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Shao L, Wu Y, Cao J, Zhong F, Yang X, Xing C. Activation of M2 macrophage autophagy by rapamycin increases the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer xenografts. J Cancer Res Ther 2024; 20:695-705. [PMID: 38687942 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_215_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are intimately involved in cancer radiochemotherapy resistance. However, the mechanism by which macrophages affect radiosensitivity through autophagy remains unclear. The purpose of our study was to investigate how activating autophagy in type-II macrophages (M2) by using rapamycin (RAP) would affect the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer (CRC) xenografts. MATERIALS AND METHODS A nude mouse CRC model was established by injecting LoVo CRC cells. After tumor formation, supernatant from M2 cells (autophagy-unactivated), autophagy-activated M2 cells, or autophagy-downregulated M2 cells was injected peritumorally. All tumor-bearing mice were irradiated with 8-Gy X-rays twice, and the radiosensitivity of CRC xenografts was analyzed in each group. RESULTS The mass, volume, and microvessel density (MVD) of tumors in the autophagy-unactivated M2 group significantly increased; however, supernatant from M2 cells that were autophagy-activated by rapamycin significantly decreased tumor weight, volume, and MVD compared with negative control. Combining bafilomycin A1 (BAF-A1) with RAP treatment restored the ability of the M2 supernatant to increase tumor mass, volume, and MVD. Immunohistochemical and Western blot results showed that compared with the negative control group, supernatant from M2 cells that were not activated by autophagy downregulated the expression of Livin and Survivin in tumor tissues; activation of M2 autophagy further downregulated the protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, autophagy-activated M2 supernatant can downregulate the expression of the antiapoptotic genes Livin and Survivin in CRC xenografts, improving the radiosensitivity of CRC by inducing apoptosis in combination with radiotherapy and inhibiting the growth of transplanted tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lening Shao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongyou Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fengyun Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chungen Xing
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Sychugov GV, Azizova TV, Zhuntova GV, Grigoryeva ES, Loffredo CA, Hamada N, Kazachkov EL. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Lung Adenocarcinoma in Russian Mayak Nuclear Workers. Cancer Invest 2023; 41:686-698. [PMID: 37291892 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2023.2218489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Specimens of lung adenocarcinoma (AdCa) from Russian nuclear workers (n = 54) exposed to alpha particles and gamma rays and from individuals non-exposed to radiation (n = 21) were examined using immunohistochemistry. Estimated significant associations with alpha dose were negative for Ki-67 and collagen IV in AdCa. Associations with gamma-ray dose were negative for tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and caspase 3 and positive for matrix metalloproteinase 2 and leukemia inhibiting factor in AdCa. The findings provide some evidence supporting alterations in apoptosis, cell proliferation and extracellular matrix in lung tissues affected by chronic radiation exposure that can contribute to radiogenic cancerogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb V Sychugov
- South Ural State Medical University, Ministry of Health, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Tamara V Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Russian Federal Medical Biological Agency, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Galina V Zhuntova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Russian Federal Medical Biological Agency, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniya S Grigoryeva
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Russian Federal Medical Biological Agency, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Christopher A Loffredo
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Chiba, Japan
| | - Evgeniy L Kazachkov
- South Ural State Medical University, Ministry of Health, Chelyabinsk, Russia
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Chen ZH, Zhang YL, Yuan B, Chen WJ, Lei GY, Han L. 125I seed implantation enhances arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis in lung cancer xenograft mice. Clin Transl Oncol 2023:10.1007/s12094-023-03092-x. [PMID: 36723786 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Arsenic trioxide (ATO) exerts anticancer effects on lung cancer. However, the clinical use of ATO is limited due to its systemic toxicity and resistance of lung cancer cells. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of ATO, alone and in combination with 125I seed implantation on tumor growth and proliferation in lung cancer xenograft mice, and investigate the possible molecular mechanisms. METHODS The transmission electron microscope observed the tumor ultrastructure of lung cancer xenograft mice. The proliferation index of Ki-67 and the number and morphology of tumor microvessels were detected with immunohistochemical staining. The protein and mRNA expression were examined by western blot and real-time PCR assay. RESULTS The in vivo results demonstrated that ATO combined with 125I seed significantly inhibited tumor growth and proliferation, as well as promoted apoptosis, and decreased the Ki-67 index and microvessel density in lung cancer xenograft mice. Moreover, ATO combined with 125I seed decreased the protein and mRNA expression levels of HIF-1α, VEGF, and BCL-2, and increased those of BAX and P53. CONCLUSIONS ATO combined with 125I seed significantly inhibited tumor growth and proliferation in lung cancer, which may be accomplished by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hong Chen
- Tumor Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Affiliated to the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 309 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Li Zhang
- Tumor Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Affiliated to the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 309 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Tumor Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Affiliated to the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 309 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Juan Chen
- Tumor Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Affiliated to the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 309 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Yan Lei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Seed Therapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Affiliated to the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 309 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Le Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Seed Therapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Affiliated to the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 309 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Tian S, Lu Y, Gao H, Chen Z, Niu M, Wang C, Liu B. Epirubicin may enhance the inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma induced by iodine‐125 seeds through downregulating WNT pathway. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2022; 19:355-364. [DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Tian
- Department of Interventional MedicineShandong Cancer Hospital and InstituteShandong First Medical UniversityShandong Academy of Medical Sciences JinanChina
| | - Yue Lu
- Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong University JinanChina
| | - Haifeng Gao
- Department of OncologyDongying People's Hospital DongyingChina
| | - Zitong Chen
- Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong University JinanChina
| | - Min Niu
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryTraditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Jiyang County JinanChina
| | - Changjun Wang
- Department of RadiologyPeople's Hospital of Jiyang County JinanChina
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Interventional MedicineThe Second Hospital of Shandong University JinanChina
- Interventional Oncology Institute of Shandong University JinanChina
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Computed tomography-guided iodine-125 radioactive seed implantation in small-cell lung cancer: A retrospective study. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2022; 14:536-541. [PMID: 36819464 PMCID: PMC9924147 DOI: 10.5114/jcb.2022.123973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the efficacy of computed tomography (CT)-guided iodine-125 (125I) radioactive seed implantation for the treatment of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Material and methods A total of 12 SCLC patients were retrospectively enrolled. All patients underwent CT-guided 125I seed implantation therapy, and were followed up until death, the last visit time, or study end time. Primary endpoint was the overall response rate (ORR). Secondary endpoints were local control rate (LCR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety. Results All patients were successfully implanted with 125I radioactive seeds. The ORR at 2, 6, 12, and 24 months after implantation was 83.3%, 63.6%, 50%, and 40%, respectively; the LCR at 1 and 2 years were 75% (6/8) and 60% (3/5), respectively; the median PFS and OS were 8 and 12 months, respectively; and the OS rate at 6, 12, and 24 months after implantation was 91.67%, 66.67%, and 41.67%, respectively. No surgery-related deaths occurred. During the follow-up period, mild complications were observed in patients, including worsening cough, hemoptysis, and pneumothorax. Conclusions CT-guided 125I seed implantation therapy is a safe and effective supplementary treatment for SCLC patients, who cannot tolerate radiotherapy.
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Zhou X, Zhang W, Dou M, Li Z, Liu Z, Li J, Tian C, Yao Y, Wang C, Li Y, Chen P, Han X, Jiao D. 125I seeds inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells by regulating the AGR2-mediated p38 MAPK pathway. Cancer Lett 2022; 524:29-41. [PMID: 34656689 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
125I seeds can effectively inhibit the growth of a variety of cancer cells. It has been used in the treatment of a variety of cancers, and has achieved certain curative effect. However, to the best of our knowledge, no report has described the effects of 125I seeds on the biological functions of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and the mechanisms underlying the effects of the seeds on this cancer. In this study, we demonstrated that 125I seeds could inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of CCA cells, as well as promoting apoptosis and blocking the cell cycle in these cells. Moreover, 125I seeds inhibited the growth of CCA xenografts and promoted the apoptosis of CCA cells in vivo. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing showed that 125I seeds could inhibit the growth of CCA by inhibiting the expression of AGR2 and regulating p38 MAPK pathway. Finally, this finding indicated that 125I seeds can inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis in CCA cells by inhibiting the expression of AGR2 and DUSP1 and increasing the expression of p-p38 MAPK and p-p53. This study provides a new research direction for studies investigating the mechanisms underlying the effects of 125I seeds on CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenguang Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Dou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhaonan Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuan Tian
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaoyan Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yahua Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Dechao Jiao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction-Mediated Inhibition of Livin Expression Accelerates Ovarian Cancer Cell Apoptosis. Genet Res (Camb) 2021; 2021:7624346. [PMID: 34949962 PMCID: PMC8677365 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7624346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) technique has recently been developed as a nonviral delivery of gene therapy. This study aimed at investigating the survival and apoptosis of ovarian cancer cell line OVCA-433 by inhibiting Livin expression through ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction. Methods We synthesized a targeted microbubble agent for UTMD-mediated shRNA against Livin gene in human ovarian cancer OVCA-433 cells. Lipid microbubbles were conjugated with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog (LHRHa) by an avidin-biotin linkage to target the ovarian cancer OVCA-433 cells expressing LHRH receptors. The microbubbles were mixed with the recombinant plasmid harboring shRNA-Livin. shRNA-Livin was transfected into OVCA-433 cells upon exposure to 1 MHz pulsed ultrasound beam (0.5 W/cm2) for 8 s. Cell survival was measured by the MTT assay, cell apoptosis by flow cytometry using annexin V/PI double staining, and cell ultrastructure by using the transmission electron microscope. The mRNA and protein expression levels of caspase-3 and caspase-8 were detected by RT-qPCR and western blotting. Results UTMD-mediated delivery of shRNA-Livin remarkably reduced the survival of OVCA-433 cells but promoted the apoptosis compared with shRNA-Livin alone, shRNA-Livin plus nontargeted microbubbles, and shRNA-Livin plus LHRHa-conjugated microbubbles containing shRNA-Livin with or without exposure to ultrasound pulses. It was also found that UTMD-mediated delivery of shRNA-Livin notably declined the mRNA and protein expression levels of caspase-3 and caspase-8 in OVCA-433 cells compared with shRNA-Livin alone, shRNA-Livin plus nontargeted microbubbles, and shRNA-Livin plus LHRHa-conjugated microbubbles containing shRNA-Livin with or without exposure to ultrasound pulses. Conclusion Our experiment verifies the hypothesis that ultrasound mediation of targeted microbubbles can enhance the transfection efficiency of shRNA-Livin in ovarian cancer cells.
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Liu F, Bao J, Chen J, Song W. Comparative transcriptome analysis providing inhibitory mechanism of lung cancer A549 cells by radioactive 125I seed. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07984-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Jin Q, Lin C, Zhu X, Cao Y, Guo C, Wang L. Correction to: 125I seeds irradiation inhibits tumor growth and induces apoptosis by Ki-67, P21, survivin, livin and caspase-9 expression in lung carcinoma xenografts. Radiat Oncol 2021; 16:214. [PMID: 34742295 PMCID: PMC8571841 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-021-01926-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The 903Th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cunzhi Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Afliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Xinhong Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Yiwei Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Afliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Caihong Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Afliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Afliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.
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Kuang Y, Kang J, Li H, Liu B, Zhao X, Li L, Jin X, Li Q. Multiple functions of p21 in cancer radiotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:987-1006. [PMID: 33547489 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Greater than half of cancer patients experience radiation therapy, for both radical and palliative objectives. It is well known that researches on radiation response mechanisms are conducive to improve the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy. p21 was initially identified as a widespread inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, transcriptionally modulated by p53 and a marker of cellular senescence. It was once considered that p21 acts as a tumour suppressor mainly to restrain cell cycle progression, thereby resulting in growth suppression. With the deepening researches on p21, p21 has been found to regulate radiation responses via participating in multiple cellular processes, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, DNA repair, senescence and autophagy. Hence, a comprehensive summary of the p21's functions in radiation response will provide a new perspective for radiotherapy against cancer. METHODS We summarize the recent pertinent literature from various electronic databases, including PubMed and analyzed several datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus database. This review discusses how p21 influences the effect of cancer radiotherapy via involving in multiple signaling pathways and expounds the feasibility, barrier and risks of using p21 as a biomarker as well as a therapeutic target of radiotherapy. CONCLUSION p21's complicated and important functions in cancer radiotherapy make it a promising therapeutic target. Besides, more thorough insights of p21 are needed to make it a safe therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Kuang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Kang
- College of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Bingtao Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xueshan Zhao
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Linying Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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