | - Alke Petri-Fink
- c BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- d Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology , St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | | | - Christophe von Garnier
- a Department of BioMedical Research , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland.,b Department of Pulmonary Medicine , University Hospital of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Fabian Blank
- a Department of BioMedical Research , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland.,b Department of Pulmonary Medicine , University Hospital of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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