1
|
Cheng Y, Liu M, Ou Y, Liu L, Hao Q. Colorful 3D Reconstruction and an Extended Depth of Field for a Monocular Biological Microscope Using an Electrically Tunable Lens. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:49. [PMID: 38248623 PMCID: PMC11154282 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a monocular biological microscope with colorful 3D reconstruction and an extended depth of field using an electrically tunable lens. It is based on a 4f optical system with an electrically tunable lens at the confocal plane. Rapid and extensive depth scanning while maintaining consistent magnification without mechanical movement is achieved. We propose an improved Laplacian operator that considers pixels in diagonal directions to provide enhanced fusion effects and obtain more details of the object. Accurate 3D reconstruction is achieved using the shape-from-focus method by tuning the focal power of the electrically tunable lens. We validate the proposed method by performing experiments on biological samples. The 3D reconstructed images obtained from the biological samples match the actual shrimp larvae and bee antenna samples. Two standard gauge blocks are used to evaluate the 3D reconstruction performance of the proposed method. The experimental results show that the extended depth of fields are 120 µm, 240 µm, and 1440 µm for shrimp larvae, bee tentacle samples, and gauge blocks, respectively. The maximum absolute errors are -39.9 μm and -30.6 μm for the first and second gauge blocks, which indicates 3D reconstruction deviations are 0.78% and 1.52%, respectively. Since the procedure does not require any custom hardware, it can be used to transform a biological microscope into one that effectively extends the depth of field and achieves highly accurate 3D reconstruction results, as long as the requirements are met. Such a microscope presents a broad range of applications, such as biological detection and microbiological diagnosis, where colorful 3D reconstruction and an extended depth of field are critical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.C.); (M.L.); (Y.O.); (L.L.)
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314003, China
| | - Mengyao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.C.); (M.L.); (Y.O.); (L.L.)
| | - Yangqi Ou
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.C.); (M.L.); (Y.O.); (L.L.)
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314003, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.C.); (M.L.); (Y.O.); (L.L.)
| | - Qun Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.C.); (M.L.); (Y.O.); (L.L.)
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314003, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Z, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zheng Z, Zhang C, Wu T, Wu Y, Gao Y, Du F. Improved Method to Characterize Leaf Surfaces, Guide Adjuvant Selection, and Improve Glyphosate Efficacy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1348-1359. [PMID: 36629458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate, one of the most widely used herbicides, plays an important role in controlling weeds and ensuring crop production. While using glyphosate, adjuvants are commonly added to improve its deposition on weeds and control efficacy. However, changes in weed leaf surface characteristics may reduce glyphosate penetration and contribute to evolved glyphosate resistance. Therefore, it is significant to introduce an improved method for regularizing leaf surface characterization and guide adjuvant selection to improve glyphosate efficacy. In this work, surface characteristics of typical weed leaves have been systematically investigated by 3D surface analysis and scanning electron microscopy, finally quantified by apparent surface free energy (ASFE) due to its comprehensive and quantitative evaluation of leaf surfaces. Moreover, the relationship between the weed leaf surface characteristics and the retention of glyphosate on weeds was established, further related to the control efficacy against weeds. To maximize the utilization rate of glyphosate, the types and concentrations of adjuvants should be regulated according to the ASFE of weeds. Our findings not only regularize the surface properties of weed leaves but also reveal their influencing mechanism on the deposition and biological activity of glyphosate, which provide effective guidance for the use of glyphosate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Zirui Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Tianyue Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Yanling Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Yuxia Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Fengpei Du
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hou L, Zou J, Zhang W, Chen Y, Shao W, Li Y, Chen S. An Improved Shape from Focus Method for Measurement of Three-Dimensional Features of Fuel Nozzles. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:265. [PMID: 36616865 PMCID: PMC9824882 DOI: 10.3390/s23010265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The precise three-dimensional measurement of fuel nozzles is of great significance to assess the manufacturing accuracy and improve the spray and atomization performance. This paper proposes an improved fast shape from focus (SFF) method for three-dimensional measurement of key features of fuel nozzles. In order to ensure the measurement accuracy and efficiency of the SFF, the dispersion of the measured points from a standard flat plane was used to select the optimal combination of the focus measure operator, window size and sampling step size. In addition, an approximate method for the focus measure interval is proposed to improve the measurement efficiency, which uses the peak region of the central pixel to replace the peak region of other pixels. The results show that the proposed method decreased the average computation time of the focus measure by 79.19% for the cone section and by 38.30% for the swirl slot. Compared with a reference laser scanning microscope, the measurement error in length is within 10 μm and the error in angle is within a maximum 0.15°.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hou
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiahao Zou
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Aero Engine Corporation of China (AECC) Guizhou Liyang Aviation Power Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wen Shao
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shuyuan Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|