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Guo J, Garshick E, Si F, Tang Z, Lian X, Wang Y, Li J, Koutrakis P. Environmental Toxicant Exposure and Depressive Symptoms. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2420259. [PMID: 38958973 PMCID: PMC11222999 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.20259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Recognizing associations between exposure to common environmental toxicants and mental disorders such as depression is crucial for guiding targeted mechanism research and the initiation of disease prevention efforts. Objectives To comprehensively screen and assess the associations between potential environmental toxicants and depressive symptoms and to assess whether systemic inflammation serves as a mediator. Design, Setting, and Participants A total of 3427 participants from the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination and Survey who had information on blood or urine concentrations of environmental toxicants and depression scores assessed by the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) were included. Statistical analysis was performed from July 1, 2023, to January 31, 2024. Exposures Sixty-two toxicants in 10 categories included acrylamide, arsenic, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, iodine, metals, nicotine metabolites, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compound (VOC) metabolites; and perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate. Main Outcomes and Measures An exposome-wide association study and the deletion-substitution-addition algorithm were used to assess associations with depression scores (PHQ-9 ≥5) adjusted for other important covariates. A mediation analysis framework was used to evaluate the mediating role of systemic inflammation assessed by the peripheral white blood cell count. Results Among the 3427 adults included, 1735 (50.6%) were women, 2683 (78.3%) were younger than 65 years, and 744 (21.7%) were 65 years or older, with 839 (24.5%) having depressive symptoms. In terms of race and ethnicity, 570 participants (16.6%) were Mexican American, 679 (19.8%) were non-Hispanic Black, and 1314 (38.3%) were non-Hispanic White. We identified associations between 27 chemical compounds or metals in 6 of 10 categories of environmental toxicants and the prevalence of depressive symptoms, including the VOC metabolites N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-3-butenyl)-l-cysteine (odds ratio [OR], 1.74 [95% CI, 1.38, 2.18]) and total nicotine equivalent-2 (OR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.26-1.59]). Men and younger individuals appear more vulnerable to environmental toxicants than women and older individuals. Peripheral white blood cell count mediated 5% to 19% of the associations. Conclusions and Relevance In this representative cross-sectional study of adults with environmental toxicant exposures, 6 categories of environmental toxicants were associated with depressive symptoms with mediation by systemic inflammation. This research provides insight into selecting environmental targets for mechanistic research into the causes of depression and facilitating efforts to reduce environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Guo
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Eric Garshick
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Feifei Si
- Peking University Sixth Hospital Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Ziqi Tang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyao Lian
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Jo H, Baek EM. The sound of safety: exploring the determinants of prevention intention in noisy industrial workplaces. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:90. [PMID: 38178066 PMCID: PMC10768458 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Occupational noise exposure is a pervasive issue in many industries, leading to a range of health issues and sleep disturbances among workers. Additionally, there is a strong desire among these workers to prevent industrial accidents. This study, aimed at enhancing worker health and well-being, utilized a survey distributed by the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions to field workers. Data from 1285 workers were collected and analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to identify and understand the factors affecting prevention intention in noisy work environments. Our findings indicate that health problems resulting from occupational noise exposure significantly influence insomnia, perceived severity of potential accidents, perceived benefits of preventive measures, and perceived barriers. Perceived severity was significantly correlated with prevention intention, emphasizing the role of risk perception in motivating preventive behaviors. Perceived benefits were also significantly associated with prevention intention, highlighting the importance of positive outcomes in influencing workers' behaviors. Additionally, perceived barriers showed a significant relationship with prevention intention, suggesting that overcoming these barriers is crucial in promoting preventive behaviors. Demographic factors such as gender displayed a significant association with prevention intention, while age did not. This study provides valuable insights into the multifaceted factors influencing workers' intention to prevent industrial accidents in noisy environments, underlining the importance of comprehensive data collection tools in understanding these dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jo
- Headquarters, HJ Institute of Technology and Management, 71 Jungdong-ro 39, 14721, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Baek
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, 06591, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Nasrallah I, Sabbah I, Haddad C, Ismaiil L, Kotaich J, Salameh P, Kak AEL, Nasr R, Bawab W. Evaluating the academic scientific laboratories' safety by applying failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) at the public university in Lebanon. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21145. [PMID: 38046144 PMCID: PMC10687702 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Workers at scientific academic laboratories are at risk of potential exposure to different types of hazards. The study's purpose was to assess the potential failure modes (FMs) of hazards facing them through the application of the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method to propose corrective actions preventive actions (CAPA) to mitigate them and to improve the safety outcomes in these workplaces (WP) at the Lebanese public University (PbU). The potential FMs leading to accident occurrence in biological and chemical labs were identified and prioritized, their causes and effects were determined by applying two surveys, and the risk priority number (RPN) for each failure was calculated. A total of 24 FMs were identified. The most alarming FM having the highest RPN scores (80) was found in the workplace 'category requiring an emergency for corrective actions (CA), it is related to the unavailability of a hazard pictogram plot and the lack of labeling of chemicals and waste containers according to their categories. The FMs having RPN scores (75-60) requiring an urgent CA were assigned to other hazards of the WP, chemical, biological, and failure of the educational system. The need to program for the remaining FMs (RPN scores 20-48) is related to the safety, biological, physical, and radioactive categories 'hazards. It is recommended to apply continuously FMEA and implement the CA proposed for each detected FM in the scientific laboratories of the PbU in order to support the decision-makers to improve laboratory safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inaam Nasrallah
- Doctoral School of Science and Technology (DSST), Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Substances Naturelles et Produits de Santé (BSNPS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Ibtissam Sabbah
- Faculty of public Health V, Lebanese University, Saida, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
- School of Health Sciences, Modern University of Business and Science, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lina Ismaiil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Jana Kotaich
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Assem EL. Kak
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Substances Naturelles et Produits de Santé (BSNPS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Rihab Nasr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Wafa Bawab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
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Barros B, Oliveira M, Morais S. Unveiling Urinary Mutagenicity by the Ames Test for Occupational Risk Assessment: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13074. [PMID: 36293654 PMCID: PMC9603210 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure may involve a variety of toxic compounds. A mutagenicity analysis using the Ames test can provide valuable information regarding the toxicity of absorbed xenobiotics. Through a search of relevant databases, this systematic review gathers and critically discusses the published papers (excluding other types of publications) from 2001-2021 that have assessed urinary mutagenicity (Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium) in an occupational exposure context. Due to the heterogeneity of the study methods, a meta-analysis could not be conducted. The characterized occupations were firefighters, traffic policemen, bus drivers, mail carriers, coke oven and charcoal workers, chemical laboratory staff, farmers, pharmacy workers, and professionals from several other industrial sectors. The genetically modified bacterial strains (histidine dependent) TA98, TA100, YG1041, YG1021, YG1024 and YG1042 have been used for the health risk assessment of individual (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and mixtures of compounds (e.g., diesel engine exhaust, fire smoke, industrial fumes/dyes) in different contexts. Although comparison of the data between studies is challenging, urinary mutagenicity can be very informative of possible associations between work-related exposure and the respective mutagenic potential. Careful interpretation of results and their direct use for occupational health risk assessment are crucial and yet complex; the use of several strains is highly recommended since individual and/or synergistic effects of complex exposure to xenobiotics can be overlooked. Future studies should improve the methods used to reach a standardized protocol for specific occupational environments to strengthen the applicability of the urinary mutagenicity assay and reduce inter- and intra-individual variability and exposure source confounders.
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Pathan A, Ahmad I, Girase R, Jagatap V, Patel H. A Laboratory Accident of Acryloyl Chloride, Its Consequences, Treatment, and Safety Measures: An Arduous Lesson to All Researchers. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.2c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asama Pathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, District Dhule-425 405, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, District Dhule-425 405, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Rukaiyya Girase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, District Dhule-425 405, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Vilas Jagatap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, District Dhule-425 405, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Harun Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, District Dhule-425 405, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
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Nurses’ knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors regarding antineoplastic drugs: the mediating role of protective knowledge †. FRONTIERS OF NURSING 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/fon-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
To explore the relationships between Chinese nurses’ knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes and their behavior and actual implementation of safety measures when handling antineoplastic drugs (ADs) in their daily work.
Methods
This was a multisite study conducted in 8 public hospitals in China. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to participants querying the degree of contact with ADs. The hypothesized relations were explored using structural equation modelling via the bootstrap method. Mediation analysis was applied to explore the mediating role of protective knowledge regarding AD exposure on the associations among protective training, using warning labels, and using protective masks.
Results
A total of 305 nurses were enrolled. The average age of all participants was 30.2 (standard deviation [SD]: 6.2) years. Nurses who had received protective training for AD exposure were more likely to use labels for ADs after age, body mass index (BMI), length of service, marital status, education, and department were controlled as covariates. The bias-corrected bootstrap of 95% confidence interval (CI) indicated that protective knowledge significantly mediated (23.4%) the association between protective training and using labels (indirect effect = 0.202, 95% CI: 0.009, 0.495); the proportion of mediation was 23.4%. Protective knowledge significantly mediated the association between protective training and using protective masks (indirect effect = 0.157, 95% CI: 0.048, 0.325); the proportion of mediation was 27.2%.
Conclusions
The findings of this study have provided baseline information on the current state of Chinese nurses’ perceptions, knowledge, and preventive behaviors toward ADs as the crisis is happening. Training is also recommended to improve nurses’ perceptions of the risks associated with ADs.
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Nasrallah IM, El Kak AK, Ismaiil LA, Nasr RR, Bawab WT. Prevalence of accident occurrence among scientific laboratory workers of the public university in Lebanon and the impact of safety measures. Saf Health Work 2022; 13:155-162. [PMID: 35664908 PMCID: PMC9142354 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Workers are exposed to several risks in academic laboratories due to the presence of potentially hazardous substances. The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of accident occurrence and associated risk factors among laboratory workers at the scientific laboratories of the public university in Lebanon and the impact of safety measures training and availability. Methods In this observational study, a survey was conducted for one year in scientific laboratories at faculties of the public university. Results Among the participants (N = 220), 45.0% have had accidents; the main cause was exposure to chemicals (73.7%) and more specifically by inhalation (45.4%). Females (85.9%) were more exposed to accidents than males. Laboratory workers with a master's degree, a full-time schedule, and more than ten years of experience were significantly more exposed to accidents (p < 0.05). A significant association was found between accident occurrence and training on management of hazardous products (p = 0.044), risks related to workplace (p = 0.030), eyewash and emergency shower (p < 0.001), first aid (p = 0.012), and facial protection availability (p = 0.019). In spite of the lack of safety culture and efficient training on laboratory safety, participants have shown a very good perception regarding safety measures to be applied in case of work accidents. Conclusion Based on our findings, the prevalence of accident occurrence is elevated among lab workers at the public university. The impact of regular training on laboratory safety preventive measures is of great importance to ensure the efficiency of occupational health and safety in scientific laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inaam M. Nasrallah
- Doctoral School of Science and Technology (DSST) - Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Substances Naturelles et Produits de Santé (BSNPS), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy - Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Assem K. El Kak
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Substances Naturelles et Produits de Santé (BSNPS), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy - Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Lina A. Ismaiil
- Faculty of Pharmacy - Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Rihab R. Nasr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Corresponding author. Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Director of Basic Research Core Facilities, Director of Cancer Prevention and Control Program, NKBCI, Founder of AMALOUNA, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Wafa T. Bawab
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Substances Naturelles et Produits de Santé (BSNPS), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy - Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
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Analyzing Safety Culture in Sri Lankan Industrial Chemical Laboratories. Saf Health Work 2021; 13:86-92. [PMID: 35936198 PMCID: PMC9346944 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A laboratory where chemicals are handled can be considered a hazardous environment, and hence, prudent practices should be strictly enforced. If not, deadly accidents and incidents could occur due to a lack of safety practices and poor safety culture. The purpose of this study is to analyze the existing safety culture and propose potential recommendations to enhance the level of safety education in the chemical laboratories in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. Methods A survey questionnaire was administered among the laboratory supervisors of the chemical laboratories in the Western Province of Sri Lanka in 2019. Results Even though 80 surveys were distributed among prospective participants, only 46 surveys were submitted, which is 58% of the response rate. Most of the individuals who participated in the survey were females below 35 years old, and approximately 96% of the participants had at least one year of working experience in the same laboratory setting. The majority considered safety as an important factor that requires further improvements with third-party safety inspections; however, 54% of the respondents mentioned that those inspections were conducted by the employees from their laboratory. Conclusion From the study, it has been discovered that employees have knowledge of safety culture to a certain extent. A significant percentage (83%) of participants believed that further safety measures are required for a safer laboratory. However, the study revealed that the attitudes of some employees should be changed to have a better safety culture. Hence the authors would like to suggest having annual training sessions and well-formulated safety policies to improve the safety culture.
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Uhl M, Santos RR, Costa J, Santos O, Virgolino A, Evans DS, Murray C, Mulcahy M, Ubong D, Sepai O, Lobo Vicente J, Leitner M, Benda-Kahri S, Zanini-Freitag D. Chemical Exposure: European Citizens' Perspectives, Trust, and Concerns on Human Biomonitoring Initiatives, Information Needs, and Scientific Results. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1532. [PMID: 33562859 PMCID: PMC7914422 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, citizen awareness and perception of chemical products has been a topic of interest, particularly concerning national and international policy decision makers, expert/scientific platforms, and the European Union itself. To date, few qualitative studies on human biomonitoring have analysed communication materials, made recommendations in terms of biomonitoring surveillance, or asked for feedback in terms of specific biomonitoring methods. This paper provides in-depth insight on citizens' perceptions of knowledge of biomonitoring, impact of chemical exposure on daily life, and claims on how results of research should be used. Four semi-structured focus groups were held in Austria, Portugal, Ireland, and the United Kingdom (UK). The cross-sectional observational qualitative design of this study allows for better understanding of public concern regarding chemicals, application, and use of human biomonitoring. The main findings of this study include citizens' clear articulation on pathways of exposure, the demand on stakeholders for transparent decision-making, and sensitivity in communication of results to the public. Validated and trustful communication is perceived as key to empowering citizens to take action. The results can be used to facilitate decision-making and policy development, and feeds into the awareness needs of similar and future projects in human biomonitoring. Furthermore, it also brings to light ideas and concepts of citizens' in shaping collaborative knowledge between citizens', experts, scientists, and policy makers on equal terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Uhl
- Environment Agency Austria, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.L.); (S.B.-K.)
| | - Ricardo R. Santos
- Environmental Health Behaviour Lab, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.R.S.); (J.C.); (O.S.); (A.V.)
| | - Joana Costa
- Environmental Health Behaviour Lab, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.R.S.); (J.C.); (O.S.); (A.V.)
| | - Osvaldo Santos
- Environmental Health Behaviour Lab, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.R.S.); (J.C.); (O.S.); (A.V.)
- Unbreakable Idea Research, 2550-426 Painho, Portugal
| | - Ana Virgolino
- Environmental Health Behaviour Lab, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.R.S.); (J.C.); (O.S.); (A.V.)
| | - David S. Evans
- Health Service Executive, Department of Public Health, Merlin Park Regional Hospital, H91N973 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Cora Murray
- Health Service Executive, Environmental Health Service, H91EW40 Galway, Ireland; (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Maurice Mulcahy
- Health Service Executive, Environmental Health Service, H91EW40 Galway, Ireland; (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Dorothy Ubong
- Public Health England, London SE1 8UG, UK; (D.U.); (O.S.)
| | - Ovnair Sepai
- Public Health England, London SE1 8UG, UK; (D.U.); (O.S.)
| | | | - Michaela Leitner
- Environment Agency Austria, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.L.); (S.B.-K.)
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