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Jakobsen SG, Nielsen T, Larsen CP, Andersen PT, Lauritsen J, Stenager E, Christiansen E. Definitions and incidence rates of self-harm and suicide attempts in Europe: A scoping review. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 164:28-36. [PMID: 37311401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION European countries use various terminologies for self-harm and attempted suicide, which are sometimes used interchangeably. This complicates cross-country comparisons of incidence rates. This scoping review aimed to examine the definitions used and the possibilities to identify and compare incidence rates of self-harm and attempted suicide in Europe. METHODS A literature search was conducted in Embase, Medline and PsycINFO for studies published from 1990 to 2021, followed by grey literature searches. Data were collected for total populations originating from health care institutions or registries. Results were presented in tabular form supplemented by a qualitative summary by area. RESULTS A total of 3160 articles were screened, resulting in 43 studies included from databases and further 29 studies from other sources. Most studies used the term 'suicide attempt' rather than 'self-harm' and reported person-based rates with annual incidence rates from age 15+. None of the rates were considered comparable due to different reporting traditions related to classification codes and statistical approaches. CONCLUSION The present extensive literature on self-harm and attempted suicide cannot be used to compare findings between countries because of the high degree of heterogeneity among studies. International agreement on definitions and registration practices is needed to improve knowledge and understanding of suicidal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Grube Jakobsen
- Research Unit of Mental Health, Children and Adult, Aabenraa, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Centre for Suicide Research, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Torben Nielsen
- Unit for Health Promotion Research, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Christina Petrea Larsen
- Research Unit of Mental Health, Children and Adult, Aabenraa, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Centre for Suicide Research, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pernille Tanggaard Andersen
- Unit for Health Promotion Research, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Jens Lauritsen
- Accident Analysis Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Elsebeth Stenager
- Research Unit of Mental Health, Children and Adult, Aabenraa, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Erik Christiansen
- Research Unit of Mental Health, Children and Adult, Aabenraa, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Centre for Suicide Research, Odense, Denmark
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Abreu LCC, Conceição SDS, de Carvalho DSB, Machado AC, Lyrio AO, Souza ES, Souza CS, de Matos PJDS, Batista JET, Gomes JDA, Hintz AM, Pereira PPDS, da Cruz SS, Gomes-Filho IS, Figueiredo ACMG. Factors Associated with Cocaine Consumption among Suicide Victim. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14309. [PMID: 36361188 PMCID: PMC9654489 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine use is an increasingly frequent event, especially in young people, and can cause irreversible consequences, such as suicide. To evaluate the factors associated with cocaine use in the moments preceding to suicide. This is a population-based, cross-sectional, and analytical study conducted in the Brazilian Federal District by researchers from the Department of Health and the Civil Police Institute of Criminalistics. All people who died due to suicide in 2018 were included in the survey. Cocaine use was considered the dependent variable, and robust Poisson regression was performed to estimate the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and their respective population confidence intervals. In 2018, 12,157 deaths were recorded, of which suicide accounted for 1.56% of all deaths. It was observed that being between 25 and 44 years old, male, and under the influence of alcohol or cannabis, had a strong positive association with cocaine consumption among suicide victims. Males, people with black skin, with lower level of education, with employment, and who were under the effect of the use of cannabis and/or alcohol in the previous hours of death had a higher propensity to consume cocaine immediately before suicide, with a moderate to strong magnitude of prevalence ratio. The findings of this research indicated the need for monitoring, by health services, of people most vulnerable to suicide through the consumption of psychoactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Cristina Machado
- Department of Public Health of the Federal District, Brasília 70390-125, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Amanda Oliveira Lyrio
- Department of Health of University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Elivan Silva Souza
- Department of Health of University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Cauê Silva Souza
- Health Sciences Teaching and Research Foundation’s, Brasília 70710-907, Federal District, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Alexandre Marcelo Hintz
- Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Seixas da Cruz
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia, Santo Antônio de Jesus 44430-622, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Isaac Suzart Gomes-Filho
- Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Bahia, Brazil
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Taylor P. Challenging the Myth of "Attention Seeking" Women with Suicidality: A Grounded Theory Study about Applying Counter-Pressure to Manage System Entrapment. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2022; 43:613-624. [PMID: 35026123 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2021.2014608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Some women who express suicidal intent and engage in non-lethal self-harm perceive that nurses and other health care workers label them as attention-seeking and manipulative. An understanding of women's help-seeking behaviors that challenges suicide myths is presented. The purpose of this study was to examine help-seeking for suicidality in women with histories of intimate partner violence using a multiple qualitative research design of grounded theory and photovoice. Women from New Brunswick, Canada, over the age of 19 who left an abusive partner (n = 32) were interviewed and seven local women from this sample participated in five photovoice group sessions where they collectively examined self-generated photos of their experiences. Transcripts of the interviews and group sessions were analyzed using the constant comparative approach, yielding a theoretical rendering of women's help seeking. Results include a process of Applying Counter-Pressure as a way of pushing back against System Entrapment, or the sense of being invalidated and dehumanized by health care providers with the goal to Feel Human. Findings provide an understanding of women's behavior when seeking help for suicidality and may reduce nurses' assumptions and judgments when providing care. Trauma and violence informed care provides a framework from which to guide interventions that acknowledge the role of past and ongoing trauma in women's lives, supporting nurses' capacity to be validating and helping women to continue living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrea Taylor
- Faculty of Nursing, University of New Brunswick, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
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Injac Stevović L, Repišti S, Radojičić T, Injac O. Trends in suicide mortality in Montenegro from 2000 to 2018. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2021; 20:17. [PMID: 33618725 PMCID: PMC7901080 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-021-00337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is an ecological study that analyzes suicides committed in Montenegro during the 2000-2018 period, taking into account gender, age and methods of suicide. METHODS Suicide rates and trends up until 2009 were obtained from the official registers of Bureau of Statistics of Montenegro (MONSTAT) while the later data were obtained from the Department of Interior's. MONSTAT also provided data on unemployment and average salary. As per statistical methods, descriptive and correlations were calculated. RESULTS The average crude suicide rate was 21.06, for males 29.93 and for females 12.42. Crude suicide rates were not associated with unemployment rate or average salary. However, the unemployment rate was significantly correlated with lethal methods of suicide, namely suicide by firearm and by hanging. Average net salary was negatively correlated with suicide by firearm. CONCLUSIONS The ratio of males and females who committed suicide was 2.41. In the last three years, this ratio continues to rise in favor of males (reaching 4.29 in 2018). This could be explained by specific cultural features where males are expected to be the main financial contributors to the households. The labor market of Montenegro does not offer adequate opportunities to set and maintain a stable economic situation which puts additional pressure and stress on males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Injac Stevović
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Centre of Montenegro, Psychiatric Clinic, Podgorica, Montenegro.
| | - Selman Repišti
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Centre of Montenegro, Psychiatric Clinic, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Tamara Radojičić
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Centre of Montenegro, Psychiatric Clinic, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Olivera Injac
- Department for Humanistic Study, University of Donja Gorica, Podgorica, Montenegro
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Characteristics, causality, and suicidal behavior: a qualitative study of family members with suicide history in Wonogiri, Indonesia. FRONTIERS OF NURSING 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/fon-2020-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
This study explored the characteristics, causality, and suicidal behavior among family members with suicide history in Wonogiri, Central Java, Indonesia.
Methods
Qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted with 15 family members who had made suicide attempts. The interviews directly explored the relationships among characteristics, causality, and suicidal behavior. The research data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman approach.
Results
The results indicate that there are relationships among characteristics, causality, and suicidal behaviors. The characteristics contributing to suicide attempts were male gender, age (adolescence and old age), lack of religious activities, introvert nature, low economic status, chronic diseases, unemployment, and a history of family members with suicide attempts. The causality of suicide was joblessness, economic crisis, unemployment, family conditions, personality disorder, depression, sickness, and suicide ideation.
Conclusions
The findings highlight the relationships among characteristics, causality, and suicidal behaviors. Suicide occurs when individuals have some problems that they cannot solve because of the lack of family support. The causal factors were related to one another, which caused the suicidal behavior. One of the most effective suicide prevention strategies is educating the community on how to identify suicidal signs and increase social supports.
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Taylor P. System Entrapment: Dehumanization While Help-Seeking for Suicidality in Women Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2020; 30:530-546. [PMID: 31303117 DOI: 10.1177/1049732319857671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Attention to power imbalances when seeking help for suicidality after having been controlled within intimate partner violence (IPV) is crucial in improving health care delivery. Well documented in the literature is the correlation between suicidality and IPV and that help-seeking for each is difficult; however, a gap exists when both intersect. The process of women's help-seeking is explored in this feminist grounded theory and photovoice multiple qualitative method study. Analysis of interviews with 32 women from New Brunswick, Canada, and photovoice meetings with seven women revealed a basic psycho-social problem. System Entrapment or being dehumanized while seeking help for suicidality occurred as a result of perceived invalidation from health care providers' lack of empathy. Further harm while providing services to women feeling suicidal can be prevented with a shift from an individualist model toward a trauma and violence informed approach. Understanding the contextual factors influencing women's suicidality may reduce victim blaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrea Taylor
- Faculty of Nursing, University of New Brunswick, Riverview, New Brunswick, Canada
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