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Xiao MY, Pei WJ, Li S, Li FF, Xie P, Luo HT, Hyun Yoo H, Piao XL. Gypenoside L inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting the SREBP2-HMGCS1 axis and enhancing immune response. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107539. [PMID: 38861912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor that occurs in the liver, with a high degree of malignancy and relatively poor prognosis. Gypenoside L has inhibitory effects on liver cancer cells. However, its mechanism of action is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effects of gypenoside L on HCC in vitro and in vivo, and explore its potential mechanisms. The results showed that gypenoside L reduced the cholesterol and triglyceride content in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, inhibited cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, arrested cell cycle at G0/G1 phase, promoted cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, it targeted the transcription factor SREPB2 to inhibit the expression of HMGCS1 protein and inhibited the downstream proteins HMGCR and MVK, thereby regulating the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Overexpression HMGCS1 led to significant alterations in the cholesterol metabolism pathway of HCC, which mediated HCC cell proliferation and conferred resistance to the therapeutic effect of gypenoside L. In vivo, gypenoside L effectively suppressed HCC growth in tumor-bearing mice by reducing cholesterol production, exhibiting favorable safety profiles and minimal toxic side effects. Gypenoside L modulated cholesterol homeostasis, enhanced expression of inflammatory factors by regulating MHC I pathway-related proteins to augment anticancer immune responses. Clinical samples from HCC patients also exhibited high expression levels of MVA pathway-related genes in tumor tissues. These findings highlight gypenoside L as a promising agent for targeting cholesterol metabolism in HCC while emphasizing the effectiveness of regulating the SREBP2-HMGCS1 axis as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Yu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China; School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wen-Jing Pei
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China; School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Si Li
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China; School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China; School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China; School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao-Tian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China; School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Pharmacomicrobiomics Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Xiang-Lan Piao
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China; School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
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Bhat IUH, Bhat R. Quercetin: A Bioactive Compound Imparting Cardiovascular and Neuroprotective Benefits: Scope for Exploring Fresh Produce, Their Wastes, and By-Products. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:586. [PMID: 34206761 PMCID: PMC8301140 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin, a bioactive secondary metabolite, holds incredible importance in terms of bioactivities, which has been proved by in vivo and in vitro studies. The treatment of cardiovascular and neurological diseases by quercetin has been extensively investigated over the past decade. Quercetin is present naturally in appreciable amounts in fresh produce (fruits and vegetables). However, today, corresponding to the growing population and global demand for fresh fruits and vegetables, a paradigm shift and focus is laid towards exploring industrial food wastes and/or byproducts as a new resource to obtain bioactive compounds such as quercetin. Based on the available research reports over the last decade, quercetin has been suggested as a reliable therapeutic candidate for either treating or alleviating health issues, mainly those of cardiovascular and neurological diseases. In the present review, we have summarized some of the critical findings and hypotheses of quercetin from the available databases foreseeing its future use as a potential therapeutic agent to treat cardiovascular and neurological diseases. It is anticipated that this review will be a potential reference material for future research activities to be undertaken on quercetin obtained from fresh produce as well as their respective processing wastes/byproducts that rely on the circular concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ul Haq Bhat
- ERA-Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies (VALORTECH), Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia;
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Park HJ, Kim HN, Kim CY, Seo MD, Baek SH. Synergistic Protection by Isoquercitrin and Quercetin against Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Cell Death in HT22 Cells via Activating Nrf2 and HO-1 Signaling Pathway: Neuroprotective Principles and Mechanisms of Dendropanax morbifera Leaves. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040554. [PMID: 33918248 PMCID: PMC8066007 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendropanax morbifera leaves (DML) have long been used as traditional medicine to treat diverse symptoms in Korea. Ethyl acetate-soluble extracts of DML (DMLE) rescued HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells from glutamate (Glu)-induced oxidative cell death; however, the protective compounds and mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we aimed to identify the neuroprotective ingredients and mechanisms of DMLE in the Glu-HT22 cell model. Five antioxidant compounds were isolated from DMLE and characterized as chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercetin, and rutin by spectroscopic methods. Isoquercitrin and quercetin significantly inhibited Glu-induced oxidative cell death by restoring intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and mitochondrial superoxide generation, Ca2+ dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor. These two compounds significantly increased the expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in the presence or absence of Glu treatment. Combinatorial treatment of the five compounds based on the equivalent concentrations in DMLE showed that significant protection was found only in the cells cotreated with isoquercitrin and quercetin, both of whom showed prominent synergism, as assessed by drug–drug interaction analysis. These findings suggest that isoquercitrin and quercetin are the active principles representing the protective effects of DMLE, and these effects were mediated by the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (H.-N.K.)
| | - Ha-Neul Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (H.-N.K.)
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Chul Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan-si 15588, Korea;
| | - Min-Duk Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (H.-N.K.)
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-D.S.); (S.-H.B.)
| | - Seung-Hoon Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (H.-N.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.-D.S.); (S.-H.B.)
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Nguyen NH, Ha TKQ, Yang JL, Pham HTT, Oh WK. Triterpenoids from the genus Gynostemma: Chemistry and pharmacological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113574. [PMID: 33186700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE G. pentaphyllum, also known as Jiao-Gu-Lan, has been used traditionally as folk remedies for many diseases, including diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases in China and some countries in East and Southeast Asia. It is considered as an "immortality herb" in Guizhou Province, because it was consumed regularly by the elderly native inhabitants. Other species of the same genus Gynostemma such as G. longipes and G. laxum have been used as alternatives to G. pentaphyllum in ethno-medicine in Vietnam and other Asian countries. AIM OF THE REVIEW The review aims to summarize up-to-date study results on Gynostemma species, including traditional usage, phytochemical profile, pharmacological activities, and toxicological studies, in order to suggest future research orientation and therapeutic applications on acute and chronic diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant literature on the genus Gynostemma was gathered from secondary databases (Web of Science and PubMed), books, and official websites. The latest literature cited in this review was published in February 2020. RESULTS The genus Gynostemma has been widely used in traditional medicine, mainly for treatment of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hepatosteatosis. To date, 328 dammarane-type saponins were isolated and structurally elucidated from Gynostemma species. Crude extracts, saponin-rich fractions (gypenosides), and pure compounds were reported to show a wide range of pharmacological activities in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The most notable pharmacological effects were anti-cancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory activities. Toxicological studies were conducted only on G. pentaphyllum, showing that the plant extracts were relatively safe in both acute and long-term toxicity experiments at the given dosage while no toxicological studies were reported for the other species. CONCLUSIONS The review summarizes current studies on traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological properties, and toxicology of medicinal Gynostemma species. Till now, the majority of publications still focused only on G. pentaphyllum. However, the promising preliminary data of other Gynostemma species indicated the research potential of this genus, both in phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. Furthermore, clinical data are required to evaluate the efficacy and undesired effects of crude extracts, standard saponin fractions, and pure compounds prepared from Gynostemma medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Hieu Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Hanoi, 12116, Viet Nam; PHENIKAA Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, No. 167 Hoang Ngan, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 11313, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Kim Quy Ha
- College of Natural Sciences, Cantho University, Campus II, Cantho City, Viet Nam
| | - Jun-Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources of CAS and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ha Thanh Tung Pham
- Department of Botany, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Than TKM, Pham TK, Pham TB, Nguyen Phuong T, Nguyen Tien D. New dammarane-type triterpenoid glycosides from Gynostemma burmanicum. Nat Prod Res 2020; 34:217-224. [PMID: 30580625 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1527831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition of Gynostemma burmanicum King ex Chakrav. was investigated for the first time in this study. Nine dammarane glycosides (1‒9) were isolated from the EtOH extract of the aerial parts of G. burmanicum. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic interpretation as well as by chemical studies. The new compounds were 3β,20S-dihydroxydammar-24-ene-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside] (1), 3β,12β,20S-trihydroxydammar-24-ene-3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-20-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside] (2), and 12-oxo-3β,20S-dihydroxydammar-24-ene-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside] (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Kieu My Than
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Ky Pham
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Binh Pham
- Department of Bioactive Products, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thao Nguyen Phuong
- Department of Bioactive Products, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dat Nguyen Tien
- Laboratory of Biochemical Research and Application, Center for Research and Technology Transfer, VAST, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Zuo AR, Dong HH, Yu YY, Shu QL, Zheng LX, Yu XY, Cao SW. The antityrosinase and antioxidant activities of flavonoids dominated by the number and location of phenolic hydroxyl groups. Chin Med 2018; 13:51. [PMID: 30364385 PMCID: PMC6194685 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-018-0206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Compounds with the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibit tyrosinase may be useful for the treatment and prevention from ROS-related diseases. The number and location of phenolic hydroxyl of the flavonoids will significantly influence the inhibition of tyrosinase activity. Phenolic hydroxyl is indispensable to the antioxidant activity of flavonoids. Isoeugenol, shikonin, baicalein, rosmarinic acid, and dihydromyricetin have respectively one, two, three, four, or five phenolic hydroxyls. The different molecular structures with the similar structure to l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) were expected to the different antityrosinase and antioxidant activities. Methods This investigation tested the antityrosinase activity, the inhibition constant, and inhibition type of isoeugenol, shikonin, baicalein, rosmarinic acid, and dihydromyricetin. Molecular docking was examined by the Discovery Studio 2.5 (CDOCKER Dock, Dassault Systemes BIOVIA, USA). This experiment also examined the antioxidant effects of the five compounds on supercoiled pBR322 plasmid DNA, lipid peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria in vitro, and DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, or superoxide free radical scavenging activity in vitro. Results The compounds exhibited good antityrosinase activities. Molecular docking results implied that the compounds could interact with the amino acid residues in the active site center of antityrosinase. These compounds also exhibited antioxidant effects on DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, or superoxide free radical scavenging activity in vitro, lipid peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria induced by Fe2+/vitamin C system in vitro, and supercoiled pBR322 plasmid DNA. The activity order is isoeugenol < shikonin < baicalein < rosmarinic acid < dihydromyricetin. The results showed the compounds with more phenolic hydroxyls have more antioxidant and antityrosinase activities. Conclusion This was the first study of molecular docking for modeling the antityrosinase activity of compounds. This was also the first study of the protective effects of compounds on supercoiled pBR322 plasmid DNA, the lipid peroxidation inhibition activity in liver mitochondria. These results suggest that the compounds exhibited antityrosinase and antioxidant activities may be useful in skin pigmentation and food additives. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13020-018-0206-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ren Zuo
- 1State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047 Jiangxi China.,2Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Huan-Huan Dong
- 2Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Yan-Ying Yu
- 3Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Qing-Long Shu
- 2Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Li-Xiang Zheng
- 2Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Xiong-Ying Yu
- 2Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Shu-Wen Cao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047 Jiangxi China.,3Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
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Wei Y, Wang L, Wang D, Wang D, Wen C, Han B, Ouyang Z. Characterization and anti-tumor activity of a polysaccharide isolated from Dendrobium officinale grown in the Huoshan County. Chin Med 2018; 13:47. [PMID: 30214471 PMCID: PMC6131812 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-018-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polysaccharides are carbohydrate chains composed of linked monosaccharide units. Accumulating studies report that polysaccharides isolated from Dendrobium officinale have a variety of functions. However, the composition and anti-tumor activity of D. officinale grown in the Huoshan area are largely unknown. Methods A polysaccharide (DOPA-1) was isolated from D. officinale by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation, followed by purification via DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. DOPA-1 was analyzed by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance and then characterized by periodate oxidation and Smith degradation. The anti-tumor activity of DOPA-1 was then tested in HepG-2 cells. Results Our results show that DOPA-1 is mainly comprised of mannose, glucose, and galactose at a molar ratio of 1:0.42:0.27 and has an average molecular weight of 2.29 × 105 Da. Additionally, DOPA-1 inhibited HepG-2 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. DOPA-1-treated HepG-2 cells also had increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, apoptosis was observed in DOPA-1-treated HepG-2 cells along with Bcl-2 downregulation and Bax upregulation at the protein level. Conclusions Our findings suggest that DOPA-1 induces apoptosis in tumor cells via altered mitochondrial function, ROS production, and altered apoptosis-related protein expression. This bioactive polysaccharide could, therefore, potentially be further developed as an anti-tumor adjuvant drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wei
- 1School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu China
| | - Linwei Wang
- 1School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu China
| | - Dujun Wang
- 1School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu China
| | - Dan Wang
- 1School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu China
| | - Chongwei Wen
- 1School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu China
| | - Bangxin Han
- 2School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012 China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- 1School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu China
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