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Yang Q, Wang C, Pan K, Xia B, Xie R, Shi J. An improved 3D-UNet-based brain hippocampus segmentation model based on MR images. BMC Med Imaging 2024; 24:166. [PMID: 38970025 PMCID: PMC11225132 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-024-01346-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accurate delineation of the hippocampal region via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is crucial for the prevention and early diagnosis of neurosystemic diseases. Determining how to accurately and quickly delineate the hippocampus from MRI results has become a serious issue. In this study, a pixel-level semantic segmentation method using 3D-UNet is proposed to realize the automatic segmentation of the brain hippocampus from MRI results. METHODS Two hundred three-dimensional T1-weighted (3D-T1) nongadolinium contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) images were acquired at Hangzhou Cancer Hospital from June 2020 to December 2022. These samples were divided into two groups, containing 175 and 25 samples. In the first group, 145 cases were used to train the hippocampus segmentation model, and the remaining 30 cases were used to fine-tune the hyperparameters of the model. Images for twenty-five patients in the second group were used as the test set to evaluate the performance of the model. The training set of images was processed via rotation, scaling, grey value augmentation and transformation with a smooth dense deformation field for both image data and ground truth labels. A filling technique was introduced into the segmentation network to establish the hippocampus segmentation model. In addition, the performance of models established with the original network, such as VNet, SegResNet, UNetR and 3D-UNet, was compared with that of models constructed by combining the filling technique with the original segmentation network. RESULTS The results showed that the performance of the segmentation model improved after the filling technique was introduced. Specifically, when the filling technique was introduced into VNet, SegResNet, 3D-UNet and UNetR, the segmentation performance of the models trained with an input image size of 48 × 48 × 48 improved. Among them, the 3D-UNet-based model with the filling technique achieved the best performance, with a Dice score (Dice score) of 0.7989 ± 0.0398 and a mean intersection over union (mIoU) of 0.6669 ± 0.0540, which were greater than those of the original 3D-UNet-based model. In addition, the oversegmentation ratio (OSR), average surface distance (ASD) and Hausdorff distance (HD) were 0.0666 ± 0.0351, 0.5733 ± 0.1018 and 5.1235 ± 1.4397, respectively, which were better than those of the other models. In addition, when the size of the input image was set to 48 × 48 × 48, 64 × 64 × 64 and 96 × 96 × 96, the model performance gradually improved, and the Dice scores of the proposed model reached 0.7989 ± 0.0398, 0.8371 ± 0.0254 and 0.8674 ± 0.0257, respectively. In addition, the mIoUs reached 0.6669 ± 0.0540, 0.7207 ± 0.0370 and 0.7668 ± 0.0392, respectively. CONCLUSION The proposed hippocampus segmentation model constructed by introducing the filling technique into a segmentation network performed better than models built solely on the original network and can improve the efficiency of diagnostic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Information Technology Center, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Dadao, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chengfeng Wang
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Kaicheng Pan
- Hangzhou Cancer hospital, 34 YanGuan Lane, Hangzhou, 310002, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Hangzhou Cancer hospital, 34 YanGuan Lane, Hangzhou, 310002, China.
| | - Ruifei Xie
- Hangzhou Cancer hospital, 34 YanGuan Lane, Hangzhou, 310002, China.
| | - Jiankai Shi
- School of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, People's Republic of China.
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Liu R, Gong G, Meng K, Du S, Yin Y. Hippocampal sparing in whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases: controversy, technology and the future. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1342669. [PMID: 38327749 PMCID: PMC10847568 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1342669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) plays an irreplaceable role in the treatment of brain metastases (BMs), but cognitive decline after WBRT seriously affects patients' quality of life. The development of cognitive dysfunction is closely related to hippocampal injury, but standardized criteria for predicting hippocampal injury and dose limits for hippocampal protection have not yet been developed. This review systematically reviews the clinical efficacy of hippocampal avoidance - WBRT (HA-WBRT), the controversy over dose limits, common methods and characteristics of hippocampal imaging and segmentation, differences in hippocampal protection by common radiotherapy (RT) techniques, and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and radiomic techniques for hippocampal protection. In the future, the application of new techniques and methods can improve the consistency of hippocampal dose limit determination and the prediction of the occurrence of cognitive dysfunction in WBRT patients, avoiding the occurrence of cognitive dysfunction in patients and thus benefiting more patients with BMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Graduate, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology Physics and Technology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - GuanZhong Gong
- Department of Radiation Oncology Physics and Technology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - KangNing Meng
- Department of Graduate, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology Physics and Technology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - ShanShan Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology Physics and Technology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology Physics and Technology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Vaassen F, Zegers CML, Hofstede D, Wubbels M, Beurskens H, Verheesen L, Canters R, Looney P, Battye M, Gooding MJ, Compter I, Eekers DBP, van Elmpt W. Geometric and dosimetric analysis of CT- and MR-based automatic contouring for the EPTN contouring atlas in neuro-oncology. Phys Med 2023; 114:103156. [PMID: 37813050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.103156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Atlas-based and deep-learning contouring (DLC) are methods for automatic segmentation of organs-at-risk (OARs). The European Particle Therapy Network (EPTN) published a consensus-based atlas for delineation of OARs in neuro-oncology. In this study, geometric and dosimetric evaluation of automatically-segmented neuro-oncological OARs was performed using CT- and MR-models following the EPTN-contouring atlas. METHODS Image and contouring data from 76 neuro-oncological patients were included. Two atlas-based models (CT-atlas and MR-atlas) and one DLC-model (MR-DLC) were created. Manual contours on registered CT-MR-images were used as ground-truth. Results were analyzed in terms of geometrical (volumetric Dice similarity coefficient (vDSC), surface DSC (sDSC), added path length (APL), and mean slice-wise Hausdorff distance (MSHD)) and dosimetrical accuracy. Distance-to-tumor analysis was performed to analyze to which extent the location of the OAR relative to planning target volume (PTV) has dosimetric impact, using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. RESULTS CT-atlas outperformed MR-atlas for 22/26 OARs. MR-DLC outperformed MR-atlas for all OARs. Highest median (95 %CI) vDSC and sDSC were found for the brainstem in MR-DLC: 0.92 (0.88-0.95) and 0.84 (0.77-0.89) respectively, as well as lowest MSHD: 0.27 (0.22-0.39)cm. Median dose differences (ΔD) were within ± 1 Gy for 24/26(92 %) OARs for all three models. Distance-to-tumor showed a significant correlation for ΔDmax,0.03cc-parameters when splitting the data in ≤ 4 cm and > 4 cm OAR-distance (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION MR-based DLC and CT-based atlas-contouring enable high-quality segmentation. It was shown that a combination of both CT- and MR-autocontouring models results in the best quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Vaassen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Catharina M L Zegers
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - David Hofstede
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mart Wubbels
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hilde Beurskens
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lindsey Verheesen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Canters
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Inge Compter
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle B P Eekers
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter van Elmpt
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Eidex Z, Ding Y, Wang J, Abouei E, Qiu RL, Liu T, Wang T, Yang X. Deep Learning in MRI-guided Radiation Therapy: A Systematic Review. ARXIV 2023:arXiv:2303.11378v2. [PMID: 36994167 PMCID: PMC10055493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
MRI-guided radiation therapy (MRgRT) offers a precise and adaptive approach to treatment planning. Deep learning applications which augment the capabilities of MRgRT are systematically reviewed. MRI-guided radiation therapy offers a precise, adaptive approach to treatment planning. Deep learning applications which augment the capabilities of MRgRT are systematically reviewed with emphasis placed on underlying methods. Studies are further categorized into the areas of segmentation, synthesis, radiomics, and real time MRI. Finally, clinical implications, current challenges, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Eidex
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yifu Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Elham Abouei
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Richard L.J. Qiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Tonghe Wang
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
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Mackay K, Bernstein D, Glocker B, Kamnitsas K, Taylor A. A Review of the Metrics Used to Assess Auto-Contouring Systems in Radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2023; 35:354-369. [PMID: 36803407 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Auto-contouring could revolutionise future planning of radiotherapy treatment. The lack of consensus on how to assess and validate auto-contouring systems currently limits clinical use. This review formally quantifies the assessment metrics used in studies published during one calendar year and assesses the need for standardised practice. A PubMed literature search was undertaken for papers evaluating radiotherapy auto-contouring published during 2021. Papers were assessed for types of metric and the methodology used to generate ground-truth comparators. Our PubMed search identified 212 studies, of which 117 met the criteria for clinical review. Geometric assessment metrics were used in 116 of 117 studies (99.1%). This includes the Dice Similarity Coefficient used in 113 (96.6%) studies. Clinically relevant metrics, such as qualitative, dosimetric and time-saving metrics, were less frequently used in 22 (18.8%), 27 (23.1%) and 18 (15.4%) of 117 studies, respectively. There was heterogeneity within each category of metric. Over 90 different names for geometric measures were used. Methods for qualitative assessment were different in all but two papers. Variation existed in the methods used to generate radiotherapy plans for dosimetric assessment. Consideration of editing time was only given in 11 (9.4%) papers. A single manual contour as a ground-truth comparator was used in 65 (55.6%) studies. Only 31 (26.5%) studies compared auto-contours to usual inter- and/or intra-observer variation. In conclusion, significant variation exists in how research papers currently assess the accuracy of automatically generated contours. Geometric measures are the most popular, however their clinical utility is unknown. There is heterogeneity in the methods used to perform clinical assessment. Considering the different stages of system implementation may provide a framework to decide the most appropriate metrics. This analysis supports the need for a consensus on the clinical implementation of auto-contouring.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mackay
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.
| | - D Bernstein
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - B Glocker
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - K Kamnitsas
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK; Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Taylor
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
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6
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Pera Ó, Martínez Á, Möhler C, Hamans B, Vega F, Barral F, Becerra N, Jimenez R, Fernandez-Velilla E, Quera J, Algara M. Clinical Validation of Siemens' Syngo.via Automatic Contouring System. Adv Radiat Oncol 2023; 8:101177. [PMID: 36865668 PMCID: PMC9972393 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2023.101177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The manual delineation of organs at risk is a process that requires a great deal of time both for the technician and for the physician. Availability of validated software tools assisted by artificial intelligence would be of great benefit, as it would significantly improve the radiation therapy workflow, reducing the time required for segmentation. The purpose of this article is to validate the deep learning-based autocontouring solution integrated in syngo.via RT Image Suite VB40 (Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany). Methods and Materials For this purpose, we have used our own specific qualitative classification system, RANK, to evaluate more than 600 contours corresponding to 18 different automatically delineated organs at risk. Computed tomography data sets of 95 different patients were included: 30 patients with lung, 30 patients with breast, and 35 male patients with pelvic cancer. The automatically generated structures were reviewed in the Eclipse Contouring module independently by 3 observers: an expert physician, an expert technician, and a junior physician. Results There is a statistically significant difference between the Dice coefficient associated with RANK 4 compared with the coefficient associated with RANKs 2 and 3 (P < .001). In total, 64% of the evaluated structures received the maximum score, 4. Only 1% of the structures were classified with the lowest score, 1. The time savings for breast, thorax, and pelvis were 87.6%, 93.5%, and 82.2%, respectively. Conclusions Siemens' syngo.via RT Image Suite offers good autocontouring results and significant time savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Pera
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain,Corresponding author: Óscar Pera, MSc
| | - Álvaro Martínez
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Nuria Becerra
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Jimenez
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Fernandez-Velilla
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Quera
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Algara
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain,Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Krishnamurthy R, Mummudi N, Goda JS, Chopra S, Heijmen B, Swamidas J. Using Artificial Intelligence for Optimization of the Processes and Resource Utilization in Radiotherapy. JCO Glob Oncol 2022; 8:e2100393. [PMID: 36395438 PMCID: PMC10166445 DOI: 10.1200/go.21.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiotherapy (RT) process from planning to treatment delivery is a multistep, complex operation involving numerous levels of human-machine interaction and requiring high precision. These steps are labor-intensive and time-consuming and require meticulous coordination between professionals with diverse expertise. We reviewed and summarized the current status and prospects of artificial intelligence and machine learning relevant to the various steps in RT treatment planning and delivery workflow specifically in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We also searched the PubMed database using the search terms (Artificial Intelligence OR Machine Learning OR Deep Learning OR Automation OR knowledge-based planning AND Radiotherapy) AND (list of Low- and Middle-Income Countries as defined by the World Bank at the time of writing this review). The search yielded a total of 90 results, of which results with first authors from the LMICs were chosen. The reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed to search for more studies. No language restrictions were imposed. A total of 20 research items with unique study objectives conducted with the aim of enhancing RT processes were examined in detail. Artificial intelligence and machine learning can improve the overall efficiency of RT processes by reducing human intervention, aiding decision making, and efficiently executing lengthy, repetitive tasks. This improvement could permit the radiation oncologist to redistribute resources and focus on responsibilities such as patient counseling, education, and research, especially in resource-constrained LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Krishnamurthy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Naveen Mummudi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayant Sastri Goda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Supriya Chopra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Ben Heijmen
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jamema Swamidas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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Konopka-Filippow M, Sierko E, Hempel D, Maksim R, Samołyk-Kogaczewska N, Filipowski T, Rożkowska E, Jelski S, Kasprowicz B, Karbowska E, Szymański K, Szczecina K. The Learning Curve and Inter-Observer Variability in Contouring the Hippocampus under the Hippocampal Sparing Guidelines of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0933. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:2564-2574. [PMID: 35448184 PMCID: PMC9027685 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29040210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal-sparing brain radiotherapy (HS-BRT) in cancer patients results in preservation of neurocognitive function after brain RT which can contribute to patients’ quality of life (QoL). The crucial element in HS-BRT treatment planning is appropriate contouring of the hippocampus. Ten doctors delineated the left and right hippocampus (LH and RH, respectively) on 10 patients’ virtual axial images of brain CT fused with T1-enhanced MRI (1 mm) according to the RTOG 0933 atlas recommendations. Variations in the spatial localization of the structure were described in three directions: right–left (X), cranio-caudal (Y), and forward–backward (Z). Discrepancies concerned three-dimensional localization, shape, volume and size of the hippocampus. The largest differences were observed in the first three delineated cases which were characterized by larger hippocampal volumes than the remaining seven cases. The volumes of LH of more than half of hippocampus contours were marginally bigger than those of RH. Most differences in delineation of the hippocampus were observed in the area of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle. Conversely, a large number of hippocampal contours overlapped near the brainstem and the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. The most problematic area of hippocampal contouring is the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle. Training in the manual contouring of the hippocampus during HS-BRT treatment planning under the supervision of experienced radiation oncologists is necessary to achieve optimal outcomes. This would result in superior outcomes of HS-BRT treatment and improvement in QoL of patients compared to without HS-BRT procedure. Correct delineation of the hippocampus is problematic. This study demonstrates difficulties in HS-BRT treatment planning and highlights critical points during hippocampus delineation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Konopka-Filippow
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (M.K.-F.); (D.H.)
- Department of Radiotherapy I, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Centre, 15-027 Białystok, Poland; (R.M.); (N.S.-K.); (T.F.); (E.R.)
| | - Ewa Sierko
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (M.K.-F.); (D.H.)
- Department of Radiotherapy I, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Centre, 15-027 Białystok, Poland; (R.M.); (N.S.-K.); (T.F.); (E.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-6646734; Fax: +48-6646783
| | - Dominika Hempel
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (M.K.-F.); (D.H.)
- Department of Radiotherapy I, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Centre, 15-027 Białystok, Poland; (R.M.); (N.S.-K.); (T.F.); (E.R.)
| | - Rafał Maksim
- Department of Radiotherapy I, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Centre, 15-027 Białystok, Poland; (R.M.); (N.S.-K.); (T.F.); (E.R.)
| | - Natalia Samołyk-Kogaczewska
- Department of Radiotherapy I, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Centre, 15-027 Białystok, Poland; (R.M.); (N.S.-K.); (T.F.); (E.R.)
| | - Tomasz Filipowski
- Department of Radiotherapy I, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Centre, 15-027 Białystok, Poland; (R.M.); (N.S.-K.); (T.F.); (E.R.)
| | - Ewa Rożkowska
- Department of Radiotherapy I, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Centre, 15-027 Białystok, Poland; (R.M.); (N.S.-K.); (T.F.); (E.R.)
| | - Stefan Jelski
- Department of Radiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Centre, 15-027 Białystok, Poland; (S.J.); (B.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Beata Kasprowicz
- Department of Radiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Centre, 15-027 Białystok, Poland; (S.J.); (B.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Eryka Karbowska
- Department of Radiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Bialystok Oncology Centre, 15-027 Białystok, Poland; (S.J.); (B.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Krzysztof Szymański
- Department of Physics, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Białystok, Poland; (K.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Kamil Szczecina
- Department of Physics, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Białystok, Poland; (K.S.); (K.S.)
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Recent Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Radiotherapy: Where We Are and Beyond. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, artificial intelligence (AI) tools have been applied in many medical fields, opening the possibility of finding novel solutions for managing very complex and multifactorial problems, such as those commonly encountered in radiotherapy (RT). We conducted a PubMed and Scopus search to identify the AI application field in RT limited to the last four years. In total, 1824 original papers were identified, and 921 were analyzed by considering the phase of the RT workflow according to the applied AI approaches. AI permits the processing of large quantities of information, data, and images stored in RT oncology information systems, a process that is not manageable for individuals or groups. AI allows the iterative application of complex tasks in large datasets (e.g., delineating normal tissues or finding optimal planning solutions) and might support the entire community working in the various sectors of RT, as summarized in this overview. AI-based tools are now on the roadmap for RT and have been applied to the entire workflow, mainly for segmentation, the generation of synthetic images, and outcome prediction. Several concerns were raised, including the need for harmonization while overcoming ethical, legal, and skill barriers.
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