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Greyling E, Comley J, Cherry MI, Leslie AJ, Müller L. Facilitation of a free-roaming apex predator in working lands: evaluating factors that influence leopard spatial dynamics and prey availability in a South African biodiversity hotspot. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14575. [PMID: 36718440 PMCID: PMC9884037 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Apex predators ideally require vast intact spaces that support sufficient prey abundances to sustain them. In a developing world, however, it is becoming extremely difficult to maintain large enough areas to facilitate apex predators outside of protected regions. Free-roaming leopards (Panthera pardus) are the last remaining apex predator in the Greater Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, and face a multitude of threats attributable to competition for space and resources with humans. Using camera-trap data, we investigated the influence of anthropogenic land modification on leopards and the availability of their natural prey species in two contrasting communities-primarily protected (Cederberg) and agriculturally transformed (Piketberg). Potential prey species composition and diversity were determined, to indicate prey availability in each region. Factors influencing spatial utilisation by leopards and their main prey species were also assessed. Estimated potential prey species richness (Cederberg = 27, Piketberg = 26) and diversity indices (Cederberg-H' = 2.64, Ds = 0.90; Piketberg-H' = 2.46, Ds = 0.89), supported by both the Jaccard's Index (J = 0.73) and Sørensen's Coefficient (CC = 0.85), suggested high levels of similarity across the two regions. Main leopard prey species were present in both regions, but their relative abundances differed. Grey rhebok, klipspringer, and rock hyrax were more abundant in the Cederberg, while Cape grysbok, Cape porcupine, chacma baboon, and common duiker were more abundant in Piketberg. Leopards persisted across the agriculturally transformed landscape despite these differences. Occupancy modelling revealed that the spatial dynamics of leopards differed between the two regions, except for both populations preferring areas further away from human habitation. Overall, anthropogenic factors played a greater role in affecting spatial utilisation by leopards and their main prey species in the transformed region, whereas environmental factors had a stronger influence in the protected region. We argue that greater utilisation of alternative main prey species to those preferred in the protected region, including livestock, likely facilitates the persistence of leopards in the transformed region, and believe that this has further implications for human-wildlife conflict. Our study provides a baseline understanding of the potential direct and indirect impacts of agricultural landscape transformation on the behaviour of leopards and shows that heavily modified lands have the potential to facilitate mammalian diversity, including apex predators. We iterate that conservation measures for apex predators should be prioritised where they are present on working lands, and encourage the collaborative development of customised, cost-effective, multi-species conflict management approaches that facilitate coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Greyling
- Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa,The Cape Leopard Trust, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Jessica Comley
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, Mpumalanga, South Africa,Current Affiliation: Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Michael I. Cherry
- Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Alison J. Leslie
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Lana Müller
- The Cape Leopard Trust, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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Rahmatullah M, Jahan R, Nissapatorn V, Pereira MDL, Wiart C. Editorial: Emerging and old viral diseases: Antiviral drug discovery from medicinal plants. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:976592. [PMID: 36059941 PMCID: PMC9437638 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.976592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Rahmatullah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Mohammed Rahmatullah,
| | - Rownak Jahan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences and World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Maria De Lourdes Pereira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Christophe Wiart
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
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Green J, Hankinson P, de Waal L, Coulthard E, Norrey J, Megson D, D’Cruze N. Wildlife Trade for Belief-Based Use: Insights From Traditional Healers in South Africa. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.906398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of animals and plants as traditional remedies for medical and magico-religious purposes has a long history of socio-cultural and economic importance in South Africa. Herein, we aim to characterize the social and economic value of wild animal species used in traditional, belief-based medicine within South Africa from traditional healers’ perspective and to explore healers’ knowledge of plant-based alternatives to wildlife-based derivatives for this type of trade. Through structured surveys with five traditional healers, we sought to gain insight into the range of wild animal species used, as well as the purpose, the perceived commercial value and the perceived availability of commonly used species. Particular focus was placed on exploring the socio-economic value of lions due to their prominence within the traditional medicine market, both in South Africa and internationally. Three of the respondents interviewed had been generating an income from traditional healing for between 30 and 50 years, and the overall monetary gain across all respondents was between ZAR 30,000 (1,800 USD) and 120,000 (7,200 USD) per annum. Our study confirms that a wide range of wild animal species are used in traditional healing practices in South Africa, for both medicinal and magico-religious purposes. The traditional healers we interviewed cited 20 common wild animals from a range of vertebrate classes including birds, reptiles, mammals, and one invertebrate. These included a number of species listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Traditional healers cited 32 different uses for wild animal parts, as well as 19 alternative plant-based preparations. For lions specifically, four out of five practitioners listed lions among their top three profitable derivatives and three practitioners reported that lion had become the most rare or unavailable species in the last 5 years. Although our study is based on a limited number of interview participants, we believe that our findings provide valuable initial insights into the socio-economic drivers of traditional healing practices in South Africa, and that further research quantifying medicinal and belief-based use of wild animal ingredients and their plant-based alternatives could help to inform approaches to managing related pressures exerted on wild populations in South Africa in the future.
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Stara K, Saravia-Mullin V, Tsiakiris R, Adefolu S, Akyol A, Akyol Rİ, Asswad NG, Çetin T, Dayyoub M, Dushi G, Ivande ST, Kordopatis P, Kret E, Özuslu S, Petrovski N, Simeonova I, Spassova Y, Qaneer TE, Pourchier C, Saad LJ, ElSafoury H, Topi M, Trajҫe A, Ziu D, Nikolov SC. Following the White Vulture: Ethno-ornithology along the Flyway of the Egyptian Vulture ( Neophron percnopterus). HUMAN ECOLOGY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2022; 50:725-738. [PMID: 35729956 PMCID: PMC9188277 DOI: 10.1007/s10745-022-00340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vultures constitute globally the most rapidly declining group of birds. Across their wide distribution range, they share common ecological functions and unfavourable conservation status while being associated with varying habitats, lifestyles, cultural standing, and threats. We reveal conceptualisations about the emblematic yet critically endangered Egyptian vulture along its migratory flyway from the Balkans through the Middle East to Africa. Information was gathered through interviews, focus group discussions, and market surveys, with 420 people in 11 participating countries contributing overall. Our results showed that all vultures are recognised primarily for the environmental cleaning services, but the level of awareness differs between countries. Τhe Egyptian vulture has some perceptual advantages based on its white color, migratory nature, and endangered conservation status. This underlines its suitability as a charismatic flagship species that can potentially benefit other vulture species and thus enforce broader vulture conservation initiatives. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10745-022-00340-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Stara
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, University campus, Ioannina, 45110 Greece
- Hellenic Ornithological Society/BirdLife Greece, Ag. Konstantinou 52, Athens, 10437 Greece
| | | | - Rigas Tsiakiris
- Department of Forest Administration and Management, Forestry Service of Ioannina, Ministry of Environment and Energy, Marikas Kotopouli 62, Ioannina, 45445 Greece
| | - Solomon Adefolu
- Nigerian Conservation Foundation, Km 19 Lekki-Epe Expressway, Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Adem Akyol
- Doğa Derneği/BirdLife Turkey, Orhanli Mah. 7102 Sk. No:1, Seferihisar, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Raziye İçtepe Akyol
- Doğa Derneği/BirdLife Turkey, Orhanli Mah. 7102 Sk. No:1, Seferihisar, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Turan Çetin
- Doğa Derneği/BirdLife Turkey, Orhanli Mah. 7102 Sk. No:1, Seferihisar, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Maher Dayyoub
- Syrian Society for the Conservation of Wildlife, Latakia, Boka suburb Syria
| | - Gligor Dushi
- Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment of Albania (PPNEA), Rr. Janos Hunyadi, P.32/A.11, 1019 Tirana, Albania
| | - Samuel Tertese Ivande
- A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute (APLORI), University of Jos Biological Conservatory, P.O. Box 13404, Jos-East LGA, Laminga, Plateau State 930001 Nigeria
| | - Panagiotis Kordopatis
- Hellenic Ornithological Society/BirdLife Greece, Ag. Konstantinou 52, Athens, 10437 Greece
| | | | - Serdar Özuslu
- Doğa Derneği/BirdLife Turkey, Orhanli Mah. 7102 Sk. No:1, Seferihisar, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nenad Petrovski
- Macedonian Ecological Society (MES), Boris Trajkovski st. 7 No. 7A, Skopje, 1000 North Macedonia
| | | | - Yana Spassova
- ESTAT Agency, 9, Sv.Sedmochislenitsi str, Sofia, 1421 Bulgaria
| | - Tareq Emad Qaneer
- Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN)/BirdLife Jordan, Dahiat Al-Rasheed, Building No. 4, Baker Al-Baw Street, Amman, Jordan
| | - Cloé Pourchier
- Sahara Conservation Fund, Yantala Haut, Niamey, YN-121 Niger
| | - Louis Junior Saad
- Society for the Protection of Nature in Lebanon/Birdlife Lebanon, Awad Bldg, 6th floor, Abdul Aziz Street, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hana ElSafoury
- Nature Conservation Egypt (NCE), 1 Bin Kutiba St, Nasr City, Cairo, 11487 Egypt
| | - Mirjan Topi
- Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment of Albania (PPNEA), Rr. Janos Hunyadi, P.32/A.11, 1019 Tirana, Albania
| | - Aleksandër Trajҫe
- Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment of Albania (PPNEA), Rr. Janos Hunyadi, P.32/A.11, 1019 Tirana, Albania
| | - Denada Ziu
- Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment of Albania (PPNEA), Rr. Janos Hunyadi, P.32/A.11, 1019 Tirana, Albania
| | - Stoyan C. Nikolov
- Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds (BSPB)/BirdLife Bulgaria, PO box 50, Yavorov complex, bl. 71, en. 4, Sofia, 1111 Bulgaria
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Van Vuuren SF, Motlhatlego KE, Netshia V. Traditionally used polyherbals in a southern African therapeutic context. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 288:114977. [PMID: 35017037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.114977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In African traditional medicine, there are several plant species that are used in combination with either other plant species or non-plant derived combinations such as sugar and honey, salt and vinegar, milk, fat etc. This review examines the role of these combinations and postulates the scientific and therapeutic validation of such combinations. AIM OF THE STUDY This study reviewed the ethnopharmacological literature and documented the use of southern African plant combinations to find a scientific rationale for such combinations, and provide recommendations for future studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnobotanical books and online databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed and Google Scholar were used to find ethnobotanical studies within the southern African context that focus on the combinations of plants with other plants or various additional ingredients. The scientific literature was examined to determine if evidence was available to substantiate such combinations. RESULTS One hundred and eighty-seven medicinal plant (plant-to-plant) combinations that are used in the southern African traditional healing system were recorded. These plant combinations were used against infections of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and skin as well other non-infectious diseases such as reproductive and psychiatric disorders. Respiratory infections were the most documented infections to be treated using plant combinations. The plant that was documented to be most commonly used in combination with other plants was Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. While plant-plant combinations have drawn a marked interest, comparatively, plant-adjuvant (e.g. milk, sugar, honey, salt, vinegar, fats) combinations have attracted less research interest. Milk was reported as the most used additional ingredient in combination with medicinal plants. The combination of animal urine and dung with medicinal plants has been reported as a treatment for treat prostate infections, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Other ingredients such as clay and flour were also documented, and these are often mixed with medicinal plants to treat fever, stomach ailments, sexually transmitted infections (STI) and skin conditions. Although combination therapy has been frequently reported in ethnobotanical records, over 90% of the combinations reviewed still need to be scientifically validated. CONCLUSION Scientific reports on the antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological effects of these combinations may offer an understanding of traditional combination therapy. In addition, investigation into the mechanisms of action of these combinations are also recommended to supplement the findings. Nonetheless, the use of plant combinations is still an untapped research area in southern Africa and there is a need to validate the use of those documented combinations to obtain a better understanding of combined traditional medicinal plant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - K E Motlhatlego
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - V Netshia
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Amin R, Wilkinson A, Williams KS, Martins QE, Hayward J. Assessing the status of leopard in the Cape Fold Mountains using a Bayesian spatial capture–recapture model in Just Another Gibbs Sampler. Afr J Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Amin
- The Cape Leopard Trust Cape Town South Africa
- Conservation Programmes Zoological Society of London London UK
| | | | - Kathryn S. Williams
- The Cape Leopard Trust Cape Town South Africa
- Department of Anthropology Durham University Durham UK
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Hughes GD, Aboyade OM, Okonji OC, Clark B, Bawa WA, Xavier C, Rasu RS. Cost of Traditional Herbal Medicines for Noncommunicable Diseases in Rural and Urban Communities in South Africa. Value Health Reg Issues 2021; 29:66-75. [PMID: 34839077 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study assessed traditional herbal medicine (THM) and conventional medicine (CM) utilization among participants with noncommunicable disease in South Africa. METHODS A cross-sectional study of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological study collected data through face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaires in 2014. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine the effect of sociodemographic and economic factors on THM and CM use. All statistical analyses were conducted using the statistical computing and graphics language "R." RESULTS Of the total 417 randomly selected participants in this study, 85% were females, 95% with no health insurance, and 81% with monthly incomes of <2000 rand (R) ($137 equivalent) per month. Moreover, 73% spend <R100 per month (6.85 US dollar conversion) on THM compared with 46% of families spending <R100 on CM last year; 7% spent >5% of their income on THM, and 10% say they are willing to pay >R500 per year on THM to feel better. Age was significantly associated with different spending patterns after controlling for other demographic factors, given that older adults were 82% (odds ratio 0.18; 95% confidence interval 0.02-0.93) less likely to pay >R100 for THM whereas younger adults were 59% (odds ratio 0.41; 95% confidence interval 0.17-0.97) less likely to pay for CM. CONCLUSIONS The cost of using THM and CM largely differed by age. The economic insight into this study reveals individuals more willing to pay for THM to payors, which can ultimately clue payors into areas for medication optimization from potential drug-drug interactions and adverse events and, therefore, reduce healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Denise Hughes
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | | | | | - Bobby Clark
- Clark & Associates Statistical Consulting, Nolensville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Rafia S Rasu
- College of Pharmacy, UNT Health Science Center, TX, USA.
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Nieman WA, Schultz BC, Wilkinson A, Leslie AJ. Stakeholders’ perceptions of mammal occurrence and abundance on agricultural properties bordering the Boland Mountain Complex, South Africa. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2021.1885990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willem A Nieman
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Brittany C Schultz
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | | | - Alison J Leslie
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
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Loko LEY, Medegan Fagla S, Orobiyi A, Glinma B, Toffa J, Koukoui O, Djogbenou L, Gbaguidi F. Traditional knowledge of invertebrates used for medicine and magical-religious purposes by traditional healers and indigenous populations in the Plateau Department, Republic of Benin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2019; 15:66. [PMID: 31842934 PMCID: PMC6916055 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-019-0344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since ancient times, invertebrates have played an important role in the traditional medicine in many parts of the world. In south-eastern Benin, more specifically in the Plateau Department, invertebrates are widely used in folk medicine. However, studies on their therapeutic use has been neglected and their magical-religious purposes are poorly understood. The present study aims to document traditional knowledge related to the use of invertebrates for medicinal and magical-religious purposes by traditional healers and indigenous people of Plateau Department. METHODS An ethno-sociological survey was conducted with 145 informants (80 traditional healers, 12 merchants of medicinal animals and 53 households) belonging to six ethnic groups, in 20 villages located in Plateau of Benin. Data were collected through the participatory rural appraisal method involving individual interviews and direct observations with semi-structured questionnaires. The collected data regarding various medicinal and magical-religious uses of invertebrates were analysed through informant consensus factor (ICF), use value (UV) and, fidelity level (FL). RESULTS A total of 20 families and 38 species of invertebrates, distributed among 6 taxonomic categories, were found to be used to treat 50 different ailments. Insects occupied 64.7% of the total invertebrates listed. The African earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae K. and African giant snail Achatina achatina L. had the highest use values. The highest ICF value (1.0) was cited for diseases of the blood or blood-forming organs. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the influence of ethnic groups in the diseases treated with invertebrates. The highest FL (100%) was recorded for 12 invertebrate species treating various ailments. Most of invertebrate-based remedies were associated with plant species. The mode of administration was mainly oral and topical. Most of the invertebrate drugs were traditionally collected in nature or imported, mainly from Nigeria. In addition, 7 magical-religious practices are documented. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that several invertebrate species play an important role in healing practices and magical-religious rituals in the Plateau Department. We suggest further studies to confirm the presence of any bioactive compounds on invertebrate species use in traditional medicine. In addition, this study highlights the need for ecological investigations of these species, in order to develop strategies for their conservation and sustainable use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Estelle Yêyinou Loko
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of Dassa (FAST-Dassa), National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics of Abomey (UNSTIM), BP 14 Dassa-Zoumé, Benin
| | - Sédami Medegan Fagla
- Medicinal and Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, 01, BP 188 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Azize Orobiyi
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of Dassa (FAST-Dassa), National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics of Abomey (UNSTIM), BP 14 Dassa-Zoumé, Benin
| | - Bienvenu Glinma
- Laboratory of Physics and Synthesis Organic Chemistry (LaCOPS), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques (FAST), University of Abomey-Calavi, BP 4521 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Joelle Toffa
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of Dassa (FAST-Dassa), National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics of Abomey (UNSTIM), BP 14 Dassa-Zoumé, Benin
| | - Omédine Koukoui
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale de Signalisation Cellulaire et de Pharmacologie, FAST-Dassa, UNSTIM, BP 34 Dassa Zoumé, Benin
| | - Luc Djogbenou
- Laboratoire des maladies infectueuses à transmission vectorielle, Institut Régional de Santé Publique, University of Abomey-Calavi, BP 384 Ouidah, Benin
| | - Fernand Gbaguidi
- Medicinal and Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, 01, BP 188 Cotonou, Benin
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Nieman WA, Leslie AJ, Wilkinson A, Wossler TC. Socioeconomic and biophysical determinants of wire-snare poaching incidence and behaviour in the Boland Region of South Africa. J Nat Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2019.125738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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