1
|
New Paradigms in Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis. CURRENT PULMONOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13665-022-00295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
2
|
Sennekamp J, Lehmann E, Joest M. Optimierte IgG-Antikörper-Diagnostik der exogen-allergischen Alveolitis und pulmonaler Mykosen mittels neu evaluierter Spannweiten und Häufigkeiten der IgG-Antikörper im ImmunoCAPTM. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-022-5085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
3
|
Kifjak D, Leitner J, Ambros R, Heidinger BH, Milos RI, Beer L, Prayer F, Röhrich S, Prosch H. Röntgenbefunde bei diffusen parenchymatösen Lungenerkrankungen. ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR PNEUMOLOGIE 2022. [PMCID: PMC9386651 DOI: 10.1007/s10405-022-00464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Klinisches Problem Empfehlungen für die Praxis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kifjak
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
- Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Wien, Österreich
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Johannes Leitner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
- Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Wien, Österreich
| | - Raphael Ambros
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
- Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Wien, Österreich
| | - Benedikt H. Heidinger
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
- Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Wien, Österreich
| | - Ruxandra-Iulia Milos
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
- Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Wien, Österreich
| | - Lucian Beer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
- Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Wien, Österreich
| | - Florian Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
- Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Wien, Österreich
| | - Sebastian Röhrich
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
- Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Wien, Österreich
| | - Helmut Prosch
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
- Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Wien, Österreich
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kifjak D, Leitner J, Ambros R, Heidinger BH, Milos RI, Beer L, Prayer F, Röhrich S, Prosch H. [Chest radiography findings in diffuse parenchymal lung diseases]. Radiologe 2022; 62:130-139. [PMID: 34997260 PMCID: PMC8740870 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-021-00955-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
CLINICAL ISSUE Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases include a heterogeneous group of diseases of the lung parenchyma, the alveolar spaces, the vessels and the airways, which can be triggered by various pathomechanisms, such as inflammation and fibrotic changes. Since the therapeutic approaches and prognoses differ significantly between the diseases, the correct diagnosis is of fundamental importance. In routine clinical practice, next to the patients' history, the clinical presentation, the laboratory findings and the bronchoscopy, imaging plays a central role in establishing a diagnosis. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS The diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases is an enormous challenge for clinicians, radiologists as well as pathologists and should therefore preferably be carried out in a multidisciplinary setting. Since patients often present with unspecific, respiratory symptoms, chest radiographs are the first imaging method used. Many patterns of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (e.g., ground-glass opacities and consolidations), their distribution (e.g., cranial-caudal) and the presence of additional findings (e.g., mediastinal lymphadenopathy) are often already detectable on chest X‑rays. However, the imaging reference standard and thus, an integral part of the assessment of diffuse parenchymal lung disease, is the chest HR-CT. In some cases, the pattern of the HR-CT is pathognomonic, in others it is unspecific for a disease, so that further diagnostic steps are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kifjak
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich.,Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich.,Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Johannes Leitner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich.,Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich
| | - Raphael Ambros
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich.,Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich
| | - Benedikt H Heidinger
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich.,Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich
| | - Ruxandra-Iulia Milos
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich.,Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich
| | - Lucian Beer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich.,Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich
| | - Florian Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich.,Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich
| | - Sebastian Röhrich
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich.,Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich
| | - Helmut Prosch
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich. .,Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Braun M, Klingelhöfer D, Groneberg DA. Sooty bark disease of maples: the risk for hypersensitivity pneumonitis by fungal spores not only for woodman. J Occup Med Toxicol 2021; 16:2. [PMID: 33478566 PMCID: PMC7819180 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-021-00292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the middle of the twentieth century, the from North America sooty bark disease (SBD) of maples was first discovered in England and has spread in the last decades in Central Europe, in particular. The trigger of SBD is the mould fungus Cryptostroma (C.) corticale. The most common infested maple is the sycamore, Acer pseudoplatanus, a common tree in woods and parks. The disease is characterised by peeling of the outer layer of the bark and brownish-black spores under the peeled off bark. These spores can cause maple bark disease (MBD) in humans, a hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) with similar symptoms like COPD, allergic asthma, influenza or flu-like infections and interstitial pneumonia. Persons who have intensive respectively occupational contact with infested trees or wood, e.g., woodman, foresters, sawyers or paper mill workers, are at risk in particular. Since C. corticale favours hot summers and host trees weakened by drought, SBD will increasingly spread in the future due to ongoing climate change. Consequently, the risk of developing MBD will increase, too. As with all HPs, e.g., farmer's lung and pigeon breeder's disease, the diagnosis of MBD is intricate because it has no clear distinguishing characteristics compared to other interstitial lung diseases. Therefore, the establishment of consistent diagnosis guidelines is required. For correct diagnosis and successful therapy, multidisciplinary expertise including pulmonologists, radiologists, pathologists and occupational physicians is recommended. If MBD is diagnosed in time, the removal of the triggering fungus or the infested maple wood leads to complete recovery in most cases. Chronic HP can lead to lung fibrosis and a total loss of lung function culminating in death. HP and, thus, MBD, is a disease with a very high occupational amount. To avoid contact with spores of C. corticale, persons working on infested wood or trees have to wear personal protective equipment. To protect the public, areas with infested maples have to be cordoned off, and the trees should be removed. This is also for impeding further spreading of the spores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Braun
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Doris Klingelhöfer
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David A Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Popov TA, Passalacqua G, González-Díaz SN, Plavec D, Braido F, García-Abujeta JL, Dubuske L, Rouadi P, Morais-Almeida M, Bonini S, Cheng L, Ansotegui IJ. Medical devices in allergy practice. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100466. [PMID: 33024482 PMCID: PMC7529824 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical devices provide people with some health benefits in terms of diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and monitoring of disease processes. Different medical specialties use varieties of medical devices more or less specific for them. Allergology is an interdisciplinary field of medical science and teaches that allergic reactions are of systemic nature but can express themselves at the level of different organs across the life cycle of an individual. Subsequently, medical devices used in allergology could be regarded as: 1) general, servicing the integral diagnostic and management principles and features of allergology, and 2) organ specific, which are shared by organ specific disciplines like pulmonology, otorhinolaryngology, dermatology, and others. The present position paper of the World Allergy Organization (WAO) is meant to be the first integral document providing structured information on medical devices in allergology used in daily routine but also needed for sophisticated diagnostic purposes and modern disease management. It is supposed to contribute to the transformation of the health care system into integrated care pathways for interrelated comorbidities.
Collapse
Key Words
- AAP, Asthma Action Plan
- ATS, American Thoracic Society
- Airway inflammation
- Allergic rhinitis
- Allergology
- Allergy
- Allergy diagnosis
- Asthma
- CE mark, Conformité Européenne mark
- CO, Carbon monoxide
- DPIs, Dry Powder Inhalers
- EAI/AAI, Epinephrine/Adrenaline Auto-Injector
- EBC, Exhaled Breath Condensate
- EBT, Exhaled Breath Temperature
- EDS, Exhalation Delivery Systems
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- ERS, European Respiratory Society
- ERV, Expiratory Reserve Volume
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FEF, Forced Expiratory Flows
- FEV1, Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second
- FOT, Forced Oscillation Technique
- FRC, Functional Residual Capacity
- FVC, Forced Vital Capacity
- FeNO, Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide
- GLI, Global Lung Function Initiative
- IOS, Impulse Oscillometry
- IRV, Inspiratory Reserve Volume
- Lung function tests
- MDPS, Metered-Dose Pump Sprays
- Medical devices
- NDDD, Nasal Drug Delivery Device
- NO, Nitric oxide
- PDMI, Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler
- PEF, Peak Expiratory Flow
- PNIF, Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flow
- PT, Patch Tests
- PhPT, Photopatch tests
- Ppb, part per billion
- RV, Residual Volume
- SPT, Skin Prick Test
- Skin tests
- TLC, Total Lung Capacity
- UV, Ultra Violet
- VC, Vital Capacity
- VT, Tidal Volume
- WAO, World Allergy Organization
- WHO, World Health Organization
- m-health
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lawrence Dubuske
- The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | | | | | - Sergio Bonini
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Lei Cheng
- Nanjing Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Virdee G, Bleasdale J, Ikramullah M, Graham-Clarke E. Republished: Sertraline-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Drug Ther Bull 2020; 58:75-79. [PMID: 32188684 DOI: 10.1136/dtb.2019.230724rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gursharan Virdee
- Pharmacy Department, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - John Bleasdale
- Critical Care Services, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mohammed Ikramullah
- Mental Health, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Emma Graham-Clarke
- Critical Care Services, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Virdee G, Bleasdale J, Ikramullah M, Graham-Clarke E. Sertraline-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/12/e230724. [PMID: 31862812 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-230724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is a granulomatous, non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction of the alveoli and distal bronchioles presenting as an acute, subacute or chronic condition. It is most commonly associated with exposure to extrinsic allergens (eg, avian dust, mould and tobacco) and medications including antiarrhythmics (eg, amiodarone), cytotoxics (eg, methotrexate) and antiepileptics (eg, carbamazepine). Individuals diagnosed with this condition can present with severe hypoxia and respiratory failure. The fundamental principle of management is to remove the causative allergen. Evidence implicating selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as a causative agent is limited, and this case report describes a rare clinical presentation of HP associated with sertraline, how it was diagnosed and subsequently treated. It is anticipated that raising awareness of this interaction will assist multidisciplinary teams, managing patients diagnosed with HP, to be more cognisant of sertraline as being an aetiological factor for this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gursharan Virdee
- Pharmacy Department, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - John Bleasdale
- Critical Care Services, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mohammed Ikramullah
- Mental Health, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Emma Graham-Clarke
- Critical Care Services, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wurster S, Weis P, Page L, Helm J, Lazariotou M, Einsele H, Ullmann AJ. Intra- and inter-individual variability of Aspergillus fumigatus reactive T-cell frequencies in healthy volunteers in dependency of mould exposure in residential and working environment. Mycoses 2017; 60:668-675. [PMID: 28786508 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis remains a deadly disease in immunocompromised patients, whereas the combination of an exaggerated immune response and continuous exposure lead to various hyperinflammatory diseases. This pilot study aimed to gain an overview of the intra- and inter-individual variability in Aspergillus fumigatus reactive T-helper cells in healthy adults and the correlation with environmental mould exposure. In this flow cytometric study, the frequencies of CD154+ A. fumigatus reactive T cells were evaluated in 70 healthy volunteers. All subjects completed a standardised questionnaire addressing their mould exposure. Subjects with intensive mould exposure in their professional or residential surrounding demonstrated considerably higher mean frequencies of A. fumigatus reactive T-helper and T-memory cells. Comparative evaluation of multiple measurements over time demonstrated relatively conserved reactive T-cell frequencies in the absence of major changes to the exposure profile, whereas those frequently exposed in professional environment or with changes to their risk score demonstrated a marked dependency of antigen reactive T-cell frequencies on recent mould exposure. This pilot study was the first to provide data on the intra-individual variability in A. fumigatus reactive T-cell frequencies and its linkage to mould encounter. Fungus reactive T cells are to be considered a valued tool for the assessment of environmental mould exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wurster
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Weis
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Page
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Helm
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Lazariotou
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andrew J Ullmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Imaging of nontraumatic thoracic emergencies. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2016; 23:184-192. [PMID: 28009644 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute chest symptoms form an important incentive for imaging in the emergency setting. This review discusses the radiologic features of various vascular and pulmonary diseases leading to acute respiratory distress and recent developments on important emergency radiologic examinations. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, triple-rule-out computed tomography protocol was introduced in diagnosis of chest pain, and advancing computed tomography technology and knowledge have led to discussion on treatment of pulmonary embolism. Diffuse pulmonary opacities remain a diagnostic dilemma in the emergency setting and although imaging findings can often be nonspecific, they help in guiding toward accurate diagnosis and timely management. SUMMARY Though promising, triple-rule-out is not yet justified because of low incidence of additional findings compared with conventional computed tomography angiography in chest pain, but it might be suited for clinical practice in the near future. Relevance of isolated subsegmental pulmonary embolism is unknown and research on this topic is needed and on its way. We provided some key findings in differentiating diffuse pulmonary opacities and describe the additional value of chest ultrasound in this clinical dilemma. A brief sidestep to pneumothorax is made, as this is also a frequent finding in the acute dyspneic patient, as well as in patients with acute chest pain.
Collapse
|
11
|
Reza Masjedi M, Saeedfar K, Masjedi J. Occupational Allergies: A Brief Review. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/10313903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Occupational allergies are groups of work-related disorders that are accompanied by immunologic reaction to workplace allergens and include occupational asthma, rhinitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, dermatitis, and anaphylaxis. This mini review presents a brief analysis of the more important aspects of occupational allergic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Masjedi
- Pulmonary Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tobacco Control Research Center, Iranian Anti-Tobacco Association, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kayvan Saeedfar
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Masjedi
- Tobacco Control Research Center, Iranian Anti-Tobacco Association, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|