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Abd El-Aleem SA, Saber EA, Aziz NM, El-Sherif H, Abdelraof AM, Djouhri L. Follicular dendritic cells. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:2019-2033. [PMID: 34918359 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are unique accessory immune cells that contribute to the regulation of humoral immunity. They are multitasker cells essential for the organization and maintenance of the lymphoid architecture, induction of germinal center reaction, production of B memory cells, and protection from autoimmune disorders. They perform their activities through both antigen-driven and chemical signaling to B cells. FDCs play a crucial role in the physiological regulation of the immune response. Dis-regulation of this immune response results when FDCs retain antigens for years. This provides a constant antigenic stimulation for B cells resulting in the development of immune disorders. Antigen trapped on FDCs is resistant to therapeutic intervention causing chronicity and recurrences. Beyond their physiological immunoregulatory functions, FDCs are involved in the pathogenesis of several immune-related disorders including HIV/AIDS, prion diseases, chronic inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders. FDCs have also been recently implicated in rare neoplasms of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues. Understanding FDC biology is essential for better control of humoral immunity and opens the gate for therapeutic management of FDC-mediated immune disorders. Thus, the biology of FDCs has become a hot research area in the last couple of decades. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of FDCs and their role in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Entesar Ali Saber
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Minia University, Minya, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, Egypt
| | - Neven M Aziz
- Department of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, Egypt.,Department of Physiology, Minia Faculty of Medicine, Minia, Egypt
| | - Hani El-Sherif
- Department of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Abdelraof
- Public Health, Community, Environmental and Occupational Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Laiche Djouhri
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (QU Health), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Abstract
The interpretation of biopsy specimens in the diagnosis of thymoma is a subject that is generally not addressed in the literature. Even though the diagnosis of thymoma may seem to be an easy step in the assessment of these tumors, in reality, it is the biopsy specimen interpretation that will be use to determine course of action in any particular patient. It may determine whether a patient is a surgical candidate or on the contrary whether a patient may be benefited the most by medical therapy. In addition, there may be conditions in which all that is required is surgical resection without any further treatment, and that the evaluation of those conditions does not necessarily required the careful pathologic staging that thymomas need. In addition, it is important to highlight that in small biopsies, there are limitations not only in terms of the cellularity and other features that may not be present in such biopsy but also the limitation in term of immunohistochemical interpretation. Herein we have attempted to highlight numerous tumoral conditions that are frequently encountered in the daily practice of mediastinal pathology, some of them pose significant problems in separating them from thymomas. Needles to say, the entire spectrum of mediastinal pathology that may at any given time mimic thymoma is well beyond the scope of this review. Furthermore, we also herein emphasize the need for proper clinical and radiologic information and correlation in order to lead to a better interpretation of the biopsy specimen. The emphasis in this review is on thymoma and their possible pitfall and shortcomings while evaluating small biopsy specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Oramas
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas, M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Zhao X, Sun D, Zhang G. Clinicopathological characteristics of extranodal follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: A report of two cases. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:182. [PMID: 33574921 PMCID: PMC7816366 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) is an extremely rare tumor, which mainly originates from FDCs in the lymph nodes. Sometimes FDCS can arise from outside the lymph nodes due to the existence of acquired lymphoid tissue, which becomes the histological basis of the tumor. The diagnosis of FDCS, particularly extranodal FDCS, presents a challenge for pathologists and hematopathologists. The present study presents two cases of extranodal FDCS based on clinical features and histomorphology. Soft tissue of the chest wall was involved in case 1 and right tonsil tissue in case 2. Case 1 underwent surgery, and was in good health post-operatively. During the 5-month post-operative follow-up period, the patient was healthy in all respects. Case 2 received surgery combined with radiotherapy, and the follow-up data reported that the patient remained alive, without signs of recurrence or metastasis during the 4-month post-operative follow-up period. Additionally, a total of 102 cases of extranodal FDCS were retrieved from the literature, which were extracted and reviewed carefully. The rates of recurrence, metastasis and mortality were 14.63 (12/82), 17.07 (14/82) and 8.29% (15/82), respectively. The overall survival rates of the 102 cases, showing 2-year total survival rates, were 70%, the same with that of 5-year total survival rates. The 2-year tumor-free total survival rates were 68%, and the 5-year equivalents were 32%. Female patients had a poorer prognosis than male patients (P<0.05). Kaplan-Meier estimation presented no statistically significant differences between disease-free survival rates or overall survival rates and age, tumor size or treatment (P>0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Dayong Sun
- Department of Tumor Radiation and Chemotherapy Center, Chengde Central Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery IV, Baoding First Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
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Suster D, Suster S. The role of needle core biopsies in the evaluation of thymic epithelial neoplasms. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2020; 9:346-358. [PMID: 32467048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial neoplasms are rare tumors derived from thymic epithelium that most often present as large anterior mediastinal masses. The vast majority of thymic epithelial neoplasms fall under the diagnostic category of thymoma, with a smaller percentage qualifying for a diagnosis of thymic carcinoma. The ability to render a definitive diagnosis on these tumors is generally hampered by their deep location and close proximity to vital structures, which makes biopsy sampling for histopathologic evaluation difficult. In recent years, the trend in medicine has been to opt for the least invasive procedure to obtain tissue samples that, by definition, implies also obtaining smaller and smaller biopsies, resulting in lesser amounts of tissue available for examination. In the mediastinum, the most common modalities for procuring biopsy samples from mass lesions include fine-needle aspiration, percutaneous core needle biopsy and video-assisted thoracoscopic biopsy. In this review, we will deal only with the role and limitations of percutaneous core biopsies in the interpretation of thymic epithelial neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Suster
- Departments of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital and Icahn School of Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Saul Suster
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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Wu YL, Wu F, Xu CP, Chen GL, Zhang Y, Chen W, Yan XC, Duan GJ. Mediastinal follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: a rare, potentially under-recognized, and often misdiagnosed disease. Diagn Pathol 2019; 14:5. [PMID: 30646936 PMCID: PMC6334468 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-019-0779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mediastinal follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) is extremely rare. Due to potential under-recognization of this disease, it happens to be misdiagnosed, especially on core needle biopsy. We report 3 cases of mediastinal FDCS and provide a literature review to improve better understanding of the tumor and to reduce misdiagnosis. Methods Three cases of mediastinal FDCS in our clinic practice were studied, including their core needle biopsy and resected specimens, and those cases reported previously in English literature were retrieved and analyzed. Results The core needle biopsy of case 1 showed a tumor reminiscent of classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (CHL), while the resected mass was finally diagnosed with FDCS combined with hyaline-vascular Castleman’s disease. Both the biopsy and resected tissue of case 2 were constitutive of the clear epithelioid cells with marked atypia. In both cases, definitive diagnoses were not made on core needle biopsy. In case 3, there were some areas morphologically similar to CHL, and some areas contained ovoid to spindle-shaped tumor cells with fascicular pattern. The analysis of 43 cases of mediastinal FDCS showed the age of patients were from 16 to 76 years old, the male to female ratio was 1.5:1, the maximal tumor diameters were 3–17 cm. 18 cases were underwent preoperative biopsy, whereas 15 (83.3%) of which were misdiagnosed initially, often as lymphoma. 32 patients had available follow-up data, the rates of recurrence, metastasis, and mortality were 12.5, 18.8 and 28.1%, respectively. Current limited data suggested no statistical differences between adverse prognosis and gender, age, tumor size, necrosis, or different therapeutics, respectively. Conclusions Mediastinal FDCS is a rare malignancy that has yet not been fully understood and been often misdiagnosed, particularly when making a diagnosis on core needle biopsy. Increased awareness of this enigmatic tumor is crucial to avoid diagnostic pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Li Wu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Cheng-Ping Xu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Guo-Lei Chen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiao-Chu Yan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Guang-Jie Duan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Wala SJ, Fallon EM, Forlenza CJ, Shukla N, LaQuaglia MP. Unicentric Castleman disease in the mediastinum. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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Fein AS, Trejo Bittar HE, Shende MR, Scalzetti EM, Ko MW. Castleman Disease Presenting with Pseudotumour Cerebri and Myasthenia Gravis: A Case Report and Literature Review. Neuroophthalmology 2018; 43:185-191. [PMID: 31312243 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2018.1484932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Castleman disease (CD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder that may present with various autoimmune, inflammatory, or neurologic syndromes. This is a case of a 21-year-old woman who presented with signs and symptoms of pseudotumour cerebri (PTC) who subsequently developed myasthenia gravis (MG), and was incidentally found to have a large mass in the posterior mediastinum. Upon resection, the mass was classified as unicentric CD involved with follicular dendritic cell sarcoma. Following treatment with IVIG in the setting of progressive weakness and dyspnea, she has had complete symptom resolution while maintained on a low dose of pyridostigmine for the last two years. There are 13 cases of MG and five cases of optic disc edema described as PTC associated with CD in the literature, but to our knowledge, this is the sole case reported of the intersection of all three conditions in one patient. Increased serum levels of interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor may provide clues as to the association of CD with these neurologic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manisha R Shende
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ernest M Scalzetti
- Department of Radiology.,SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Melissa W Ko
- Department of Neurology, University Health Care Center.,Department of Ophthalmology.,SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Xin Z, Kong D. Clinicopathologic profile of extranodal follicular dendritic cell sarcoma in the mesentery of small intestine: a study of two cases with literature review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:2372-2376. [PMID: 31938349 PMCID: PMC6958294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM To analyze the clinicopathologic profile of the extranodal follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) in the mesentery of small intestine. MATERIALS AND METHODS The clinical observations and histopathologic andimmunohistochemical features of FDCS were analyzed in the mesentery of small intestine. RESULTS FDCS had no characteristic clinical manifestations. Histology showed oval sarcoma cells forming fascicles of spindle cells and whorls. Sarcoma tissue was distributed pervasively and often mixed with some T lymphoid cells. Immunohistochemical markers showed the follicular dendritic sarcoma cells were positive for CD21, CD23, CD35, D2-40 and vimentin, and weakly positive for CD68, and S-100, while EMA, CD1a, desmin, AE1/AE3, CD45RO, CD3, LCA and MPO were negative. CONCLUSION FDCS is a rare malignant tumor in the mesentery of small intestine.I Its diagnosis depends on the histopathology and immunohistochemical staining, and its prognosis is uncertain. Surgical operation is the first choice of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Tianjin Nankai HospitalTianjin, China
| | - Di Kong
- Department of Surgery, Tianjin Nankai HospitalTianjin, China
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