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Du SH, Chen S, Wang SZ, Wang GQ, Du S, Guo W, Xie XL, Peng BH, Yang C, Zhao JP. Clinical practice guideline for acupuncture and moxibustion: Allergic rhinitis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 22:245-257. [PMID: 38616445 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Acupuncture is one of the most effective complementary therapies for allergic rhinitis (AR) and has been recommended by several clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for AR. However, these CPGs mentioned acupuncture without making recommendations for clinical implementation and therapeutic protocols, therefore limiting the applicability of acupuncture therapies for AR. Hence, for the benefit of acupuncture practitioners around the world, the World Federation of Acupuncture-moxibustion Societies have initiated a project to develop the CPG for the use of acupuncture and moxibustion to treat AR. This CPG was developed according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology, referring to the principles of the World Health Organization Handbook for Guideline Development. During the development of the CPG, the guideline development group (GDG) played an important role. The clinical questions, recommendations and therapeutic protocols were all formulated by the GDG using the modified Delphi method. The CPG contains recommendations for 15 clinical questions about the use of acupuncture and moxibustion interventions. These include one strong recommendation for the intervention based on high-quality evidence, three conditional recommendations for either the intervention or standard care, and 11 conditional recommendations for the intervention based on very low quality of evidence. The CPG also provides one filiform needle acupuncture protocol and five moxibustion protocols extracted based on the protocols presented in randomized controlled trials reviewed by the GDG. Please cite this article as: Du SH, Chen S, Wang SZ, Wang GQ, Du S, Guo W, Xie XL, Peng BH, Yang C, Zhao JP. Clinical practice guideline for acupuncture and moxibustion: Allergic rhinitis. J Integr Med. 2024; 22(3): 245-257.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hao Du
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shan-Ze Wang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guan-Qun Wang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shuo Du
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiao-Long Xie
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Bi-Hui Peng
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Ji-Ping Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
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Chen K, Hou C, Liu C, Meng Y. Efficacy comparison of different moxibustion treatments for allergic rhinitis: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32997. [PMID: 36862898 PMCID: PMC9981372 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, there are many commonly used moxibustion methods in clinical practice, but it is unclear which moxibustion is more suitable for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR), so we used a network meta-analysis to analyze the effectiveness of various moxibustion types in the treatment of AR. METHODS We searched 8 databases for comprehensive inclusion of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for moxibustion in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. The search time was from the beginning of database establishment to January 2022. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to analyze the risk of bias of the included RCTs. Bayesian network meta-analysis of the included RCT was performed using the R software GEMTC and the RJAGS package. RESULTS A total of 38 RCTs were included, involving 4257 patients and 9 types of moxibustion. The network meta-analysis results revealed that heat-sensitive moxibustion (HSM) not only has the best effect in terms of effective rate (Odd ratio [OR]: 32.77, 95% Credible intervals [CrIs]: 1.86-1360.2) among the nine types of moxibustion, but also has good effect in improving the quality of life score (standard mean differences [SMD]: 0.6, 95% CrIs: 0.07-1.29). In terms of improving IgE and VAS scores, various types of moxibustion were comparable to the efficacy of western medicine. CONCLUSION The results showed that HSM was the most effective treatment for AR compared with other types of moxibustion. Therefore, it can be regarded as a complementary and alternative therapy for AR patients with poor effects of traditional treatment and patients who are susceptible to adverse reactions of western medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Second Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaofeng Hou
- Second Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chengjiang Liu
- Department of general practice, Anhui Medical University, He Fei, China
| | - Yong Meng
- Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Meng, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450003, China (e-mail: )
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Du SH, Guo W, Yang C, Chen S, Guo SN, Du S, Du ZM, Fei YT, Zhao JP. Filiform needle acupuncture for allergic rhinitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 20:497-513. [PMID: 36068161 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filiform needle acupuncture (FNA), the most classical and widely applied acupuncture method based on traditional Chinese medicine theory, has shown a promising effect in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy, safety, cost-effectiveness, and patient preference of FNA in the treatment of AR by comparing FNA with sham acupuncture, no treatment, and conventional medication. SEARCH STRATEGY Eight electronic databases were systematically searched from inception to October 14, 2021. Additional studies were acquired from clinical trial registration platforms and reference lists. INCLUSION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials were included if they compared FNA with either sham acupuncture, no treatment or conventional medication for AR. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS Two researchers extracted data independently of each other using a predesigned data acquisition form, and results were cross-checked after completion. The primary outcome was symptom score (Total Nasal Symptom Score or Visual Analogue Scale), and the secondary outcomes were the AR control questionnaire, quality of life (QoL) score (Different versions of Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire), medication score (use of rescue medication), mental health score, total IgE, adverse event rate, clinical economic indicators, and patient satisfaction score. Standardized mean difference (SMD) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval was used to calculate the effect size for continuous data, while risk ratio with 95% CI was used for dichotomous data. RESULTS Thirty studies were included in this review. Compared with sham acupuncture, FNA significantly reduced the symptom score (SMD: -0.29 [-0.43, -0.15]), AR's impact on QoL (SMD: -0.23 [-0.37, -0.08]) and medication score (SMD: -0.3 [-0.49, -0.11]). Compared with no treatment, FNA dramatically reduced the symptom score (SMD: -0.8 [-1.2, -0.39]) and AR's impact on QoL (SMD: -0.82 [-1.13, -0.52]). There were no increased rates of adverse events with FNA compared to sham acupuncture and no treatment. FNA increased patient satisfaction and may be cost-effective. Most pieces of evidence from the above two comparisons were of high confidence. Moreover, FNA significantly outperformed conventional medication in reducing the symptom score (SMD: -0.48 [-0.85, -0.1]) and displayed a lower rate of adverse events, but the quality of evidence was very low. CONCLUSION FNA is an effective and safe intervention for AR and can help with symptom relief, QoL improvement, reducing medication usage, and increasing patient satisfaction. Further studies are needed to verify its cost-effectiveness and superiority over conventional medication and the best therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hao Du
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Guo
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shuo Du
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Du
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yu-Tong Fei
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ji-Ping Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
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Liang Y, Lenon GB, Li M, Yang AWH. Feasibility of self-administered acupressure for allergic rhinitis: a pilot randomized controlled trial and lessons learnt for future studies. Acupunct Med 2021; 40:142-151. [PMID: 34763534 DOI: 10.1177/09645284211055757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated inflammatory condition that is highly prevalent worldwide. The aim of this pilot trial was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of self-administered acupressure for AR. METHODS A randomized, single-blind, non-specific controlled clinical trial was conducted at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, Australia. Fifteen AR patients were randomized into two groups: self-administered acupressure at five specific acupressure (SA) points or five non-specific acupressure (NSA) points (1 min/point, twice a day), and treated for 4 weeks with an 8-week follow-up period. The primary outcome was the change in 7-point scale symptom severity. Secondary outcomes included the rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire and standardized activities (RQLQs), medication usage, adverse events and participants' opinions of the blinding method. The Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 26 was used for data analyses. RESULTS Fourteen participants completed the study and no major adverse events were reported. No statistically significant differences between SA and NSA groups were identified in 7-point scale symptom severity scores, RQLQs or medication usage. However, participants in the SA group believed that SA was useful for AR and recommended it for self-care. The credibility of the blinding method was successful. No adverse effects were considered to be related to the intervention. CONCLUSION Acupressure is feasible and appears to be safe for self-administration by AR sufferers. Experience from this pilot study has guided minor amendments to the protocol. A large-scale randomized controlled trial is warranted to further investigate the efficacy and safety of self-administered acupressure for the management of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Liang
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - George Binh Lenon
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Mingdi Li
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Angela Wei Hong Yang
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Fried J, Yuen E, Zhang K, Li A, Rowan NR, Schlosser RJ, Nguyen SA, Gudis DA. Impact of Treatment for Nasal Cavity Disorders on Sleep Quality: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 166:633-642. [PMID: 34253107 DOI: 10.1177/01945998211029527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of treatment for patients with nasal obstruction secondary to allergic rhinitis (AR) and nasal septal deviation (NSD) on sleep quality. DATA SOURCES Primary studies were identified though PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. REVIEW METHODS A systematic review was performed by querying databases for articles published through August 2020. Studies were included that reported on objective sleep parameters (apnea-hypopnea index) and sinonasal and sleep-specific patient-reported outcome measures: Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire, Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (EpSS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). RESULTS The database search yielded 1414 unique articles, of which 28 AR and 7 NSD studies were utilized for meta-analysis. A total of 9037 patients (8515 with AR, 522 with NSD) were identified with a mean age of 35.0 years (35.3 for AR, 34.0 for NSD). Treatment for AR and NSD significantly improved subjective sleep quality. For AR, the EpSS mean difference was -1.5 (95% CI, -2.4 to -0.5; P = .002) and for the PSQI, -1.7 (95% CI, -2.1 to -1.2; P < .00001). For NSD, the EpSS mean difference was -3.2 (95% CI, -4.2 to -2.2; P < .00001) and for the PSQI, -3.4 (95% CI, -6.1 to -0.6; P = .02). CONCLUSION Subjective sleep quality significantly improved following treatment for AR and NSD. There were insufficient data to demonstrate that objective metrics of sleep quality similarly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Fried
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Erick Yuen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kathy Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Andraia Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Shaun A Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David A Gudis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Li J, Liu L, Jiao L, Liao K, Xu L, Zhou X, Xiong J. Clinical acupuncture therapy for children with allergic rhinitis: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24086. [PMID: 33546014 PMCID: PMC7837844 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis (AR) in children has become a common clinical allergic disease, the incidence of which is increasing in pediatric. The side effects of the drug cause parents to worry about the health of their child. However, a large number of current clinical studies have shown that acupuncture therapy is effective in treating children with AR. Therefore, this systematic review aims to explore the safety and effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of AR in children. METHODS We will conduct a comprehensive literature search in Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, Chinese Biomedical Literatures Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wang Fang Database (WF), Chinese Scientific Journal Database (VIP) from inception to November 2020 without any language restriction. In addition, we will retrieve the unpublished studies and the references of initially included literature manually. Reviewers will identify studies, extract data, and assess the quality independently. The outcomes of interest include: total effective rate; the total nasal symptom score; Rhinitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ); Visual Analog Scale (VAS); Laboratory inspection indicators: the level of IgE, IL6, IL10 or TNF-α; Recurrence rate; adverse events. Randomized clinical trials will be collected, methodological quality will be evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool, and the level of evidence will be rated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Meta-analysis will be performed using RevMan 5.4.0 software. The heterogeneity test will be conducted between the studies, P < .1 and I2 > 50% are the thresholds for the tests. We will utilize the fixed effects model or the random effects model according to the size of heterogeneity. RESULTS The results of this systematic review will provide a synthesis of current evidence of AR in children. We will report this result shortly. CONCLUSION This study will explore whether or not acupuncture therapy can be used as one of the non drug therapies to prevent or treat allergic rhinitis in children. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER INPLASY2020110053.
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Fried J, Yuen E, Li A, Zhang K, Nguyen SA, Gudis DA, Rowan NR, Schlosser RJ. Rhinologic disease and its impact on sleep: a systematic review. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 11:1074-1086. [PMID: 33275331 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinologic disease can be responsible for systemic symptoms affecting mood, cognition, and sleep. It is unclear whether sleep disturbance in specific rhinologic disorders (chronic rhinosinusitis [CRS], rhinitis, and nasal septal deviation [NSD]) is an obstructive phenomenon or due to other mechanisms. In this review we examine the impact of CRS, rhinitis, and NSD on objective and subjective sleep outcome metrics and draw comparisons to normal controls and patients with known obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS A systematic review of 4 databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) was performed. Studies reporting on objective (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI], respiratory disturbance index [RDI], oxygen nadir) and subjective (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [EpSS], Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI], Fatigue Severity Scale [FSS]) sleep parameters and disease-specific patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs; 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test [SNOT-22], Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire [RQLQ], Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation [NOSE]) were included. RESULTS The database search yielded 1414 unique articles, of which 103 were included for analysis. Baseline PROMs were at the high end of normal to abnormal for all 3 conditions: EpSS: CRS (9.8 ± 4.0), rhinitis (9.7 ± 4.3), and NSD (8.9 ± 4.6); and PSQI: CRS (11.0 ± 4.5), rhinitis (6.1 ± 3.7), and NSD (8.6 ± 3.5). Objective measures demonstrated a mild to moderate OSA in the studied diseases: AHI: CRS (10.4 ± 11.5), rhinitis (8.6 ± 8.8), and NSD (13.0 ± 6.9). There were significant differences when compared with reported norms in all measured outcomes (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Sleep quality is impacted by rhinologic (CRS, rhinitis, NSD) disease. There is likely a mild obstructive component contributing to poor sleep, but other contributing factors may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Fried
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Erick Yuen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Andraia Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Kathy Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Shaun A Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - David A Gudis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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DU SH, ZHAO JP, YANG C, WANG SZ, MI SQ, ZENG WM, SONG TT, CHEN S. Clinical question survey for the clinical practice guideline on acupuncture and moxibustion for allergic rhinitis 《过敏性鼻炎针灸临床实践指南》临床问题征询. WORLD JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE-MOXIBUSTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wjam.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Popov TA, Passalacqua G, González-Díaz SN, Plavec D, Braido F, García-Abujeta JL, Dubuske L, Rouadi P, Morais-Almeida M, Bonini S, Cheng L, Ansotegui IJ. Medical devices in allergy practice. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100466. [PMID: 33024482 PMCID: PMC7529824 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical devices provide people with some health benefits in terms of diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and monitoring of disease processes. Different medical specialties use varieties of medical devices more or less specific for them. Allergology is an interdisciplinary field of medical science and teaches that allergic reactions are of systemic nature but can express themselves at the level of different organs across the life cycle of an individual. Subsequently, medical devices used in allergology could be regarded as: 1) general, servicing the integral diagnostic and management principles and features of allergology, and 2) organ specific, which are shared by organ specific disciplines like pulmonology, otorhinolaryngology, dermatology, and others. The present position paper of the World Allergy Organization (WAO) is meant to be the first integral document providing structured information on medical devices in allergology used in daily routine but also needed for sophisticated diagnostic purposes and modern disease management. It is supposed to contribute to the transformation of the health care system into integrated care pathways for interrelated comorbidities.
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Key Words
- AAP, Asthma Action Plan
- ATS, American Thoracic Society
- Airway inflammation
- Allergic rhinitis
- Allergology
- Allergy
- Allergy diagnosis
- Asthma
- CE mark, Conformité Européenne mark
- CO, Carbon monoxide
- DPIs, Dry Powder Inhalers
- EAI/AAI, Epinephrine/Adrenaline Auto-Injector
- EBC, Exhaled Breath Condensate
- EBT, Exhaled Breath Temperature
- EDS, Exhalation Delivery Systems
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- ERS, European Respiratory Society
- ERV, Expiratory Reserve Volume
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FEF, Forced Expiratory Flows
- FEV1, Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second
- FOT, Forced Oscillation Technique
- FRC, Functional Residual Capacity
- FVC, Forced Vital Capacity
- FeNO, Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide
- GLI, Global Lung Function Initiative
- IOS, Impulse Oscillometry
- IRV, Inspiratory Reserve Volume
- Lung function tests
- MDPS, Metered-Dose Pump Sprays
- Medical devices
- NDDD, Nasal Drug Delivery Device
- NO, Nitric oxide
- PDMI, Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler
- PEF, Peak Expiratory Flow
- PNIF, Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flow
- PT, Patch Tests
- PhPT, Photopatch tests
- Ppb, part per billion
- RV, Residual Volume
- SPT, Skin Prick Test
- Skin tests
- TLC, Total Lung Capacity
- UV, Ultra Violet
- VC, Vital Capacity
- VT, Tidal Volume
- WAO, World Allergy Organization
- WHO, World Health Organization
- m-health
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lawrence Dubuske
- The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | | | | | - Sergio Bonini
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Lei Cheng
- Nanjing Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, China
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