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Mazzetto R, Miceli P, Sernicola A, Tartaglia J, Alaibac M. Skin Hypopigmentation in Hematology Disorders. Hematol Rep 2024; 16:354-366. [PMID: 38921184 PMCID: PMC11204138 DOI: 10.3390/hematolrep16020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypopigmentation disorders pose significant diagnostic challenges in dermatology, sometimes reflecting underlying hematological conditions. This review explores the clinical presentations related to hypopigmentation in hematological disorders, focusing on vitiligo, morphea, and syndromic albinism. Vitiligo, an autoimmune disorder targeting melanocytes, involves interactions between genetic polymorphisms and immune responses, particularly regarding CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ. Drug-induced vitiligo, notably by immune checkpoint inhibitors and small-molecule targeted anticancer therapies, underscores the importance of immune dysregulation. Morphea, an inflammatory skin disorder, may signal hematological involvement, as seen in deep morphea and post-radiotherapy lesions. Syndromic albinism, linked to various genetic mutations affecting melanin production, often presents with hematologic abnormalities. Treatment approaches focus on targeting the immune pathways specific to the condition, and when that is not possible, managing symptoms. Understanding these dermatological manifestations is crucial for the timely diagnosis and management of hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alvise Sernicola
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy; (R.M.); (J.T.); (M.A.)
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Saiz-Sierra L, Marull Arnall A, Nieto-Moragas J, Deulofeu M, Jiménez Romero O, Mademont I, Obón Ferrer M, Serrando Querol MT. Detection of giant cytoplasmic inclusions in a pediatric patient with recurrent infections: a case report. ADVANCES IN LABORATORY MEDICINE 2024; 5:221-225. [PMID: 38939204 PMCID: PMC11206191 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2023-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Giant inclusions in leukocytes is a common feature that can be observed in some infections but can be also related to rare genetic disorders such as Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS). A differential diagnosis between these groups of diseases has to be performed using specific genetic tests. Clinical and pathological history is relevant for a diagnostic orientation due to the difficulty and specificity of the diagnostic confirmation. Case presenation We present the case of a 3-years-old male patient with recurrent respiratory infections. It is important to highlight the presence of a lock of white hair on the front of the head and some hypopigmentation of the skin. In the blood smear, the presence of big cytoplasm granules in all the leukocytes, especially in neutrophils. Conclusions CHS is an uncommon genetic disorder caused by the mutation in the LYST gene situated in chromosome 1q42.3 which codified for LYST protein. Molecular genetic testing also can be done to detect the biallelic variants in the LYST gene. It is essential to perform peripheral blood smears in the presence of changes in quantitative and/or qualitative values in the complete blood count as a first step in the diagnosis algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Saiz-Sierra
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Marull Arnall
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Javier Nieto-Moragas
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Comisión de Biología Hematológica de la SEQC, Girona, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Meritxell Deulofeu
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Orlando Jiménez Romero
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Irene Mademont
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - María Obón Ferrer
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - María Teresa Serrando Querol
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Comisión de Biología Hematológica de la SEQC, Girona, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Salt, Girona, Catalunya, Spain
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Saiz-Sierra L, Marull Arnall A, Nieto-Moragas J, Deulofeu M, Jiménez Romero O, Mademont I, Obón Ferrer M, Serrando Querol MT. Detección de inclusiones citoplasmáticas gigantes en un paciente pediátrico con infecciones recurrentes: a propósito de un caso. ADVANCES IN LABORATORY MEDICINE 2024; 5:226-230. [PMID: 38939200 PMCID: PMC11206182 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2024-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Objetivos En algunos casos de infecciones, es frecuente observar inclusiones gigantes en los leucocitos. Sin embargo, estas inclusiones también pueden estar relacionadas con trastornos genéticos raros, como el síndrome de Chédiak–Higashi (SCH). Para realizar un diagnóstico diferencial entre estos grupos de patologías, es necesario realizar estudios genéticos específicos. Dada la dificultad y especifidad de la confirmación diagnóstica, es esencial analizar los antecedentes clínicos y patológicos del paciente, con el fin de obtener una orientación diagnóstica. Caso clínico Presentamos el caso de un paciente de tres años de edad con infecciones respiratorias recurrentes. Cabe señalar la presencia de un mechón de cabello blanco en la parte frontal de la cabeza, así como algunas áreas de hipopigmentación en la piel. En el frotis sanguíneo, destacó la presencia de grandes gránulos citoplasmáticos en todos los leucocitos, especialmente en los neutrófilos. Conclusiones El SHC es un trastorno genético poco frecuente, causado por una mutación en el gen LYST situado en el cromosoma 1q42.3, que codifica la proteína LYST. También se puede realizar un estudio genético molecular para detectar las variantes bialélicas del gen LYST . Ante resultados alterados en los valores cuantitativos y/o cualitativos en el hemograma completo, el primer paso del algoritmo diagnóstico incluye realizar un frotis de sangre periférica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Saiz-Sierra
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, España
| | - Anna Marull Arnall
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, España
- Grupo de investigación en Anatomía Clínica, Embriología y Neurociencia (NEOMA), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Girona, Girona, Cataluña, España
| | - Javier Nieto-Moragas
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, España
- Grupo de investigación en Anatomía Clínica, Embriología y Neurociencia (NEOMA), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Girona, Girona, Cataluña, España
- Comisión de Biología Hematológica de la SEQC, Barcelona, España
| | - Meritxell Deulofeu
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, España
- Grupo de investigación en Anatomía Clínica, Embriología y Neurociencia (NEOMA), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Girona, Girona, Cataluña, España
| | - Orlando Jiménez Romero
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, España
- Grupo de investigación en Anatomía Clínica, Embriología y Neurociencia (NEOMA), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Girona, Girona, Cataluña, España
| | - Irene Mademont
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, España
| | - María Obón Ferrer
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, España
| | - María Teresa Serrando Querol
- Laboratori Territorial ICS-IAS Girona, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, España
- Grupo de investigación en Anatomía Clínica, Embriología y Neurociencia (NEOMA), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Girona, Girona, Cataluña, España
- Comisión de Biología Hematológica de la SEQC, Barcelona, España
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Dobrewa W, Bielska M, Bąbol-Pokora K, Janczar S, Młynarski W. Congenital neutropenia: From lab bench to clinic bedside and back. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2024; 793:108476. [PMID: 37989463 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Neutropenia is a hematological condition characterized by a decrease in absolute neutrophil count (ANC) in peripheral blood, typically classified in adults as mild (1-1.5 × 109/L), moderate (0.5-1 × 109/L), or severe (< 0.5 × 109/L). It can be categorized into two types: congenital and acquired. Congenital severe chronic neutropenia (SCN) arises from mutations in various genes, with different inheritance patterns, including autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and X-linked forms, often linked to mitochondrial diseases. The most common genetic cause is alterations in the ELANE gene. Some cases exist as non-syndromic neutropenia within the SCN spectrum, where genetic origins remain unidentified. The clinical consequences of congenital neutropenia depend on granulocyte levels and dysfunction. Infants with this condition often experience recurrent bacterial infections, with approximately half facing severe infections within their first six months of life. These infections commonly affect the respiratory system, digestive tract, and skin, resulting in symptoms like fever, abscesses, and even sepsis. The severity of these symptoms varies, and the specific organs and systems affected depend on the genetic defect. Congenital neutropenia elevates the risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), particularly with certain genetic variants. SCN patients may acquire CSF3R and RUNX1 mutations, which can predict the development of leukemia. It is important to note that high-dose granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment may have the potential to promote leukemogenesis. Treatment for neutropenia involves antibiotics, drugs that boost neutrophil production, or bone marrow transplants. Immediate treatment is essential due to the heightened risk of severe infections. In severe congenital or cyclic neutropenia (CyN), the primary therapy is G-CSF, often combined with antibiotics. The G-CSF dosage is gradually increased to normalize neutrophil counts. Hematopoietic stem cell transplants are considered for non-responders or those at risk of AML/MDS. In cases of WHIM syndrome, CXCR4 inhibitors can be effective. Future treatments may involve gene editing and the use of the diabetes drug empagliflozin to alleviate neutropenia symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Dobrewa
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 36\50 Sporna Str, 91-738 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marta Bielska
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 36\50 Sporna Str, 91-738 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bąbol-Pokora
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 36\50 Sporna Str, 91-738 Lodz, Poland
| | - Szymon Janczar
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 36\50 Sporna Str, 91-738 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Młynarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 36\50 Sporna Str, 91-738 Lodz, Poland.
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Bargehr C, Knöfler R, Streif W. Treatment of Inherited Platelet Disorders: Current Status and Future Options. Hamostaseologie 2023; 43:261-270. [PMID: 37611608 DOI: 10.1055/a-2080-6602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited platelet disorders (IPDs) comprise a heterogeneous group of entities that manifest with variable bleeding tendencies. For successful treatment, the underlying platelet disorder, bleeding severity and location, age, and sex must be considered in the broader clinical context. Previous information from the AWMF S2K guideline #086-004 (www.awmf.org) is evaluated for validity and supplemented by information of new available and future treatment options and clinical scenarios that need specific measures. Special attention is given to the treatment of menorrhagia and risk management during pregnancy in women with IPDs. Established treatment options of IPDs include local hemostatic treatment, tranexamic acid, desmopressin, platelet concentrates, and recombinant activated factor VII. Hematopoietic stem cell therapy is a curative approach for selected patients. We also provide an outlook on promising new therapies. These include autologous hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy, artificial platelets and nanoparticles, and various other procoagulant treatments that are currently tested in clinical trials in the context of hemophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bargehr
- Department of Paediatrics 1, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ralf Knöfler
- Department of Paediatric Haemostaseology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Werner Streif
- Department of Paediatrics 1, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital immunodeficiency, bleeding diathesis, pyogenic infection, partial oculocutaneous albinism, and progressive neurodegeneration. Treatment is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or bone marrow transplantation; however, this does not treat the neurologic aspect of the disease. Mutations in the lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) gene were identified to be causative of Chediak-Higashi, but despite many analyses, there is little functional information about the LYST protein. This review serves to provide an update on the clinical manifestations and cellular defects of Chediak-Higashi syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS More recent papers expand the neurological spectrum of disease in CHS, to include hereditary spastic paraplegia and parkinsonism. Granule size and distribution in NK cells have been investigated in relation to the location of mutations in LYST. Patients with mutations in the ARM/HEAT domain had markedly enlarged granules, but fewer in number. By contrast, patients with mutations in the BEACH domain had more numerous granules that were normal in size to slightly enlarged, but demonstrated markedly impaired polarization. The role of LYST in autophagosome formation has been highlighted in recent studies; LYST was defined to have a prominent role in autophagosome lysosome reformation for the maintenance of lysosomal homeostasis in neurons, while in retinal pigment epithelium cells, LYST deficiency was shown to lead to phagosome accumulation. SUMMARY Despite CHS being a rare disease, investigation into LYST provides an understanding of basic vesicular fusion and fission. Understanding of these mechanisms may provide further insight into the function of LYST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie L. Talbert
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - May Christine V. Malicdan
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wendy J. Introne
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Galli J, Loi E, Dusi L, Pasini N, Rossi A, Scaglioni V, Mauri L, Fazzi E. Oculocutaneous albinism: the neurological, behavioral, and neuro-ophthalmological perspective. Eur J Pediatr 2023:10.1007/s00431-023-04938-w. [PMID: 37009951 PMCID: PMC10257606 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-04938-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a group of rare, genetic disorders caused by absent/reduced melanin biosynthesis. The aim of this study was to explore the neurovisual, cognitive, adaptive, and behavioral profile of children affected by OCA, also evaluating any possible effect of the visual acuity deficit on the clinical profile and genotype-phenotype correlations. Eighteen children (9 males, mean age 84 months ± 41; range 18-181 months) with a molecular confirmed diagnosis of OCA were enrolled in the study. We collected data on clinical history, neurodevelopmental profile, neurological and neurovisual examination, and cognitive, adaptive, and emotional/behavioral functioning. A global neurodevelopmental impairment was detected in 56% of the children, without evolving into an intellectual disability. All the patients showed signs and symptoms of visual impairment. Low adaptive functioning was observed in 3 cases (17%). A risk for internalizing behavioral problems was documented in 6 cases (33%), for externalizing problems in 2 (11%), and for both in 5 (28%). Twelve children (67%) showed one or more autistic-like features. Correlation analyses revealed significant associations between the visual acuity level and performance intelligence quotient (p = 0.001), processing speed index (p = 0.021), Vineland total score (p = 0.020), Vineland communication (p = 0.020), and socialization (p = 0.037) domains. No significant correlations were found between genotype and phenotype. CONCLUSION Children with OCA may present a global neurodevelopmental delay that seems to improve with age and emotional/behavioral difficulties, along with the well-known visual impairment. An early neuropsychiatric evaluation and habilitative training are recommended to improve vision-related performance, neurodevelopment, and any psychological difficulties. WHAT IS KNOWN • Children with oculocutaneous albinism show dermatological and ophthalmological problems. • An early visual impairment may have negative implications on motor, emotional, and cognitive processes that would allow the child to organize his or her experiences. WHAT IS NEW • In addition to a variable combination of ocular signs and symptoms, children with oculocutaneous albinism may present an early neurodevelopmental delay and emotional/behavioral difficulties. • An early visual treatment is recommended to improve vision-related performance, neurodevelopment, and any psychological difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Galli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Erika Loi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Dusi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nadia Pasini
- Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vera Scaglioni
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Mauri
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Fazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Impact of Genetic Diagnosis on the Outcome of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:636-646. [PMID: 36495401 PMCID: PMC9958161 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the relationship between knowledge of genetic diagnosis before HSCT and outcome, we reviewed all HSCTs for primary immune deficiencies (PID) performed at UCSF from 2007 through 2018. SCID, a distinct entity identified since 2010 in California by newborn screening and treated early, was considered separately. The underlying genetic condition was known at the time of HSCT in 85% of cases. Graft failure was less frequent in patients with a genetic diagnosis (19% with a genetic diagnosis versus 47% without, p = 0.020). Furthermore, event-free survival and overall survival (OS) at 5 years were better for those with a genetic diagnosis (78% with versus 44% without, p = 0.006; and 93% versus 60% without, p = 0.0002, respectively). OS at 5 years was superior for known-genotype patients with both SCID (p = 0.010) and non-SCID PID (p = 0.010). There was no difference in OS between HSCT done in 2007-2010 compared to more recently (p = 0.19). These data suggest that outcomes of HSCT for PID with known genotype may reflect specific experience and literature, or that a substantial proportion of patients with PID of undetermined genotype may have had underlying conditions for which HSCT may carry greater risk. The higher rate of graft failure in PID with unknown genotype may be in part explained by insufficient conditioning, which in turn could be dictated by compromised organ function in patients undergoing HSCT late in the course. Widespread availability of PID gene sequencing as standard care can provide genetic diagnoses for most patients with PID prior to HSCT, permitting optimization of transplant approach.
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Ji X, Zhao L, Umapathy A, Fitzmaurice B, Wang J, Williams DS, Chang B, Naggert JK, Nishina PM. Deficiency in Lyst function leads to accumulation of secreted proteases and reduced retinal adhesion. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0254469. [PMID: 35239671 PMCID: PMC8893605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chediak-Higashi syndrome, caused by mutations in the Lysosome Trafficking Regulator (Lyst) gene, is a recessive hypopigmentation disorder characterized by albinism, neuropathies, neurodegeneration, and defective immune responses, with enlargement of lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles. Although recent studies have suggested that Lyst mutations impair the regulation of sizes of lysosome and lysosome-related organelle, the underlying pathogenic mechanism of Chediak-Higashi syndrome is still unclear. Here we show striking evidence that deficiency in LYST protein function leads to accumulation of photoreceptor outer segment phagosomes in retinal pigment epithelial cells, and reduces adhesion between photoreceptor outer segment and retinal pigment epithelial cells in a mouse model of Chediak-Higashi syndrome. In addition, we observe elevated levels of cathepsins, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) 3 and oxidative stress markers in the retinal pigment epithelium of Lyst mutants. Previous reports showed that impaired degradation of photoreceptor outer segment phagosomes causes elevated oxidative stress, which could consequently lead to increases of cysteine cathepsins and MMPs in the extracellular matrix. Taken together, we conclude that the loss of LYST function causes accumulation of phagosomes in the retinal pigment epithelium and elevation of several extracellular matrix-remodeling proteases through oxidative stress, which may, in turn, reduce retinal adhesion. Our work reveals previously unreported pathogenic events in the retinal pigment epithelium caused by Lyst deficiency. The same pathogenic events may be conserved in other professional phagocytic cells, such as macrophages in the immune system, contributing to overall Chediak-Higashi syndrome pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Ji
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| | - Lihong Zhao
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Ankita Umapathy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Jieping Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - David S. Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Bo Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | | | - Patsy M. Nishina
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
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Galli J, Loi E, Morandi A, Scaglioni V, Rossi A, Molinaro A, Pasini N, Semeraro F, Ruberto G, Fazzi E. Neurodevelopmental Profile in Children Affected by Ocular Albinism. Neuropediatrics 2022; 53:7-14. [PMID: 34327695 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to detail the neurodevelopmental profile of subjects affected by ocular albinism (OA) and to collect data on GPR143 gene analysis. DESIGN The design of the study involves a retrospective longitudinal observational case series. METHODS We collected data on the neurodevelopmental profile of 13 children affected by OA from clinical annual assessments conducted for a period of 6 years after the first evaluation. We described visual profile, neuromotor development and neurological examination, cognitive profile, communication and language skills and behavioral characteristics. The GPR143 gene analysis was performed as well. RESULTS Children presented a variable combination of ocular and oculomotor disorders unchanged during the follow-up, a deficit in visual acuity and in contrast sensitivity that progressively improved. Abnormalities in pattern visual evoked potential were found. No deficits were detected at neurological examination and neuromotor development except for a mild impairment in hand-eye coordination observed in five cases. A language delay was observed in five cases, two of whom had also a developmental quotient delay at 2 years evolving to a borderline/deficit cognitive level at preschool age, difficulties in adaptive behavior and autistic-like features were found. Mutations in the GPR143 gene were identified in the two patients who presented the most severe clinical phenotype. CONCLUSION Children with OA may share, in addition to a variable combination of ocular signs and symptoms, a neurodevelopment impairment regarding mostly the cognitive, communicative, and social area, especially those with GPR143 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Galli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Erika Loi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Morandi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vera Scaglioni
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Anna Molinaro
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nadia Pasini
- Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Eye Clinic, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Semeraro
- Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia and University of Brescia, Eye Clinic, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulio Ruberto
- Department of Surgical and Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Ophthalmology, Univeristy of Pavia, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Fazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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11
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Walkovich K. Understanding neutropenia secondary to intrinsic or iatrogenic immune dysregulation. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2021; 2021:504-513. [PMID: 34889406 PMCID: PMC8791120 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2021000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
As a key member of the innate and adaptive immune response, neutrophils provide insights into the hematopoietic and inflammatory manifestations of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) and the consequences of immunotherapy. The facile recognition of IEI presenting with neutropenia provides an avenue for hematologists to facilitate early diagnosis and expedite biologically rationale care. Moreover, enhancing the understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving neutropenia in IEI-decreased bone marrow reserves, diminished egress from the bone marrow, and decreased survival-offers an opportunity to further dissect the pathophysiology driving neutropenia secondary to iatrogenic immune dysregulation, eg, immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Walkovich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Correspondence Kelly Walkovich, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1540 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; e-mail:
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12
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Bąbol-Pokora K, Wołowiec M, Popko K, Jaworowska A, Bryceson YT, Tesi B, Henter JI, Młynarski W, Badowska W, Balwierz W, Drabko K, Kałwak K, Maciejka-Kembłowska L, Pieczonka A, Sobol-Milejska G, Kołtan S, Malinowska I. Molecular Genetics Diversity of Primary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis among Polish Pediatric Patients. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2021; 69:31. [PMID: 34677667 PMCID: PMC8536594 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-021-00635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a clinical syndrome of life-threatening inflammation caused by an excessive, prolonged and ineffective immune response. An increasing number of HLH cases is recognized in Poland, but the genetic causes of familial HLH (FHL) have not been reported. We investigated the molecular genetics and associated outcomes of pediatric patients who met HLH criteria. We studied 54 patients with HLH, 36 of whom received genetic studies. Twenty-five patients were subjected to direct sequencing of the PRF1, UNC13D, STX11, XIAP and SH2D1A genes. Additionally, 11 patients were subjected to targeted next-generation sequencing. In our study group, 17 patients (31%) were diagnosed with primary HLH, with bi-allelic FHL variants identified in 13 (36%) patients whereas hemizygous changes were identified in 4 patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative diseases. In addition, one patient was diagnosed with X-linked immunodeficiency with magnesium defect, Epstein–Barr virus infection and neoplasia due to a hemizygous MAGT1 variant; another newborn was diagnosed with auto-inflammatory syndrome caused by MVK variants. The majority (65%) of FHL patients carried UNC13D pathogenic variants, whereas PRF1 variants occurred in two patients. Novel variants in UNC13D, PRF1 and XIAP were detected. Epstein–Barr virus was the most common trigger noted in 23 (65%) of the patients with secondary HLH. In three patients with secondary HLH, heterozygous variants of FHL genes were found. Overall survival for the entire study group was 74% with a median of 3.6 years of follow-up. Our results highlight the diversity of molecular causes of primary HLH in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bąbol-Pokora
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wołowiec
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Popko
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jaworowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bianca Tesi
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Inge Henter
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wojciech Młynarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wanda Badowska
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Walentyna Balwierz
- Department of Pediatrics Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Drabko
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kałwak
- Department of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Pieczonka
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Grażyna Sobol-Milejska
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Silesia, Silesia, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kołtan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Iwona Malinowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland.
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13
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Fernández A, Hayashi M, Garrido G, Montero A, Guardia A, Suzuki T, Montoliu L. Genetics of non-syndromic and syndromic oculocutaneous albinism in human and mouse. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:786-799. [PMID: 33960688 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is the most frequent presentation of albinism, a heterogeneous rare genetic condition generally associated with variable alterations in pigmentation and with a profound visual impairment. There are non-syndromic and syndromic types of OCA, depending on whether the gene product affected impairs essentially the function of melanosomes or, in addition, that of other lysosome-related organelles (LROs), respectively. Syndromic OCA can be more severe and associated with additional systemic consequences, beyond pigmentation and vision alterations. In addition to OCA, albinism can also be presented without obvious skin and hair pigmentation alterations, in ocular albinism (OA), and a related genetic condition known as foveal hypoplasia, optic nerve decussation defects, and anterior segment dysgenesis (FHONDA). In this review, we will focus only in the genetics of skin pigmentation in OCA, both in human and mouse, updating our current knowledge on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Fernández
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Gema Garrido
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Montero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guardia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamio Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Lluis Montoliu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Inherited Platelet Disorders: An Updated Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094521. [PMID: 33926054 PMCID: PMC8123627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets play a major role in hemostasis as ppwell as in many other physiological and pathological processes. Accordingly, production of about 1011 platelet per day as well as appropriate survival and functions are life essential events. Inherited platelet disorders (IPDs), affecting either platelet count or platelet functions, comprise a heterogenous group of about sixty rare diseases caused by molecular anomalies in many culprit genes. Their clinical relevance is highly variable according to the specific disease and even within the same type, ranging from almost negligible to life-threatening. Mucocutaneous bleeding diathesis (epistaxis, gum bleeding, purpura, menorrhagia), but also multisystemic disorders and/or malignancy comprise the clinical spectrum of IPDs. The early and accurate diagnosis of IPDs and a close patient medical follow-up is of great importance. A genotype-phenotype relationship in many IPDs makes a molecular diagnosis especially relevant to proper clinical management. Genetic diagnosis of IPDs has been greatly facilitated by the introduction of high throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques into mainstream investigation practice in these diseases. However, there are still unsolved ethical concerns on general genetic investigations. Patients should be informed and comprehend the potential implications of their genetic analysis. Unlike the progress in diagnosis, there have been no major advances in the clinical management of IPDs. Educational and preventive measures, few hemostatic drugs, platelet transfusions, thrombopoietin receptor agonists, and in life-threatening IPDs, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are therapeutic possibilities. Gene therapy may be a future option. Regular follow-up by a specialized hematology service with multidisciplinary support especially for syndromic IPDs is mandatory.
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15
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Ben-Shmuel A, Sabag B, Biber G, Barda-Saad M. The Role of the Cytoskeleton in Regulating the Natural Killer Cell Immune Response in Health and Disease: From Signaling Dynamics to Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:609532. [PMID: 33598461 PMCID: PMC7882700 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.609532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells, which play key roles in elimination of virally infected and malignant cells. The balance between activating and inhibitory signals derived from NK surface receptors govern the NK cell immune response. The cytoskeleton facilitates most NK cell effector functions, such as motility, infiltration, conjugation with target cells, immunological synapse assembly, and cytotoxicity. Though many studies have characterized signaling pathways that promote actin reorganization in immune cells, it is not completely clear how particular cytoskeletal architectures at the immunological synapse promote effector functions, and how cytoskeletal dynamics impact downstream signaling pathways and activation. Moreover, pioneering studies employing advanced imaging techniques have only begun to uncover the architectural complexity dictating the NK cell activation threshold; it is becoming clear that a distinct organization of the cytoskeleton and signaling receptors at the NK immunological synapse plays a decisive role in activation and tolerance. Here, we review the roles of the actin cytoskeleton in NK cells. We focus on how actin dynamics impact cytolytic granule secretion, NK cell motility, and NK cell infiltration through tissues into inflammatory sites. We will also describe the additional cytoskeletal components, non-muscle Myosin II and microtubules that play pivotal roles in NK cell activity. Furthermore, special emphasis will be placed on the role of the cytoskeleton in assembly of immunological synapses, and how mutations or downregulation of cytoskeletal accessory proteins impact NK cell function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviad Ben-Shmuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Batel Sabag
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Guy Biber
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Mira Barda-Saad
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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16
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Yliranta A, Mäkinen J. Chediak-Higashi syndrome: neurocognitive and behavioral data from infancy to adulthood after bone marrow transplantation. Neurocase 2021; 27:1-7. [PMID: 33295840 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2020.1856384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal disorder characterized by immunodeficiency, albinism, and progressive neurologic abnormalities. While survivors of the childhood-onset disease are known to exhibit learning disabilities and neuropsychiatric disorders followed by middle-age dementia, we lack detailed data on the progression. We present the case of a young adult with records from infancy to the first signs of deterioration. An early neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric profiling is crucial to intervention selection as children with CHS may not benefit from regular special education. Our patient never showed neuropsychiatric symptoms but high levels of socioemotional adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Yliranta
- Department of Neurology, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Jussi Mäkinen
- Department of Neurology, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
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17
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Yarnell DS, Roney JC, Teixeira C, Freitas MI, Cipriano A, Leuschner P, Krzewski K, Stephen J, Dorward H, Gahl WA, Gochuico BR, Toro C, Malicdan MC, Introne WJ. Diagnosis of Chediak Higashi disease in a 67-year old woman. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:3007-3013. [PMID: 32990340 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chediak-Higashi disease is a rare disease caused by bi-allelic mutations in the lysosomal trafficking regulator gene, LYST. Individuals typically present in early childhood with partial oculocutaneous albinism, a bleeding diathesis, recurrent infections secondary to immune dysfunction, and risk of developing hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Without intervention, mortality is high in the first decade of life. However, some individuals with milder phenotypes have attenuated hematologic and immunologic presentations, and lower risk of HLH. Both classic and milder phenotypes develop progressive neurodegeneration in early adulthood. Here we present a remarkable patient diagnosed with Chediak-Higashi disease at age 67, many decades after the diagnosis is usually established. Diagnosis was suspected by observing the pathognomonic granules within leukocytes, and confirmed by identification of bi-allelic mutations in LYST, reduced LYST mRNA expression, enlarged lysosomes within fibroblasts, and decreased NK cell lytic activity. This case further expands the phenotype of Chediak-Higashi disease and highlights the need for increased awareness. Individuals with milder phenotypes may escape early diagnosis, but identification is important for close monitoring of potential complications, and to further our understanding of the function of LYST.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Yarnell
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph C Roney
- Section of the Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cláudia Teixeira
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de S. João, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria I Freitas
- Laboratorial Hematology Unit, Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cipriano
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Leuschner
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshi Stephen
- Section of the Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Heidi Dorward
- Section of the Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Section of the Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bernadette R Gochuico
- Section of the Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Camilo Toro
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - May C Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Section of the Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy J Introne
- Section of the Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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18
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Cabral-Marques O, Schimke LF, de Oliveira EB, El Khawanky N, Ramos RN, Al-Ramadi BK, Segundo GRS, Ochs HD, Condino-Neto A. Flow Cytometry Contributions for the Diagnosis and Immunopathological Characterization of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases With Immune Dysregulation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2742. [PMID: 31849949 PMCID: PMC6889851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 70 years after establishing the concept of primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs), more than 320 monogenic inborn errors of immunity have been identified thanks to the remarkable contribution of high-throughput genetic screening in the last decade. Approximately 40 of these PIDs present with autoimmune or auto-inflammatory symptoms as the primary clinical manifestation instead of infections. These PIDs are now recognized as diseases of immune dysregulation. Loss-of function mutations in genes such as FOXP3, CD25, LRBA, IL-10, IL10RA, and IL10RB, as well as heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in JAK1 and STAT3 have been reported as causative of these disorders. Identifying these syndromes has considerably contributed to expanding our knowledge on the mechanisms of immune regulation and tolerance. Although whole exome and whole genome sequencing have been extremely useful in identifying novel causative genes underlying new phenotypes, these approaches are time-consuming and expensive. Patients with monogenic syndromes associated with autoimmunity require faster diagnostic tools to delineate therapeutic strategies and avoid organ damage. Since these PIDs present with severe life-threatening phenotypes, the need for a precise diagnosis in order to initiate appropriate patient management is necessary. More traditional approaches such as flow cytometry are therefore a valid option. Here, we review the application of flow cytometry and discuss the relevance of this powerful technique in diagnosing patients with PIDs presenting with immune dysregulation. In addition, flow cytometry represents a fast, robust, and sensitive approach that efficiently uncovers new immunopathological mechanisms underlying monogenic PIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lena F Schimke
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | | | - Nadia El Khawanky
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Precision Medicine Theme, The South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Nalio Ramos
- INSERM U932, SiRIC Translational Immunotherapy Team, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Basel K Al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Hans D Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Gigliobianco MR, Di Martino P, Deng S, Casadidio C, Censi R. New Advanced Strategies for the Treatment of Lysosomal Diseases Affecting the Central Nervous System. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1933-1950. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190708213159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs), also known as lysosomal diseases (LDs) are a group of serious genetic diseases characterized by not only the accumulation of non-catabolized compounds in the lysosomes due to the deficiency of specific enzymes which usually eliminate these compounds, but also by trafficking, calcium changes and acidification. LDs mainly affect the central nervous system (CNS), which is difficult to reach for drugs and biological molecules due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). While some therapies have proven highly effective in treating peripheral disorders in LD patients, they fail to overcome the BBB. Researchers have developed many strategies to circumvent this problem, for example, by creating carriers for enzyme delivery, which improve the enzyme’s half-life and the overexpression of receptors and transporters in the luminal or abluminal membranes of the BBB. This review aims to successfully examine the strategies developed during the last decade for the treatment of LDs, which mainly affect the CNS. Among the LD treatments, enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT) and gene therapy have proven effective, while nanoparticle, fusion protein, and small molecule-based therapies seem to offer considerable promise to treat the CNS pathology. This work also analyzed the challenges of the study to design new drug delivery systems for the effective treatment of LDs. Polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes are explored from their technological point of view and for the most relevant preclinical studies showing that they are excellent choices to protect active molecules and transport them through the BBB to target specific brain substrates for the treatment of LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R. Gigliobianco
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via A. D'Accoiso, 16, 62032, Camerino MC, Italy
| | - Piera Di Martino
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via A. D'Accoiso, 16, 62032, Camerino MC, Italy
| | - Siyuan Deng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via A. D'Accoiso, 16, 62032, Camerino MC, Italy
| | - Cristina Casadidio
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via A. D'Accoiso, 16, 62032, Camerino MC, Italy
| | - Roberta Censi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via A. D'Accoiso, 16, 62032, Camerino MC, Italy
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20
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Furutani E, Newburger PE, Shimamura A. Neutropenia in the age of genetic testing: Advances and challenges. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:384-393. [PMID: 30536760 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Identification of genetic causes of neutropenia informs precision medicine approaches to medical management and treatment. Accurate diagnosis of genetic neutropenia disorders informs treatment options, enables risk stratification, cancer surveillance, and attention to associated medical complications. The rapidly expanding genetic testing options for the evaluation of neutropenia have led to exciting advances but also new challenges. This review provides a practical guide to germline genetic testing for neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Furutani
- Dana Farber and Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Boston MA
| | - Peter E. Newburger
- Dana Farber and Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Boston MA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester MA
| | - Akiko Shimamura
- Dana Farber and Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Boston MA
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21
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Gomaa NS, Lee JYW, El Sharkawy A, El Chazli YF, Hassab HMA, Doghaim NN, McGrath JA, Onoufriadis A. Genetic analysis in Egyptian patients with Chediak–Higashi syndrome reveals new
LYST
mutations. Clin Exp Dermatol 2019; 44:814-817. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. S. Gomaa
- St John's Institute of Dermatology School of Basic and Medical Biosciences King's College London London UK
- Dermatology Department Faculty of Medicine Tanta University Tanta Egypt
| | - J. Y. W. Lee
- St John's Institute of Dermatology School of Basic and Medical Biosciences King's College London London UK
| | - A. El Sharkawy
- Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology Unit Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Y. F. El Chazli
- Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology Unit Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - H. M. A. Hassab
- Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology Unit Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - N. N. Doghaim
- Dermatology Department Faculty of Medicine Tanta University Tanta Egypt
| | - J. A. McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology School of Basic and Medical Biosciences King's College London London UK
| | - A. Onoufriadis
- St John's Institute of Dermatology School of Basic and Medical Biosciences King's College London London UK
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22
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Lam JGT, Song C, Seveau S. High-throughput Measurement of Plasma Membrane Resealing Efficiency in Mammalian Cells. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30663635 DOI: 10.3791/58351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In their physiological environment, mammalian cells are often subjected to mechanical and biochemical stresses that result in plasma membrane damage. In response to these damages, complex molecular machineries rapidly reseal the plasma membrane to restore its barrier function and maintain cell survival. Despite 60 years of research in this field, we still lack a thorough understanding of the cell resealing machinery. With the goal of identifying cellular components that control plasma membrane resealing or drugs that can improve resealing, we have developed a fluorescence-based high-throughput assay that measures the plasma membrane resealing efficiency in mammalian cells cultured in microplates. As a model system for plasma membrane damage, cells are exposed to the bacterial pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO), which forms large 30-50 nm diameter proteinaceous pores in cholesterol-containing membranes. The use of a temperature-controlled multi-mode microplate reader allows for rapid and sensitive spectrofluorometric measurements in combination with brightfield and fluorescence microscopy imaging of living cells. Kinetic analysis of the fluorescence intensity emitted by a membrane impermeant nucleic acid-binding fluorochrome reflects the extent of membrane wounding and resealing at the cell population level, allowing for the calculation of the cell resealing efficiency. Fluorescence microscopy imaging allows for the enumeration of cells, which constitutively express a fluorescent chimera of the nuclear protein histone 2B, in each well of the microplate to account for potential variations in their number and allows for eventual identification of distinct cell populations. This high-throughput assay is a powerful tool expected to expand our understanding of membrane repair mechanisms via screening for host genes or exogenously added compounds that control plasma membrane resealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G T Lam
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University
| | - Chi Song
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University
| | - Stephanie Seveau
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University;
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Riccardi N, Rotulo GA, Castagnola E. Definition of Opportunistic Infections in Immunocompromised Children on the Basis of Etiologies and Clinical Features: A Summary for Practical Purposes. Curr Pediatr Rev 2019; 15:197-206. [PMID: 31242834 PMCID: PMC7040525 DOI: 10.2174/1573396315666190617151745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Opportunistic Infections (OIs) still remain a major cause of morbidity and death in children with either malignant or nonmalignant disease. OIs are defined as those infections occurring due to bacteria, fungi, viruses or commensal organisms that normally inhabit the human body and do not cause a disease in healthy people, but become pathogenic when the body's defense system is impaired. OIs can also be represented by unusually severe infections caused by common pathogens. An OI could present itself at the onset of a primary immunodeficiency syndrome as a life-threatening event. More often, OI is a therapyassociated complication in patients needing immunosuppressive treatment, among long-term hospitalised patients or in children who undergo bone marrow or solid organ transplantation. The aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive and 'easy to read' text that briefly summarises the currently available knowledge about OIs in order to define when an infection should be considered as opportunistic in pediatrics as a result of an underlying congenital or acquired immune-deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Riccardi
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Infectious - Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Andrea Rotulo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Istituto Giannina Gaslini Children's Hospital, University of Genoa, Geno, Italy
| | - Elio Castagnola
- Infectious Diseases Department, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Children's Hospital, Genoa, Italy
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24
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Gil-Krzewska A, Saeed MB, Oszmiana A, Fischer ER, Lagrue K, Gahl WA, Introne WJ, Coligan JE, Davis DM, Krzewski K. An actin cytoskeletal barrier inhibits lytic granule release from natural killer cells in patients with Chediak-Higashi syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 142:914-927.e6. [PMID: 29241728 PMCID: PMC5995607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare disorder caused by biallelic mutations in the lysosomal trafficking regulator gene (LYST), resulting in formation of giant lysosomes or lysosome-related organelles in several cell types. The disease is characterized by immunodeficiency and a fatal hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis caused by impaired function of cytotoxic lymphocytes, including natural killer (NK) cells. Objective We sought to determine the underlying biochemical cause of the impaired cytotoxicity of NK cells in patients with CHS. Methods We generated a human cell model of CHS using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) technology. We used a combination of classical techniques to evaluate lysosomal function and cell activity in the model system and super-resolution microscopy to visualize F-actin and lytic granules in normal and LYST-deficient NK cells. Results Loss of LYST function in a human NK cell line, NK92mi, resulted in inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity and reproduced other aspects of the CHS cellular phenotype, including the presence of significantly enlarged lytic granules with defective exocytosis and impaired integrity of endolysosomal compartments. The large granules had an acidic pH and normal activity of lysosomal enzymes and were positive for the proteins essential for lytic granule exocytosis. Visualization of the actin meshwork openings at the immunologic synapse revealed that the cortical actin acts as a barrier for secretion of such large granules at the cell-cell contact site. Decreasing the cortical actin density at the immunologic synapse or decreasing the lytic granule size restored the ability of LYST-deficient NK cells to degranulate and kill target cells. Conclusion The cortical actin and granule size play significant roles in NK cell cytotoxic function. We present evidence that the periodicity of subsynaptic actin is an important factor limiting the release of large lytic granules from NK cells from patients with CHS and could be a novel target for pharmaceutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gil-Krzewska
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Mezida B Saeed
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Oszmiana
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth R Fischer
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Mont
| | - Kathryn Lagrue
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - William A Gahl
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Wendy J Introne
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - John E Coligan
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD.
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25
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Zhang Y, Gao Z, Yu X. A case of Chediak-Higashi syndrome presented with accelerated phase could be treated effectively by unrelated cord blood transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2017; 21. [PMID: 28762620 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CHS is a rare immunodeficiency syndrome with defects in the functions of cytotoxic cells and neutrophils. Approximately 85% of patients with CHS undergo an AP within the first decade, which is similar to FHLH. Chemotherapy could induce transient remission, but only allogeneic HCT could correct the underlying genetic defect and prevent relapse. We reported a case of CHS diagnosed at 19 months, who had an elder brother who had previously succumbed to the same disease. The little girl presented with severe AP manifestations including recurrent high fever, enlarged superficial lymph nodes, and extraordinary hepatosplenomegaly occupying the whole abdominal and pelvic cavity. Comprehensive therapies including HLH 2004 protocol, supportive care, and antibiotics, especially antituberculous agents, were given to her to induce remission. After remission, the patient received fully HLA-matched UCBT. The transplantation course was uneventful, except for fluctuation of donor chimerism. The patient has been alive for 36 months without infection and neurologic manifestations and is under further follow-up. Our result provides another case that UCBT can be effective for treating patients with CHS and remission before HCT is important for good prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Research Center of Hematology, Fudan University, Shanghai Daopei Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- Research Center of Hematology, Fudan University, Shanghai Daopei Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjian Yu
- Research Center of Hematology, Fudan University, Shanghai Daopei Hospital, Shanghai, China
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26
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Bastida JM, Lozano ML, Benito R, Janusz K, Palma-Barqueros V, Del Rey M, Hernández-Sánchez JM, Riesco S, Bermejo N, González-García H, Rodriguez-Alén A, Aguilar C, Sevivas T, López-Fernández MF, Marneth AE, van der Reijden BA, Morgan NV, Watson SP, Vicente V, Hernández-Rivas JM, Rivera J, González-Porras JR. Introducing high-throughput sequencing into mainstream genetic diagnosis practice in inherited platelet disorders. Haematologica 2017; 103:148-162. [PMID: 28983057 PMCID: PMC5777202 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.171132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited platelet disorders are a heterogeneous group of rare diseases, caused by inherited defects in platelet production and/or function. Their genetic diagnosis would benefit clinical care, prognosis and preventative treatments. Until recently, this diagnosis has usually been performed via Sanger sequencing of a limited number of candidate genes. High-throughput sequencing is revolutionizing the genetic diagnosis of diseases, including bleeding disorders. We have designed a novel high-throughput sequencing platform to investigate the unknown molecular pathology in a cohort of 82 patients with inherited platelet disorders. Thirty-four (41.5%) patients presented with a phenotype strongly indicative of a particular type of platelet disorder. The other patients had clinical bleeding indicative of platelet dysfunction, but with no identifiable features. The high-throughput sequencing test enabled a molecular diagnosis in 70% of these patients. This sensitivity increased to 90% among patients suspected of having a defined platelet disorder. We found 57 different candidate variants in 28 genes, of which 70% had not previously been described. Following consensus guidelines, we qualified 68.4% and 26.3% of the candidate variants as being pathogenic and likely pathogenic, respectively. In addition to establishing definitive diagnoses of well-known inherited platelet disorders, high-throughput sequencing also identified rarer disorders such as sitosterolemia, filamin and actinin deficiencies, and G protein-coupled receptor defects. This included disease-causing variants in DIAPH1 (n=2) and RASGRP2 (n=3). Our study reinforces the feasibility of introducing high-throughput sequencing technology into the mainstream laboratory for the genetic diagnostic practice in inherited platelet disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Bastida
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL-USAL, Spain .,On behalf of the Project "Functional and Molecular Characterization of Patients with Inherited Platelet Disorders" of the Hemorrhagic Diathesis Working Group of the Spanish Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
| | - María L Lozano
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, CB15/00055-CIBERER, Spain.,On behalf of the Project "Functional and Molecular Characterization of Patients with Inherited Platelet Disorders" of the Hemorrhagic Diathesis Working Group of the Spanish Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
| | - Rocío Benito
- IBSAL, IBMCC, CIC, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Spain
| | - Kamila Janusz
- IBSAL, IBMCC, CIC, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Spain
| | - Verónica Palma-Barqueros
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, CB15/00055-CIBERER, Spain
| | | | | | - Susana Riesco
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, Spain
| | - Nuria Bermejo
- Servicio de Hematología, Complejo Hospitalario San Pedro Alcántara, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Agustín Rodriguez-Alén
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Spain
| | - Carlos Aguilar
- Servicio de Hematología, Complejo Asistencial de Soria, Spain
| | - Teresa Sevivas
- Serviço de Imunohemoterapia, Sangue e Medicina Transfusional do Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE, Portugal
| | | | - Anna E Marneth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bert A van der Reijden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Neil V Morgan
- Birmingham Platelet Group, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Steve P Watson
- Birmingham Platelet Group, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Vicente Vicente
- On behalf of the Project "Functional and Molecular Characterization of Patients with Inherited Platelet Disorders" of the Hemorrhagic Diathesis Working Group of the Spanish Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
| | - Jesús M Hernández-Rivas
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL-USAL, Spain.,IBSAL, IBMCC, CIC, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Spain
| | - José Rivera
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, CB15/00055-CIBERER, Spain.,On behalf of the Project "Functional and Molecular Characterization of Patients with Inherited Platelet Disorders" of the Hemorrhagic Diathesis Working Group of the Spanish Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
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Ochs HD, Petroni D. From clinical observations and molecular dissection to novel therapeutic strategies for primary immunodeficiency disorders. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 176:784-803. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans D. Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics and Seattle Children's Research Institute; University of Washington; Seattle Washington
| | - Daniel Petroni
- Department of Pediatrics and Seattle Children's Research Institute; University of Washington; Seattle Washington
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28
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Tsuji T, Uemura Y, Nakamura Y, Nonoyama S. Oral mass revealing Chédiak-Higashi syndrome. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 46:1158-1161. [PMID: 28456452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This case report describes common oral inflammatory findings leading to the identification of Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS). A 15-year-old girl presented with an enlarging and painful mass on the upper lip. Two weeks after the initial visit, the mass showed further protrusion in the absence of fever. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well-circumscribed cystic lesion with a thick capsule, and suggested an abscess derived from the mucous cyst in the upper lip. Inflammation indices were not elevated; however neutrophils were significantly lower than the normal level. Giant cytoplasmic granules in neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes, which are pathognomonic of CHS, were noted. The patient displayed brownish-red hair with some grey hair, and partial oculocutaneous albinism. Hepatosplenomegaly was evident on ultrasonography. The final diagnosis was of an oral infection facilitated by the adolescent form of CHS (gene CHS1/LYST at 1q42.1-2). This report offers a reminder that lip swelling may represent the initial manifestation of the inflammatory response in a patient with loss of immunocompetence due to pathologies such as CHS, and may rarely present as the patient's main complaint.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsuji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saiseikai Matsusaka General Hospital, Matsusaka, Mie, Japan; The First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Y Uemura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Saiseikai Matsusaka General Hospital, Matsusaka, Mie, Japan
| | - Y Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - S Nonoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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29
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Helmi MM, Saleh M, Yacop B, ElSawy D. Chédiak-Higashi syndrome with novel gene mutation. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr-2016-216628. [PMID: 28183707 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2016-216628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare disorder of immune deficiency with autosomal recessive inheritance. Over the past 20 years, ∼500 cases were published worldwide. The mean age of onset is 5-6 years. We report here a case of CHS in a boy aged 2½ years who presented to us with pneumonia which turned to be Chédiak-Higashi syndrome with a novel variant, not previously described in the literature, which is caused by mutations in the CHS1 gene.This case is reported for its novel mutation, and the absence of the accelerated phase until now. Awareness, early recognition and management of this condition may prevent the preterm morbidity associated with this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M Helmi
- Pediatrics department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
| | - Maysa Saleh
- Pediatrics department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
| | - Bushra Yacop
- Pediatrics department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
| | - Doaa ElSawy
- Haematolgy & Transfusion unit, Pathology Department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
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30
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Westphal A, Cheng W, Yu J, Grassl G, Krautkrämer M, Holst O, Föger N, Lee KH. Lysosomal trafficking regulator Lyst links membrane trafficking to toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory responses. J Exp Med 2016; 214:227-244. [PMID: 27881733 PMCID: PMC5206490 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Westphal et al. demonstrate a role of lysosomal trafficking regulator Lyst that couples the regulation of endolysosomal trafficking to inflammatory responses by the control of toll-like receptor–mediated endosomal TRIF signaling pathways. Subcellular compartmentalization of receptor signaling is an emerging principle in innate immunity. However, the functional integration of receptor signaling pathways into membrane trafficking routes and its physiological relevance for immune responses is still largely unclear. In this study, using Lyst-mutant beige mice, we show that lysosomal trafficking regulator Lyst links endolysosomal organization to the selective control of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)– and TLR4-mediated proinflammatory responses. Consequently, Lyst-mutant mice showed increased susceptibility to bacterial infection and were largely resistant to endotoxin-induced septic shock. Mechanistic analysis revealed that Lyst specifically controls TLR3- and TLR4-induced endosomal TRIF (TIR domain–containing adapter-inducing interferon β) signaling pathways. Loss of functional Lyst leads to dysregulated phagosomal maturation, resulting in a failure to form an activation-induced Rab7+ endosomal/phagosomal compartment. This specific Rab7+ compartment was further demonstrated to serve as a major site for active TRIF signaling events, thus linking phagosomal maturation to specific TLR signaling pathways. The immunoregulatory role of Lyst on TLR signaling pathways was confirmed in human cells by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene inactivation. As mutations in LYST cause human Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, a severe immunodeficiency, our findings also contribute to a better understanding of human disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Westphal
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inflammation Research Group, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Weijia Cheng
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inflammation Research Group, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jinbo Yu
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inflammation Research Group, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Guntram Grassl
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Krautkrämer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inflammation Research Group, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Otto Holst
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Niko Föger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inflammation Research Group, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kyeong-Hee Lee
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inflammation Research Group, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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31
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Faber IV, Prota JRM, Martinez ARM, Nucci A, Lopes-Cendes I, Júnior MCF. Inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy heralding accelerated chediak-higashi syndrome. Muscle Nerve 2016; 55:756-760. [PMID: 27669550 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder (gene CHS1/LYST) characterized by partial albinism, recurrent infections, and easy bruising. Survivors develop a constellation of slowly progressive neurological manifestations. METHODS We describe clinical, laboratory, electrophysiological, and genetic findings of a patient who developed an immune-mediated demyelinating neuropathy as the main clinical feature of CHS. RESULTS The patient presented with subacute flaccid paraparesis, absent reflexes, and reduced vibration sense. Protein and immunoglobulins (Igs) were elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid. Electrodiagnostic tests indicated an acquired chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy. Intravenous Ig and immunosuppressant treatment resulted in neurological improvement. The patient later developed organomegaly and pancytopenia. Bone-marrow smear revealed giant azurophilic granules pathognomonic for CHS. Two novel mutations in the LYST gene were identified through whole exome sequencing [c.7786C>T and c.9106 + 1G>T]. CONCLUSIONS This case expands the clinical phenotype of CHS and highlights inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy as a manifestation of the disease. Muscle Nerve 55: 756-760, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Vasconcellos Faber
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo,126. Cidade Universitaria "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Joana Rosa Marques Prota
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto Rolim Muro Martinez
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo,126. Cidade Universitaria "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anamarli Nucci
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo,126. Cidade Universitaria "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcondes Cavalcante França Júnior
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo,126. Cidade Universitaria "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The inherited platelet disorders have witnessed a surge in our understanding of molecular mechanisms of disease in the past few years due in large to part to the introduction of next-generation sequencing for discovery of novel genes. The purpose of this review is to update the reader on the novel discoveries with regard to the inherited platelet disorders, with a particular focus on describing the novel disorders described most recently. RECENT FINDINGS The description of novel mechanisms of disease including mutations in PRKACG, in a family with severe macrothrombocytopenia, RUNX1 and FLI1 mutations in patients with inherited mild platelet function disorders and CalDAG-GEFI resulting in a severe platelet bleeding phenotype show that there is still much to be learned from studying families and molecular sequencing of patients with well phenotyped platelet disorders. SUMMARY The implications for clinical practice of the continually growing list of genes described in small numbers of families makes whole exome/genome tempting as an option for evaluation of patients, but use outside of the research setting still needs to be done with extreme caution as interpretation of variants is likely to require additional studies.
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Ji X, Chang B, Naggert JK, Nishina PM. Lysosomal Trafficking Regulator (LYST). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 854:745-50. [PMID: 26427484 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of vesicle trafficking to lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles (LROs) as well as regulation of the size of these organelles are critical to maintain their functions. Disruption of the lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) results in Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS), a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, prolonged bleeding, severe immunodeficiency, recurrent bacterial infection, neurologic dysfunction and hemophagocytic lympohistiocytosis (HLH). The classic diagnostic feature of the syndrome is enlarged LROs in all cell types, including lysosomes, melanosomes, cytolytic granules and platelet dense bodies. The most striking CHS ocular pathology observed is an enlargement of melanosomes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which leads to aberrant distribution of eye pigmentation, and results in photophobia and decreased visual acuity. Understanding the molecular function of LYST and identification of its interacting partners may provide therapeutic targets for CHS and other diseases associated with the regulation of LRO size and/or vesicle trafficking, such as asthma, urticaria and Leishmania amazonensis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Ji
- The Jackson Laboratory, 04609, Bar Harbor, ME, USA. .,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, 600 Main Street, Orono, USA.
| | - Bo Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, 04609, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Pirmez
- Department of Dermatology; Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay - Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - M. del Rei
- Sector of Dermatology; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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A severe systemic presentation of pigmented villonodular synovitis in a child with underlying Chediak-Higashi syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop B 2015; 24:526-9. [PMID: 25967956 DOI: 10.1097/bpb.0000000000000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), a condition of synovial hyperproliferation that mostly affects large joints, is rare in children and conventionally lacks systemic symptoms. This report describes a complex paediatric patient who underwent bone marrow transplantation to control the accelerated phase of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Diffuse PVNS developed in one knee 2.75 years later. Progression of PVNS was accompanied by the development of severe systemic symptoms, which resolved rapidly following subtotal surgical debridement. The patient remains well with minimal elevation of inflammatory marker levels 10.5 years later. As PVNS and Chediak-Higashi syndrome are both very rare diseases we propose a potential unifying hypothesis for this combination.
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Seo JJ. Hematopoietic cell transplantation for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: recent advances and controversies. Blood Res 2015; 50:131-9. [PMID: 26457279 PMCID: PMC4595578 DOI: 10.5045/br.2015.50.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening hyperinflammatory clinical syndrome of uncontrolled immune response which results in hypercytokinemia due to underlying primary or secondary immune defect. A number of genetic defects in transport, processing and function of cytotoxic granules which result in defective granule exocytosis and cytotoxicity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells have been well identified at the cellular and molecular level. Important advances have been made during the last 20 years in the diagnosis and treatment of HLH. The Histiocyte Society has proposed diagnostic guideline using both clinical and laboratory findings in HLH-2004 protocol, and this has been modified partly in 2009. HLH used to be a fatal disease, but the survival of HLH patients has improved to more than 60% with the use of chemoimmunotherapy combined with hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) over the past 2 decades. However, HCT is still the only curative option of treatment for primary HLH and refractory/relapsed HLH after proper chemoimmunotherapy. The outcome of HCT for HLH patients was also improved steadily during last decades, but HCT for HLH still carries significant mortality and morbidity. Moreover, there remain ongoing controversies in various aspects of HCT including indication of HCT, donor selection, timing of HCT, conditioning regimen, and mixed chimerism after HCT. This review summarized the important practical issues which were proven by previous studies on HCT for HLH, and tried to delineate the controversies among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Jin Seo
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Infantile hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a case of chediak-higashi syndrome caused by a mutation in the LYST/CHS1 gene presenting with delayed umbilical cord detachment and diarrhea. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2015; 37:e73-9. [PMID: 25551669 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A 2-month-old female infant, born to consanguineous parents, presented with infections in skin and upper respiratory tract. She was notable for delayed umbilical cord detachment, partial albinism, and neurological irritability. Giant granules were present in white blood cells. The intracellular perforin content in CD8 T cells seems to correlate to the immune activation state of the patient with 82% and 8% perforin-containing CD8 T cells at active and nonactive hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) disease, respectively. HLH was confirmed by hemophagocytosis in bone marrow and absent natural killer cell activity. The patient carried a homozygous G>A mutation in the 3' splice site of intron 24 of the LYST/CHS1 gene, leading to the use of an alternative YAG splice site located in exon 25, introducing a premature STOP codon (L2355fsX2370; NP_000072.2). The early-onset accelerated phase in this severe phenotype of Chediak-Higashi syndrome was probably induced by rotaviral infection. Interestingly, the intracellular perforin content in CD8 T cells seems to correlate to the immune activation state of the patient. Late separation of the umbilical cord in concordance with clinical symptoms should lead to evaluation of a possible neutrophil dysfunction including Chediak-Higashi syndrome before onset of HLH.
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Wang L, Kantovitz KR, Cullinane AR, Nociti FH, Foster BL, Roney JC, Tran AB, Introne WJ, Somerman MJ. Skin fibroblasts from individuals with Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) exhibit hyposensitive immunogenic response. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:212. [PMID: 25528552 PMCID: PMC4296684 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by immunodeficiency, oculocutaneous albinism, neurological dysfunction, and early death. Individuals with CHS present with increased susceptibility to infections of the skin, upper-respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and oral tissues. Classical CHS is caused by mutations in the gene encoding lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST). Although defects in cytotoxic T cell lytic secretory granule secretion and neutrophil phagocytosis are suggested to contribute to the immunodeficiency in CHS, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that skin fibroblasts from CHS subjects exhibit impaired immune response due to defective trafficking of inflammatory factors. Methods and results Primary skin fibroblasts from CHS subjects or healthy controls were assessed for genes encoding inflammatory response factors using PCR array. At baseline, we found CD14, IL1R1 and TLR-1 were down-regulated significantly (≥2 fold change) and the genes encoding TLR-3, IL-1β and IL-6 were up-regulated in CHS cells compared to control cells. When challenged with E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), CHS cells were less responsive than control cells, with only 8 genes significantly up-regulated (3–68 fold change) compared to baseline values, whereas 28 genes in control cells were significantly up-regulated at a much higher magnitude (3–4,629 fold change). In addition, 50% of the genes significantly up-regulated in LPS-treated control cells were significantly lower in LPS-treated CHS cells. IL-6, a fibroblast-derived proinflammatory cytokine essential for fighting infections was significantly lower in culture media of CHS cells with or without LPS. Furthermore, Western blot and immunofluorescent staining revealed that TLR-2 and TLR-4 were diminished on cell membranes of CHS cells and dissociated from Rab11a. Conclusions For the first time, results from our study indicate defective trafficking of TLR-2 and TLR-4 contributes to the hyposensitive response of CHS skin fibroblasts to immunogenic challenge, providing a potential therapeutic target for clinical intervention in CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- NIH/NIAMS - National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Kamila Rosamilia Kantovitz
- NIH/NIAMS - National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,University of Campinas - Piracicaba Dental School, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Francisco Humberto Nociti
- NIH/NIAMS - National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,University of Campinas - Piracicaba Dental School, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Brian Lee Foster
- NIH/NIAMS - National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | - Anne Bich Tran
- NIH/NIAMS - National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | - Martha Joan Somerman
- NIH/NIAMS - National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) were characterized by progressive leg spasticity with various additional symptoms as follows: peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, extrapyramidal symptoms, mental impairment, optic atrophy, pigmental retinopathy, and so on. Many genetic loci (SPG1-72) and more than 50 genes were identified so far. Recently, we identified the causative gene, C12orf65, that was reported the gene for Leigh syndrome, for autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia with optic atrophy and neuropathy (SPG55). We also identified the mutation of the LYST gene, that is causative gene for Chediak-Higashi syndrome, for the autosomal recessive complicated spastic paraplegia with cerebellar ataxia and neuropathy. In this review, we introduced clinical symptoms about our cases suffered from SPG4, SPG11, SPG55 and complicated spastic paraplegia due to adult Chediak-Higashi syndrome. SPG4, that is usually exhibits pure spastic paraplegia, but our case shows mental impairment and variable age of onset. HSPs are clinically and genetically heterogeneous syndromes, i. e., same gene mutations with different clinical manifestations or same clinical presentations with different gene mutations. We should perform board range differential diagnosis and analysis of numerous causative genes to the patients with spastic paraplegia, especially autosomal recessive trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Shimazaki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University
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