Immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in patients with and without systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective study

Atypical Presentations of Pediatric-acquired Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

BACKGROUND

Immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) in children is a rare, severe thrombotic microangiopathy. This condition is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, severe thrombocytopenia, and organ ischemia due to reduced activity of the von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease ADAMTS13.

METHODS

A retrospective case series evaluating data collected from the medical files of 4 children diagnosed with iTTP.

RESULTS

The presented case series depicts a variety of iTTP presentations: 1 case of primary iTTP, 1 case induced by Shiga toxin, 1 associated with RAS-associated autoimmune leukoproliferative disease (RALD), and 1 initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Notably, 2 patients recovered without undergoing plasma exchange.

CONCLUSION

Early ADAMTS13 testing in children with unexplained hemolysis or thrombocytopenia is crucial. The diverse underlying causes, including infections and autoimmune disorders, underscore the complexity of iTTP in the pediatric population. These cases highlight the necessity for personalized treatment approaches that consider each patient's unique clinical situation and potential alternatives or modifications to conventional therapeutic regimens.

Incidence and medical costs of lupus in Spanish hospitals: a retrospective database analysis

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to assess the comorbidity profile, use of healthcare resources and medical costs of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) treated at the hospital level in Spain.

METHODS

Admission records of patients with SLE and CLE that were registered between January 2016 and December 2020 were obtained from a Spanish hospital discharge database and analyzed in a retrospective multicenter study.

RESULTS

329 patients met the criteria; 64.44% were female and 35.56% were male, with a median age of 54.65 years. Mean Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was 2.75 in the index admission. 31.61% of the patients suffered essential hypertension, 21.96% suffered asthma and 19.76% suffered hyperlipidemia. Mortality rate was 3.95%. The most common medical procedure was heart ultrasound (19.45%) and introduction in peripheral vein of anti-inflammatory with a percutaneous approach (17.93%). Mean admission cost was €6355.99.

CONCLUSIONS

Lupus patients showed a higher incidence and prevalence in the female population, with associated cardiac diseases as the main secondary conditions.

Concomitant presentation of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune thrombocytopenia, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a patient with newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus

Thrombocytopenia is always of concern when encountered in emergency settings. We report a case of a 29-year-old women in whom a unique constellation of hematological disorders occurred. The patient had been diagnosed with idiopathic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in 2007, with a history of several thrombocytopenic flares. She now presented with homonymous hemianopia accompanied by thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) and was soon after diagnosed with a posterior stroke. Symptoms were more reminiscent of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (aTTP) rather than ITP. Immediate treatment with plasma exchange and caplacizumab curtailed MAHA, and progressive ischemic disease was averted. ADAMTS-13 testing confirmed the diagnosis of immune-mediated aTTP. Repeated testing for ITP, however, also showed IgG-loaded thrombocytes with the former known anti-GPIIb/IIIa specificity. Furthermore, autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) could be detected by direct antiglobulin test showing IgG and complement loading of the patient's erythrocytes. The autoimmune background of all three entities suggested an underlying systemic disease. Indeed, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) serology was strongly positive allowing for the diagnosis of SLE. ITP and AIHA as well as aTTP can be secondary to SLE, but emergence of all three disorders has not been reported at the same time.

Laboratory investigation and diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare and potentially fatal disease for which rapid diagnosis is crucial for patient outcomes. Deficient activity (< 10%) of the liver enzyme, ADAMTS13, is the pathophysiological hallmark of TTP, and measurement of the enzyme activity can establish the diagnosis of TTP with high accuracy. Thus, along with the clinical history, appropriate laboratory assessment of a suspected case of TTP is essential for diagnosis and treatment. Here, we present a review of the available laboratory tests that can assist clinicians in establishing the diagnosis of TTP, with special focus on ADAMTS13 assays, including the measurement of the antigen and activity, and detection of autoantibodies to ADAMTS13.

Successful Treatment of Refractory Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) With Caplacizumab: A Case Report

We report a female patient who presented with generalized weakness, episodes of altered mental status and slurred speech, and a history of systemic lupus erythematosus. Initial investigations showed profound thrombocytopenia and schistocytosis on peripheral blood smear. PLASMIC score was promptly calculated, and plasma exchange with steroids was initiated based on the initial high PLASMIC score. Bone marrow examination showed hypocellular marrow without any other obvious abnormalities. The patient's platelet counts initially improved but had a quick decline, on which, rituximab and subsequently caplacizumab were introduced. The patient was discharged after stabilization with plasma exchange (PLEX) therapy as needed on an outpatient basis.

Response to belimumab in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-based review

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), a life-threatening syndrome characterized by acute microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and visceral ischemia, can be classified as congenital TTP (inherited due to a mutation in ADAMTS13) and acquired TTP. The acquired TTP is further classified as idiopathic and secondary TTP. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is regarded as one of the most common causes of secondary TTP (SLE-TTP). In contrast to patients with idiopathic TTP, some patients with SLE-TTP, especially those diagnosed with refractory TTP, are resistant to plasma exchange and high-dose corticosteroids and usually require second-line drugs, including newly developed biologicals. Belimumab, a B-lymphocyte stimulator-specific inhibitor, was the first approved new therapy for SLE in the past 50 years. Only two cases of SLE-TTP using belimumab have been reported; however, detailed information has not been made available. Herein, we describe a 28-year-old female patient who presented with palm petechiae, strong tawny urine, and yellow stained skin and sclera, and was diagnosed with SLE-TTP supported by high anti-ANA titers; positive anti-SSA/SM; pleural effusion; decreased platelet count, hemoglobin, and complement C3/C4 counts; increased lactate dehydrogenase level, along with increased schistocytes; and a significant deficiency of ADAMTS13 activity. Belimumab (10 mg/kg) was administered after six plasma exchanges. Good efficiency and outcomes without any adverse events, SLE, or TTP relapse were observed during 12 months of follow-up. Therefore, belimumab is a promising choice for SLE-TTP management. In addition, we provide a focused review of the existing literature on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies for SLE-TTP.

The Efficacy and Safety of Plasma Exchange in the Treatment of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Background

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a clinically rare thrombotic cardiovascular and microvascular disease. The purpose of this study was to observe the clinical efficacy and safety of plasma exchange in the treatment of TTP.

Methods

A total of 16 TTP patients who underwent plasma exchange from January 2015 to December 2020 were selected. The clinical data of all patients were collected for retrospective analysis. The effective rate of treatment, the changes of blood cell count before and after treatment, and adverse reactions during treatment were analyzed.

Results

A total of 50 plasma exchanges were performed in 16 TTP patients. After plasma exchange treatment, there were 4 invalid and 12 improved patients. The total effective rate of plasma exchange in patients with TTP was 75.0%. After treatment, platelet count (PLT) and hemoglobin (Hb) levels were significantly increased in TTP patients. Compared with before treatment, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), indirect bilirubin (IBIL), total bilirubin (TBIL), and broken red blood cells were significantly reduced. In addition, 3 adverse reactions occurred in 50 plasmapheresis procedures, and the incidence of adverse reactions was 6.0%.

Conclusion

Plasma exchange therapy has a good therapeutic effect on TTP and can significantly improve abnormal blood cell count in patients with high safety.

Successful treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with plasmapheresis and anti-CD20 antibodies in a patient with immune thrombocytopenia and systemic lupus erythematosus: Case report

RATIONALE

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology with diverse clinical and laboratory manifestations, including thrombocytopenia. About 25% of patients with SLE may be affected by thrombocytopenia, many of whom are asymptomatic. Some patients, however, experience platelet counts that drop quite low and predispose them to bleeding. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is defined with a classic pentad of clinical features, such as thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, neurological symptoms and signs, renal symptoms and signs, and fever. The association of TTP and SLE has been sporadically reported in the literature.

PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSIS

We describe a 16-year-old girl with SLE and immune thrombocytopenia, in whom TTP was diagnosed.

INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES

She was treated with pulse methylprednisolone, whose platelet counts normalized after therapy with plasmapheresis and an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab).

CONCLUSION

A pediatric patient with SLE and immune thrombocytopenia in whom TTP developed was treated with plasmapheresis and rituximab therapy successfully, though the patient experienced a disease relapsed after 18 months, which was controlled by the same management.

Autoimmune-mediated renal disease and hypertension

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and mortality. Troublingly, hypertension is highly prevalent in patients with autoimmune renal disease and hastens renal functional decline. Although progress has been made over the past two decades in understanding the inflammatory contributions to essential hypertension more broadly, the mechanisms active in autoimmune-mediated renal diseases remain grossly understudied. This Review provides an overview of the pathogenesis of each of the major autoimmune diseases affecting the kidney that are associated with hypertension, and describes the current state of knowledge regarding hypertension in these diseases and their management. Specifically, discussion focuses on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Lupus Nephritis (LN), Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Nephropathy, Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy (IMN), Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis, and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP). A summary of disease-specific animal models found to exhibit hypertension is also included to highlight opportunities for much needed further investigation of underlying mechanisms and novel therapeutic approaches.