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A/P Chowmasundaram Y, Tan TL, Nulit R, Jusoh M, Rashid SA. Recent developments, applications and challenges for carbon quantum dots as a photosynthesis enhancer in agriculture. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25093-25117. [PMID: 37622012 PMCID: PMC10445218 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01217d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the world's population is expanding, mankind may be faced with a huge dilemma in the future, which is food scarcity. The situation can be mitigated by employing sustainable cutting-edge agricultural methods to maintain the food supply chain. In recent years, carbon quantum dots (CQD), a member of the well-known carbon-based nanomaterials family, have given rise to a new generation of technologies that have the potential to revolutionise horticulture and agriculture research. CQD has drawn much attention from the research community in agriculture owing to their remarkable properties such as good photoluminescence behaviour, high biocompatibility, photo-induced electron transfer, low cost, and low toxicity. These unique properties have led CQD to become a promising material to increase plant growth and yield in the agriculture field. This review paper highlights the recent advances of CQD application in plant growth and photosynthesis rate at different concentrations, with a focus on CQD uptake and translocation, as well as electron transfer mechanism. The toxicity and biocompatibility studies of CQD, as well as industrial scale applications of CQD for agriculture are discussed. Finally, the current challenges of the present and future perspectives in this agriculture research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamuna A/P Chowmasundaram
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Tong Ling Tan
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Rosimah Nulit
- Department of Biology, Faculty Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mashitah Jusoh
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Suraya Abdul Rashid
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
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Zhao X, Meng X, Ragauskas AJ, Lai C, Ling Z, Huang C, Yong Q. Unlocking the secret of lignin-enzyme interactions: Recent advances in developing state-of-the-art analytical techniques. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107830. [PMID: 34480987 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioconversion of renewable lignocellulosics to produce liquid fuels and chemicals is one of the most effective ways to solve the problem of fossil resource shortage, energy security, and environmental challenges. Among the many biorefinery pathways, hydrolysis of lignocellulosics to fermentable monosaccharides by cellulase is arguably the most critical step of lignocellulose bioconversion. In the process of enzymatic hydrolysis, the direct physical contact between enzymes and cellulose is an essential prerequisite for the hydrolysis to occur. However, lignin is considered one of the most recalcitrant factors hindering the accessibility of cellulose by binding to cellulase unproductively, which reduces the saccharification rate and yield of sugars. This results in high costs for the saccharification of carbohydrates. The various interactions between enzymes and lignin have been explored from different perspectives in literature, and a basic lignin inhibition mechanism has been proposed. However, the exact interaction between lignin and enzyme as well as the recently reported promotion of some types of lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis is still unclear at the molecular level. Multiple analytical techniques have been developed, and fully unlocking the secret of lignin-enzyme interactions would require a continuous improvement of the currently available analytical techniques. This review summarizes the current commonly used advanced research analytical techniques for investigating the interaction between lignin and enzyme, including quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy (FLS), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Interdisciplinary integration of these analytical methods is pursued to provide new insight into the interactions between lignin and enzymes. This review will serve as a resource for future research seeking to develop new methodologies for a better understanding of the basic mechanism of lignin-enzyme binding during the critical hydrolysis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Chenhuan Lai
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhe Ling
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Qiang Yong
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Pang B, Huang L, Teng J, Zhang J, Xia N, Wei B. Effect of pile fermentation on the cells of Chinese Liupao tea: The first record of cell wall of Liupao tea on transmission electron microscope. Food Chem 2021; 361:130034. [PMID: 34091401 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fermentation often degrades the cell wall of dark tea, changes the carbohydrate components in the cell wall of tea, and thus affects the quality of tea. However, the lack of ultrastructural details limits our knowledge on the effect of fermentation on tea cell walls. Morphological studies of cell structures are important; thus, the cell wall of Liupao tea was analyzed under transmission electron microscopy for the first time, and the effects of different raw materials and fermentation methods on the cell wall and main carbohydrates of tea were compared. Overall, fermentation degrades the cell wall of Liupao tea under the action of microorganisms. Interestingly, the middle lamella degrades obviously, whereas the primary wall is complete. The decrease in hemicellulose and increase in water-soluble pectin (WSP) were remarkable, whereas the changes in cellulose and WSP were considerably correlated with the increase in tea polysaccharide (TPS). The results suggest that cell wall degradation might be related to the increase in TPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Pang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Li Huang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Jianwen Teng
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Junwei Zhang
- Wuzhou Zhongcha Tea Industry Co. Ltd., Wuzhou 543000, China
| | - Ning Xia
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Baoyao Wei
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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