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Wang AQ, Wang YJ, Zhang J, Fan YM, Li SY, Zou LW. Comparative study on inhibitory effects of ginsenosides on human pancreatic lipase and porcine pancreatic lipase: structure-activity relationships and inhibitory mechanism. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:2031-2039. [PMID: 37471672 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2235713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of twenty-six ginsenosides on human pancreatic lipase (hPL) and porcine pancreatic lipase (pPL) were studied. Study reveals that nine ginsenosides have moderate inhibitory effects against hPL, and good selectivity over pPL. By contrast, (S)-Rh2 showed good inhibitory effects on pPL over hPL. SAR analysis indicated that introduction of the O-glycosyl group(s) at C-3/C-7 site is unbeneficial for hPL inhibition, ginsenosides with A-skeleton is more beneficial than ginsenosides with B-/C-skeleton. Inhibition kinetic analysis indicated that Rg3 and (S)-Rh2 inhibited hPL-catalyzed DDAO-ol hydrolysis in a mixed manner. Molecular docking studies have confirmed that Rg3 and (S)-Rh2 inhibit hPL via many Pi-hydrogen interactions and hydrogen bonds with catalytic residues of hPL. These results indicated that pPL as an enzyme source could not fully represent the inhibitory effect of the tested compounds on hPL, and hPL should be used as far as possible to evaluate the inhibitory effect of PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Qi Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Jie Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ming Fan
- Analytical Central Laboratory, Dalian Harmony Health Medical Laboratory Co.Ltd, Dalian, China
| | - Shi-Yang Li
- Analytical Central Laboratory, Dalian Harmony Health Medical Laboratory Co.Ltd, Dalian, China
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Kim WH, Choi WJ, Kim JE, Choi J, Hong YD, Nam J, Park WS, Shim SM. Kinetic conversion of BIOGF1K enriched in compound K from in vitro 3-D human tissue model. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2023; 5:100165. [PMID: 37869704 PMCID: PMC10589745 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2023.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The purposes of current study were to investigate the effect of ginsenosides from BIOGF1K enriched in compound K (CK) and compound Y (CY) on the skin barrier function, the deposition in in vitro 3-D human tissue model (EpiDermFT™ Full Thickness 400), and to identify and quantify kinetic bioconversion of the ginsenosides in artificial skin by utilizing the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), respectively. Epidermal barrier integrity evaluated using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was significantly higher in the BIOGF1K treatment than the CY or CK individual treatment throughout incubation (p < 0.05). Skin deposition (%) of CY and CK from BIOGF1K treatment was approximately 4 and 2 times higher than the CY and CK single component treatment, respectively. Total amount of CK found in human skin by deposition and bioconversion was approximately 1087.3, 528.82, and 867.76 μM after topical treatment of BIOGF1K, CK, and CY. Results from the current study reveal that topical treatment of BIOGF1K more effectively induced CK deposition as well as bioconversion of CY to CK than that of a single treatment of CY or CK, suggesting that BIOGF1K could be a useful cosmetic preparation for enhancing skin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Hyun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Won-Jo Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Joonho Choi
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, 17074, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yong-Deok Hong
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, 17074, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jin Nam
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, 17074, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Won-Seok Park
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, 17074, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Soon-Mi Shim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
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Carboxylesterase-2 plays a critical role in dabigatran etexilate active metabolite formation. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:100479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lee SG, Cho KH, Nguyen TTL, Vo DK, Chae YJ, Maeng HJ. Inhibitory effect of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol on cytochrome P450: Potential of its pharmacokinetic interactions in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Wagmann L, Stiller RG, Fischmann S, Westphal F, Meyer MR. Going deeper into the toxicokinetics of synthetic cannabinoids: in vitro contribution of human carboxylesterases. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2755-2766. [PMID: 35788413 PMCID: PMC9352624 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) are new psychoactive substances known to cause intoxications and fatalities. One reason may be the limited data available concerning the toxicokinetics of SC, but toxicity mechanisms are insufficiently understood so far. Human carboxylesterases (hCES) are widely known to play a crucial role in the catalytic hydrolysis of drugs (of abuse). The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro contribution of hCES to the metabolism of the 13 SC 3,5-AB-5F-FUPPYCA, AB-5F-P7AICA, A-CHMINACA, DMBA-CHMINACA, MBA-CHMINACA, MDMB-4F-BINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, MDMB-FUBICA, MDMB-5F-PICA, MMB-CHMICA, MMB-4en-PICA, MMB-FUBINACA, and MPhP-5F-PICA. The SC were incubated with recombinant hCES1b, hCES1c, or hCES2 and analyzed by liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry to assess amide or ester hydrolysis in an initial activity screening. Enzyme kinetic studies were performed if sufficient hydrolysis was observed. No hydrolysis of the amide linker was observed using those experimental conditions. Except for MDMB-5F-PICA, ester hydrolysis was always detected if an ester group was present in the head group. In general, SC with a terminal ester bearing a small alcohol part and a larger acyl part showed higher affinity to hCES1 isozymes. Due to the low hydrolysis rates, enzyme kinetics could not be modeled for the SC with a tert-leucine-derived moiety, but hydrolysis reactions of MPhP-5F-PICA and of those containing a valine-derived moiety followed classic Michaelis-Menten kinetics. In conclusion, drug-drug/drug-food interactions or hCES polymorphisms may prolong the half-life of SC and the current results help to estimate the risk of toxicity in the future after combining them with activity and clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Rebecca G Stiller
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Fischmann
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Folker Westphal
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Zhang J, Xiao M, Ji X, Lai YS, Song Q, Zhang Y, Ip CM, Ng WL, Zuo Z. Inhibition of Radix Scutellariae flavones on carboxylesterase mediated activations of prodrugs. Life Sci 2022; 305:120743. [PMID: 35780840 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Carboxylesterase (CES) plays an essential role in the hydrolysis of ester prodrugs. Our study explored the inhibitions of Radix Scutellariae flavones, including baicalein (B), baicalin (BG), wogonin (W), wogonoside (WG), oroxylin A (OXA) and oroxylin A-7-O-glucuronide (OAG), on CES-mediated hydrolysis of seven prodrugs (capecitabine, clopidogrel, mycophenolate mofetil, dabigatran etexilate, acetylsalicylic acid, prasugrel and irinotecan). MAIN METHODS In vitro screenings were developed by incubating the flavones with prodrugs in rat plasma, intestine S9 and liver S9. Docking simulations were conducted using AMDock v1.5.2. In vivo evaluations were performed in rats co-administered with the selected flavone and prodrug via oral gavage/intravenous administration for five consecutive days. KEY FINDINGS The in vitro investigation showed that B and OXA demonstrated strongest inhibitions on the hydrolysis of irinotecan followed by dabigatran in rat plasma, intestine S9 and liver S9. Consistent results showed in the molecular docking analyses. Additionally, in rats receiving irinotecan, B/OXA intravenous and oral pre-treatments both led to reduction trends on the active metabolite SN-38 formation in plasma. Besides, significant decreases of SN-38/irinotecan plasma concentration ratios were found in the B/OXA oral pre-treatment group with quicker and stronger inhibition potential in OXA pre-treatment than that from B pre-treatment. OXA oral pre-treatment was also found to be able to significantly inhibit intestinal CES2 activities at 0.5 h and 5 h after irinotecan administration. SIGNIFICANCE Our current findings for the first time alert on potential CES-mediated HDIs between RS flavones and prodrugs, which provide a constructive information referring to rational drug combinations in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Min Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Xiaoyu Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yuen Sze Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Qianbo Song
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Chung Man Ip
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wai Lung Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Song YQ, Jin Q, Wang DD, Hou J, Zou LW, Ge GB. Carboxylesterase inhibitors from clinically available medicines and their impact on drug metabolism. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109566. [PMID: 34174250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian carboxylesterases (CES), the key members of the serine hydrolase superfamily, hydrolyze a wide range of endogenous substances and xenobiotics bearing ester or amide bond(s). In humans, most of identified CES are segregated into the CES1A and CES2A subfamilies. Strong inhibition on human CES (including hCES1A and hCES2A) may modulate pharmacokinetic profiles of CES-substrate drugs, thereby changing the pharmacological and toxicological responses of these drugs. This review covered recent advances in discovery of hCES inhibitors from clinically available medications, as well as their impact on CES-associated drug metabolism. Three comprehensive lists of hCES inhibitors deriving from clinically available medications including therapeutic drugs, pharmaceutical excipients and herbal medicines, alongside with their inhibition potentials and inhibition parameters, are summarized. Furthermore, the potential risks of hCES inhibitors to trigger drug/herb-drug interactions (DDIs/HDIs) and future concerns in this field are highlighted. Potent hCES inhibitors may trigger clinically relevant DDIs/HDIs, especially when these inhibitors are co-administrated with CES substrate-drugs with very narrow therapeutic windows. All data and knowledge presented here provide key information for the clinicians to assess the risks of clinically available hCES inhibitors on drug metabolism. In future, more practical and highly specific substrates for hCES1A/hCES2A should be developed and used for studies on CES-mediated DDIs/HDIs both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Qing Song
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qiang Jin
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Qin Z, Jia M, Yang J, Xing H, Yin Z, Yao Z, Zhang X, Yao X. Multiple circulating alkaloids and saponins from intravenous Kang-Ai injection inhibit human cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isozymes: potential drug-drug interactions. Chin Med 2020; 15:69. [PMID: 32655683 PMCID: PMC7339578 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kang-Ai injection is widely used as an adjuvant therapy drug for many cancers, leukopenia, and chronic hepatitis B. Circulating alkaloids and saponins are believed to be responsible for therapeutic effects. However, their pharmacokinetics (PK) and excretion in vivo and the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDI) through inhibiting human cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes remain unclear. METHODS PK and excretion of circulating compounds were investigated in rats using a validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) method. Further, the inhibitory effects of nine major compounds against eleven CYP and UGT isozymes were assayed using well-accepted specific substrate for each enzyme. RESULTS After dosing, 9 alkaloids were found with C max and t 1/2 values of 0.17-422.70 μmol/L and 1.78-4.33 h, respectively. Additionally, 28 saponins exhibited considerable systemic exposure with t 1/2 values of 0.63-7.22 h, whereas other trace saponins could be negligible or undetected. Besides, over 90% of alkaloids were excreted through hepatobiliary and renal excretion. Likewise, astragalosides and protopanaxatriol (PPT) type ginsenosides also involved in hepatobiliary and/or renal excretion. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) type ginsenosides were mainly excreted to urine. Furthermore, PPD-type ginsenosides were extensively bound (f u-plasma approximately 1%), whereas astragalosides and PPT-type ginsenosides displayed f u-plasma values of 12.35% and 60.23-87.36%, respectively. Moreover, matrine, oxymatrine, astragaloside IV, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rc, and ginsenoside Rb1 exhibited no inhibition or weak inhibition against several common CYP and UGT enzymes IC50 values between 8.81 and 92.21 μM. Through kinetic modeling, their inhibition mechanisms towards those CYP and UGT isozymes were explored with obtained Ki values. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation showed the inhibition of systemic clearance for CYP or UGT substrates seemed impossible due to [I]/Ki no more than 0.1. CONCLUSIONS We summarized the PK behaviors, excretion characteristics and protein binding rates of circulating alkaloids, astragalosides and ginsenosides after intravenous Kang-Ai injection. Furthermore, weak inhibition or no inhibition towards these CYP and UGT activities could not trigger harmful DDI when Kang-Ai injection is co-administered with clinical drugs primarily cleared by these CYP or UGT isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Mengmeng Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Han Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Zhihong Yao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
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Qian Y, Markowitz JS. Natural Products as Modulators of CES1 Activity. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:993-1007. [PMID: 32591414 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylesterase (CES) 1 is the predominant esterase expressed in the human liver and is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of a wide range of therapeutic agents, toxins, and endogenous compounds. Accumulating studies have demonstrated associations between the expression and activity of CES1 and the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of CES1 substrate medications (e.g., methylphenidate, clopidogrel, oseltamivir). Therefore, any perturbation of CES1 by coingested xenobiotics could potentially compromise treatment. Natural products are known to alter drug disposition by modulating cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes, but this issue is less thoroughly explored with CES1. We report the results of a systematic literature search and discuss natural products as potential modulators of CES1 activity. The majority of research reports reviewed were in vitro investigations that require further confirmation through clinical study. Cannabis products (Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol); supplements from various plant sources containing naringenin, quercetin, luteolin, oleanolic acid, and asiatic acid; and certain traditional medicines (danshen and zhizhuwan) appear to pose the highest inhibition potential. In addition, ursolic acid, gambogic acid, and glycyrrhetic acid, if delivered intravenously, may attain high enough systemic concentrations to significantly inhibit CES1. The provision of a translational interpretation of in vitro assessments of natural product actions and interactions is limited by the dearth of basic pharmacokinetic data of the natural compounds exhibiting potent in vitro influences on CES1 activity. This is a major impediment to assigning even potential clinical significance. The modulatory effects on CES1 expression after chronic exposure to natural products warrants further investigation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Modulation of CES1 activity by natural products may alter the course of treatment and clinical outcome. In this review, we have summarized the natural products that can potentially interact with CES1 substrate medications. We have also noted the limitations of existing reports and outlined challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Qian
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - John S Markowitz
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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