Wołoszczak J, Wrześniewska M, Hrapkowicz A, Janowska K, Szydziak J, Gomułka K. A Comprehensive Outlook on Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis-A Review.
Int J Mol Sci 2024;
25:7092. [PMID:
39000201 PMCID:
PMC11241585 DOI:
10.3390/ijms25137092]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is an ultra-rare disease caused by impaired pulmonary surfactant clearance due to the dysfunction of alveolar macrophages or their signaling pathways. PAP is categorized into autoimmune, congenital, and secondary PAP, with autoimmune PAP being the most prevalent. This article aims to present a comprehensive review of PAP classification, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostics, and treatment. The literature search was conducted using the PubMed database and a total of 67 articles were selected. The PAP diagnosis is usually based on clinical symptoms, radiological imaging, and bronchoalveolar lavage, with additional GM-CSF antibody tests. The gold standard for PAP treatment is whole-lung lavage. This review presents a summary of the most recent findings concerning pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pointing out specific features that require further investigation.
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