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Asadi N, Sadeghzadeh H, Rahmani Del Bakhshayesh A, Nezami Asl A, Dadashpour M, Karimi Hajishoreh N, Kaamyabi S, Akbarzadeh A. Preparation and characterization of propolis reinforced eggshell membrane/ GelMA composite hydrogel for biomedical applications. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:21. [PMID: 37434201 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelatin methacrylate-based hydrogels (GelMA) were widely used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, to manipulate their various chemical and physical properties and create high-efficiency hydrogels, different materials have been used in their structure. Eggshell membrane (ESM) and propolis are two nature-derived materials that could be used to improve the various characteristics of hydrogels, especially structural and biological properties. Hence, the main purpose of this study is the development of a new type of GelMA hydrogel containing ESM and propolis, for use in regenerative medicine. In this regard, in this study, after synthesizing GelMA, the fragmented ESM fibers were added to it and the GM/EMF hydrogel was made using a photoinitiator and visible light irradiation. Finally, GM/EMF/P hydrogels were prepared by incubating GM/EMF hydrogels in the propolis solution for 24 h. After various structural, chemical, and biological characterizations, it was found that the hydrogels obtained in this study offer improved morphological, hydrophilic, thermal, mechanical, and biological properties. The developed GM/EMF/P hydrogel presented more porosity with smaller and interconnected pores compared to the other hydrogels. GM/EMF hydrogels due to possessing EMF showed compressive strength up to 25.95 ± 1.69 KPa, which is more than the compressive strength provided by GM hydrogels (24.550 ± 4.3 KPa). Also, GM/EMF/P hydrogel offered the best compressive strength (44.65 ± 3.48) due to the presence of both EMF and propolis. GM scaffold with a contact angle of about 65.41 ± 2.199 θ showed more hydrophobicity compared to GM/EMF (28.67 ± 1.58 θ), and GM/EMF/P (26.24 ± 0.73 θ) hydrogels. Also, the higher swelling percentage of GM/EMF/P hydrogels (343.197 ± 42.79) indicated the high capacity of this hydrogel to retain more water than other scaffolds. Regarding the biocompatibility of the fabricated structures, MTT assay results showed that GM/EMF/P hydrogel significantly (p-value < 0.05) supported cell viability. Based on the results, it seems that GM/EMF/P hydrogel could be a promising biomaterial candidate for use in various fields of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahideh Asadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Sadeghzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azizeh Rahmani Del Bakhshayesh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Dadashpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Sharif Kaamyabi
- Department of Chemistry, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Opris H, Baciut M, Bran S, Dinu C, Armencea G, Opris D, Mitre I, Manea A, Stoia S, Tamas T, Barbur I, Baciut G. Characterization of eggshell as a bio-regeneration material. Med Pharm Rep 2023; 96:93-100. [PMID: 36818316 PMCID: PMC9924816 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to identify and summarize the characteristic features of eggshell for regeneration purpose in oral surgery procedures. Methods A review of literature was undertaken based on the PubMed database. A search to reveal the current state of knowledge and the current uses of the eggshell as a biomaterial was performed. The characteristics of the materials, the specific use, the procedure and the outcome were extracted from the articles. Results The materials have been found to be used in humans, animals, and in vitro studies. There is a wide use regarding oral surgery especially in experimental models. There have also been attempts to enhance certain properties and improve the capabilities of eggshell as a biomaterial. There is yet a commercial product to be developed and approved for human use. Conclusions Eggshell can be an important biowaste which can be of use in guided bone regeneration procedures, but it has not yet entered the commercial phase and approval through official regulation channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horia Opris
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Baciut
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simion Bran
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Dinu
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Armencea
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daiana Opris
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ileana Mitre
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Avram Manea
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sebastian Stoia
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Tamas
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Barbur
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Grigore Baciut
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Dhasmana A, Malik S, Sharma AK, Ranjan A, Chauhan A, Harakeh S, Al-Raddadi RM, Almashjary MN, Bawazir WMS, Haque S. Fabrication and evaluation of herbal beads to slow cell ageing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1025405. [PMID: 36568310 PMCID: PMC9773394 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1025405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several therapies and cosmetics are available commercially to prevent or delay cell ageing, which manifests as premature cell death and skin dullness. Use of herbal products such as Aloe vera, curcumin, vitamin C-enriched natural antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory biomolecules are potential ways to prevent or delay ageing. Eggshell membrane (ESM) is also a rich source of collagen; glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) also play an essential role in healing and preventing ageing. It is important to use an extended therapeutic process to prolong the effectiveness of these products, despite the fact that they all have significant anti-ageing properties and the ability to regenerate healthy cells. Encapsulated herbal components are therefore designed to overcome the challenge of ensuring continued treatment over time to prolong the effects of a bioactive component after in situ administration. To study their synergistic effects on a cellular level, alginate, Aloe vera, and orange peel extract were encapsulated in bio-polymeric foaming beads and modified with eggshell membrane protein (ESMP) at various concentrations (1 gm, 2 gm, and 5 gm): (A-Av-OP, A-Av-OP-ESMP1, ESMP2, and ESMP3). Analysis of the structural and functional properties of foaming beads showed interconnected 3D porous structure, a surface-functionalized group for entrapment of ESMP, and a significant reduction in pore size (51-35 m) and porosity (80%-60%). By performing DPPH assays, HRBC stabilization assays, and antibacterial tests, the beads were assessed as a natural anti-ageing product with sustained release of molecules effective against inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and microbial contamination. MTT assays were conducted using in vitro cell cultures to demonstrate cytocompatibility (in mouse 3T3 fibroblast cells) and cytotoxicity (in human carcinoma HeLa cells). Our study demonstrates that bio-polymeric ESMP beads up to 2 g (A-Av-OP-ESMP2) are practical and feasible natural remedies for suspending defective cell pathways, preventing cell ageing, and promoting healthy cell growth, resulting in a viable and practical natural remedy or therapeutic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archna Dhasmana
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Amit Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr KNMIPER, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuj Ranjan
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Abhishek Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Steve Harakeh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed N. Almashjary
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Animal House Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Mohammed S. Bawazir
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Xia L, Chen F, Chao J, Zhang D, Tian Y, Zhang D. Femtosecond laser engineered eggshell membrane for durable oil/water separation under harsh conditions. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Harper E, Cunningham E, Connolly L. Using in vitro bioassays to guide the development of safer bio-based polymers for use in food packaging. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:936014. [PMID: 36204697 PMCID: PMC9531239 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.936014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Petroleum-based polymers traditionally used for plastic packaging production have been shown to leach dangerous chemicals such as bisphenol-A (BPA). Bio-based polymers are potentially safer alternatives, and many can be sustainably sourced from waste streams in the food industry. This study assesses bio-based polymers undergoing food packaging development for migration of endocrine disrupting leachates at the level of estrogen, androgen and progestagen nuclear receptor transcriptional activity. Reporter gene assays were coupled with migration testing, performed using standardised test conditions for storage and temperature. Test samples include nine bio-based polymers and four inorganic waste additives mixed with a traditional petroleum-based polymer, polypropylene. Thermoplastic starch material, polybutylene succinate, polycaprolactone, polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), two polylactic acid (PLA)/PBAT blends, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and eggshell/polypropylene (10:90) presented no significant reduction in metabolic activity or hormonal activity under any test condition. Polypropylene (PP) presented no hormonal activity. Metabolic activity was reduced in the estrogen responsive cell line after 10 days migration testing of eggshell/polypropylene (0.1:99.9) in MeOH at 40°C, and PP in MeOH and dH20. Estrogenic agonist activity was observed after 10 days in poultry litter ash/polypropylene (10:90) in MeOH at 20°C and 40°C, poultry feather based polymer in MeOH and dH2O at 40°C, and eggshell/polypropylene (40:60) and PLA in dH2O at 40°C. Activity was within a range of 0.26–0.50 ng 17β-estradiol equivalents per ml, equating to an estrogenic potency of 3–∼2800 times less than the estrogenic leachate BPA. Poultry litter ash/polypropylene (10:90) in MeOH for 10 days presented estrogenic activity at 20°C and 40°C within the above range and anti-androgenic activity at 40°C. Progestagenic activity was not observed for any of the compounds under any test condition. Interestingly, lower concentrations of eggshell or PP may eliminate eggshell estrogenicity and PP toxicity. Alternatively eggshell may bind and eliminate the toxic elements of PP. Similarly, PLA estrogenic activity was removed in both PLA/PBAT blends. This study demonstrates the benefits of bioassay guidance in the development of safer and sustainable packaging alternatives to petroleum-based plastics. Manipulating the types of additives and their formulations alongside toxicological testing may further improve safety aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Harper
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Eoin Cunningham
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Connolly
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Lisa Connolly,
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Ning C, Gao C, Li P, Fu L, Chen W, Liao Z, Xu Z, Yuan Z, Guo W, Sui X, Liu S, Guo Q. Dual‐Phase Aligned Composite Scaffolds Loaded with Tendon‐Derived Stem Cells for Achilles Tendon Repair. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ning
- Chinese PLA Medical School No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 P. R. China
- Institute of Orthopedics Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 P. R. China
| | - Cangjian Gao
- Chinese PLA Medical School No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 P. R. China
- Institute of Orthopedics Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 P. R. China
| | - Pinxue Li
- Institute of Orthopedics Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 P. R. China
| | - Liwei Fu
- Institute of Orthopedics Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Orthopedics Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 P. R. China
| | - Zhiyao Liao
- Institute of Orthopedics Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 P. R. China
| | - Zizheng Xu
- Institute of Orthopedics Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
| | - Weimin Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University No. 58 Zhongshan Second Road, Yuexiu District Guangzhou Guangdong 510080 P. R. China
| | - Xiang Sui
- Institute of Orthopedics Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 P. R. China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Institute of Orthopedics Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 P. R. China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- Chinese PLA Medical School No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 P. R. China
- Institute of Orthopedics Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District Beijing 100853 P. R. China
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Jana S, Das P, Mukherjee J, Banerjee D, Ghosh PR, Kumar Das P, Bhattacharya RN, Nandi SK. Waste-derived biomaterials as building blocks in the biomedical field. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:489-505. [PMID: 35018942 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02125g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in the biomedical arena have led to the fabrication of innovative biomaterials by utilizing bioactive molecules obtained from biological wastes released from fruit and beverage processing industries, and fish, meat, and poultry industries. These biological wastes that end up in water bodies as well as in landfills are an affluent source of animal- and plant-derived proteins, bio ceramics and polysaccharides such as collagens, gelatins, chitins, chitosans, eggshell membrane proteins, hydroxyapatites, celluloses, and pectins. These bioactive molecules have been intricately designed into scaffolds and dressing materials by utilizing advanced technologies for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing relevance. These biomaterials are environment-friendly, biodegradable, and biocompatible, and show excellent tissue regeneration attributes. Additionally, being cost-effective they can reduce the burden on the healthcare system as well as provide a sustainable solution to waste management. In this review, the current trends in the utilization of plant and animal waste-derived biomaterials in various biomedical fields are considered along with a separate section on their applications as xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Jana
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India
| | - Piyali Das
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Barasat, West Bengal 700126, India
| | - Joydip Mukherjee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India
| | - Dipak Banerjee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India
| | - Prabal Ranjan Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India
| | - Pradip Kumar Das
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India
| | | | - Samit Kumar Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India.
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Mahdavi S, Amirsadeghi A, Jafari A, Niknezhad SV, Bencherif SA. Avian Egg: A Multifaceted Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021; 60:17348-17364. [PMID: 35317347 PMCID: PMC8935878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Most components in avian eggs, offering a natural and environmentally friendly source of raw materials, hold great potential in tissue engineering. An avian egg consists of several beneficial elements: the protective eggshell, the eggshell membrane, the egg white (albumen), and the egg yolk (vitellus). The eggshell is mostly composed of calcium carbonate and has intrinsic biological properties that stimulate bone repair. It is a suitable precursor for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate, which are particularly relevant for bone tissue engineering. The eggshell membrane is a thin protein-based layer with a fibrous structure and is constituted of several valuable biopolymers, such as collagen and hyaluronic acid, that are also found in the human extracellular matrix. As a result, the eggshell membrane has found several applications in skin tissue repair and regeneration. The egg white is a protein-rich material that is under investigation for the design of functional protein-based hydrogel scaffolds. The egg yolk, mostly composed of lipids but also diverse essential nutrients (e.g., proteins, minerals, vitamins), has potential applications in wound healing and bone tissue engineering. This review summarizes the advantages and status of each egg component in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, but also covers their current limitations and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Mahdavi
- Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Armin Amirsadeghi
- Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71348-51154, Iran
| | - Arman Jafari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71348-51154, Iran
| | - Seyyed Vahid Niknezhad
- Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sidi A. Bencherif
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02128, United States
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Mohammadzadeh L, Mahkam M, Barzegari A, Karimi A, Kafil HS, Salehi R, Rahbarghazi R. Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial properties of hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds for cutaneous tissue engineering. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1682-1696. [PMID: 34533763 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since polymeric nanofibrous scaffolds have been widely used in tissue regeneration, the risk of bacterial infections should not be neglected. In the present work, poly-caprolactone-silk fibroin-soluble eggshell membrane-silver nanoparticles (PCL-SF-SESM-AgNPs) and caprolactone-silk fibroin-soluble eggshell membrane-chitosan (PCL-SF-SESM-CS) scaffolds were fabricated via the electrospinning method for cutaneous regeneration. The composition, morphology, hydrophilicity, and mechanical features of prepared scaffolds were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), tensile, and water contact angle tests. The existence of AgNPs in PCL/SF/SESM/AgNPs nanofibers was confirmed by UV-visible, Transmission electron microscopes (TEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns. Besides, cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation process of cutaneous progenitor cells, namely basal cell carcinoma (BCCs), toward keratinocyte-like cells were evaluated using MTT analysis, DAPI, Immunofluorescence imaging (IF), and Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (QRT-PCR) assay. The results indicated that prepared nanofibrous mats are appropriate candidates for cutaneous regeneration and in advanced in vivo applications could be used. Lastly, the antimicrobial potential of prepared nanofibers against microorganisms such as E. coli, S. aureus, and C. Albicans was analyzed using the disc diffusion method. Results revealed that chitosan-containing nanofibrous scaffolds indicate inhibition against S. aureus, but PCL-SF-SESM as control group not. In addition, against C. albicans any antifungal activity was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mohammadzadeh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Mahkam
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Karimi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences,, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Sharma S, Madhyastha H, Laxmi Swetha K, Maravajjala KS, Singh A, Madhyastha R, Nakajima Y, Roy A. Development of an in-situ forming, self-healing scaffold for dermal wound healing: in-vitro and in-vivo studies. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112263. [PMID: 34474822 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) for wound healing has been extensively researched. Understanding its importance, multiple ECM mimetic scaffolds have been developed. However, the majority of such scaffolds are prefabricated. Due to their stiffness, prefabricated scaffolds cannot come into direct contact with the basal skin cells at the wound bed, limiting their efficacy. We have developed a unique wound dressing, using chitosan (CH) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), that can form a porous scaffold (CH-CS PEC) in-situ, at the wound site, by simple mixing of the polymer solutions. As CH is positively and CS is negatively charged, mixing these two polymer solutions would lead to electrostatic cross-linking between the polymers, converting them to a porous, viscoelastic scaffold. Owing to the in-situ formation, the scaffold can come in direct contact with the cells at the wound bed, supporting their proliferation and biofunction. In the present study, we confirmed the cross-linked scaffold formation by solid-state NMR, XRD, and TGA analysis. We have demonstrated that the scaffold had a high viscoelastic property, with self-healing capability. Both keratinocyte and fibroblast cells exhibited significantly increased migration and functional markers expression when grown on this scaffold. In the rat skin-excisional wound model, treatment with the in-situ forming CH-CS PEC exhibited enhanced wound healing efficacy. Altogether, this study demonstrated that mixing CH and CS solutions lead to the spontaneous formation of a highly viscoelastic, porous scaffold, which can support epidermal and dermal cell proliferation and bio-function, with an enhanced in-vivo wound healing efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Vidya Vihar, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 8891692 Miyazaki, Japan.
| | - K Laxmi Swetha
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Vidya Vihar, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Kavya Sree Maravajjala
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Vidya Vihar, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Archana Singh
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Radha Madhyastha
- Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 8891692 Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 8891692 Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Aniruddha Roy
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Vidya Vihar, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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11
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Fei Y, Huang Q, Hu Z, Yang X, Yang B, Liu S. Biomimetic Cerium Oxide Loaded Gelatin PCL Nanosystems for Wound Dressing on Cutaneous Care Management of Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Wound Healing. J CLUST SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Abstract
The rapid development of nanotechnology paved the way for further expansion of polymer chemistry and the fabrication of advanced polymeric membranes. Such modifications allowed enhancing or adding some unique properties, including mechanical strength, excellent biocompatibility, easily controlled degradability, and biological activity. This chapter discusses various applications of polymeric membranes in three significant areas of biomedicine, including tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, and diagnostics. It is intended to highlight here possible ways of improvement the properties of polymeric membranes, by modifying with other polymers, functional groups, compounds, drugs, bioactive components, and nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta J. Woźniak-Budych
- NanoBioMedical Centre , Adam Mickiewicz University , Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3 , Poznań 61-614 , Poland
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13
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Terrell JA, Jones CG, Kabandana GKM, Chen C. From cells-on-a-chip to organs-on-a-chip: scaffolding materials for 3D cell culture in microfluidics. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:6667-6685. [PMID: 32567628 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00718h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is an emerging research area to integrate scaffolding materials in microfluidic devices for 3D cell culture (organs-on-a-chip). The technology of organs-on-a-chip holds the potential to obviate the gaps between pre-clinical and clinical studies. As accumulating evidence shows the importance of extracellular matrix in in vitro cell culture, significant efforts have been made to integrate 3D ECM/scaffolding materials in microfluidics. There are two families of materials that are commonly used for this purpose: hydrogels and electrospun fibers. In this review, we briefly discuss the properties of the materials, and focus on the various technologies to obtain the materials (e.g. extraction of collagen from animal tissues) and to include the materials in microfluidic devices. Challenges and potential solutions of the current materials and technologies were also thoroughly discussed. At the end, we provide a perspective on future efforts to make these technologies more translational to broadly benefit pharmaceutical and pathophysiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Terrell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 21250, MD, USA.
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14
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Wang Z, Song X, Cui Y, Cheng K, Tian X, Dong M, Liu L. Silk fibroin H-fibroin/poly(ε-caprolactone) core-shell nanofibers with enhanced mechanical property and long-term drug release. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 593:142-151. [PMID: 33744525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The scaffold materials with good mechanical and structural properties, controlled drug release performance, biocompatibility and biodegradability are important tenet in tissue engineering. In this work, the functional core-shell nanofibers with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) as shell and silk fibroin heavy chain (H-fibroin) as core were constructed by emulsion electrospinning. The transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the nanofiber with core-shell structure were successfully prepared. The constructed nanofiber materials were characterized by the several characterization methods. The results showed that ethanol treatment could induce the formation of β-sheet of H-fibroin in composite nanofibers, thus improving the mechanical properties of PCL/H-fibroin nanofiber scaffold. In addition, we evaluated the potential of PCL/H-fibroin nanofiber membrane as a biological scaffold. It was found that PCL/H-fibroin nanofiber scaffold was more conducive to cell adhesion and proliferation with the increment of H-fibroin. Finally, in vitro drug release presented that PCL/H-fibroin core-shell nanofibers could effectively reduce the prophase burst of drug molecules and show the sustained drug release. The PCL/H-fibroin nanofiber scaffolds constructed in this work have good mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and display good potential in biomedical applications, such as drug carriers, tissue engineering and wound dressings, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengkai Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaolu Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yanhua Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaohua Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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15
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Baláž M, Boldyreva EV, Rybin D, Pavlović S, Rodríguez-Padrón D, Mudrinić T, Luque R. State-of-the-Art of Eggshell Waste in Materials Science: Recent Advances in Catalysis, Pharmaceutical Applications, and Mechanochemistry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:612567. [PMID: 33585413 PMCID: PMC7873488 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.612567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggshell waste is among the most abundant waste materials coming from food processing technologies. Despite the unique properties that both its components (eggshell, ES, and eggshell membrane, ESM) possess, it is very often discarded without further use. This review article aims to summarize the recent reports utilizing eggshell waste for very diverse purposes, stressing the need to use a mechanochemical approach to broaden its applications. The most studied field with regards to the potential use of eggshell waste is catalysis. Upon proper treatment, it can be used for turning waste oils into biodiesel and moreover, the catalytic effect of eggshell-based material in organic synthesis is also very beneficial. In inorganic chemistry, the eggshell membrane is very often used as a templating agent for nanoparticles production. Such composites are suitable for application in photocatalysis. These bionanocomposites are also capable of heavy metal ions reduction and can be also used for the ozonation process. The eggshell and its membrane are applicable in electrochemistry as well. Due to the high protein content and the presence of functional groups on the surface, ESM can be easily converted to a high-performance electrode material. Finally, both ES and ESM are suitable for medical applications, as the former can be used as an inexpensive Ca2+ source for the development of medications, particles for drug delivery, organic matrix/mineral nanocomposites as potential tissue scaffolds, food supplements and the latter for the treatment of joint diseases, in reparative medicine and vascular graft producing. For the majority of the above-mentioned applications, the pretreatment of the eggshell waste is necessary. Among other options, the mechanochemical pretreatment has found an inevitable place. Since the publication of the last review paper devoted to the mechanochemical treatment of eggshell waste, a few new works have appeared, which are reviewed here to underline the sustainable character of the proposed methodology. The mechanochemical treatment of eggshell is capable of producing the nanoscale material which can be further used for bioceramics synthesis, dehalogenation processes, wastewater treatment, preparation of hydrophobic filters, lithium-ion batteries, dental materials, and in the building industry as cement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Baláž
- Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Elena V. Boldyreva
- Department of Solid State Chemistry, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry Rybin
- Udmurt Federal Research Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russia
- Mezomax Inc., San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Stefan Pavlović
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering, University of Belgrade – Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy – National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Tihana Mudrinić
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering, University of Belgrade – Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy – National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rafael Luque
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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16
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Liang J, Cui L, Li J, Guan S, Zhang K, Li J. Aloe vera: A Medicinal Plant Used in Skin Wound Healing. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 27:455-474. [PMID: 33066720 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin injury is a major problem threatening human physical and mental health, and how to promote wound healing has been the focus. Developing new wound dressings is an important strategy in skin regeneration. Aloe vera is a medicinal plant with a long history, complex constituents, and various pharmacological activities. Many studies have shown that A. vera plays an important role in promoting wound healing. Adding A. vera to wound dressing has become an ideal way. This review will describe the process of skin injury and wound healing and analyze the role of A. vera in wound healing. In addition, the types of wound dressing and the applications of A. vera in wound dressing will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Liang
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Longlong Cui
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiankang Li
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shuaimeng Guan
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jingan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
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17
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Rønning SB, Berg RS, Høst V, Veiseth-Kent E, Wilhelmsen CR, Haugen E, Suso HP, Barham P, Schmidt R, Pedersen ME. Processed Eggshell Membrane Powder Is a Promising Biomaterial for Use in Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218130. [PMID: 33143232 PMCID: PMC7663119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the tissue regenerating and biomechanical properties of processed eggshell membrane powder (PEP) for use in 3D-scaffolds. PEP is a low-cost, natural biomaterial with beneficial bioactive properties. Most importantly, this material is available as a by-product of the chicken egg processing (breaking) industry on a large scale, and it could have potential as a low-cost ingredient for therapeutic scaffolds. Scaffolds consisting of collagen alone and collagen combined with PEP were produced and analyzed for their mechanical properties and the growth of primary fibroblasts and skeletal muscle cells. Mechanical testing revealed that a PEP/collagen-based scaffold increased the mechanical hardness of the scaffold compared with a pure collagen scaffold. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated an interconnected porous structure for both scaffolds, and that the PEP was evenly distributed in dense clusters within the scaffold. Fibroblast and skeletal muscle cells attached, were viable and able to proliferate for 1 and 2 weeks in both scaffolds. The cell types retained their phenotypic properties expressing phenotype markers of fibroblasts (TE7, alpha-smooth muscle actin) and skeletal muscle (CD56) visualized by immunostaining. mRNA expression of the skeletal muscle markers myoD, myogenin, and fibroblasts marker (SMA) together with extracellular matrix components supported viable phenotypes and matrix-producing cells in both types of scaffolds. In conclusion, PEP is a promising low-cost, natural biomaterial for use in combination with collagen as a scaffold for 3D-tissue engineering to improve the mechanical properties and promote cellular adhesion and growth of regenerating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissel B. Rønning
- Nofima AS, Pb 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (S.B.R.); (R.S.B.); (V.H.); (E.V.-K.); (C.R.W.); (E.H.)
| | - Ragnhild S. Berg
- Nofima AS, Pb 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (S.B.R.); (R.S.B.); (V.H.); (E.V.-K.); (C.R.W.); (E.H.)
| | - Vibeke Høst
- Nofima AS, Pb 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (S.B.R.); (R.S.B.); (V.H.); (E.V.-K.); (C.R.W.); (E.H.)
| | - Eva Veiseth-Kent
- Nofima AS, Pb 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (S.B.R.); (R.S.B.); (V.H.); (E.V.-K.); (C.R.W.); (E.H.)
| | - Christian R. Wilhelmsen
- Nofima AS, Pb 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (S.B.R.); (R.S.B.); (V.H.); (E.V.-K.); (C.R.W.); (E.H.)
| | - Eirik Haugen
- Nofima AS, Pb 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (S.B.R.); (R.S.B.); (V.H.); (E.V.-K.); (C.R.W.); (E.H.)
| | - Henri-Pierre Suso
- Biovotec AS, Postbox 1001 Hoff, 0218 Oslo, Norway; (H.-P.S.); (P.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Paul Barham
- Biovotec AS, Postbox 1001 Hoff, 0218 Oslo, Norway; (H.-P.S.); (P.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Ralf Schmidt
- Biovotec AS, Postbox 1001 Hoff, 0218 Oslo, Norway; (H.-P.S.); (P.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Mona E. Pedersen
- Nofima AS, Pb 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (S.B.R.); (R.S.B.); (V.H.); (E.V.-K.); (C.R.W.); (E.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+47-64970243
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18
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Yousefzade O, Katsarava R, Puiggalí J. Biomimetic Hybrid Systems for Tissue Engineering. Biomimetics (Basel) 2020; 5:biomimetics5040049. [PMID: 33050136 PMCID: PMC7709492 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics5040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering approaches appear nowadays highly promising for the regeneration of injured/diseased tissues. Biomimetic scaffolds are continuously been developed to act as structural support for cell growth and proliferation as well as for the delivery of cells able to be differentiated, and also of bioactive molecules like growth factors and even signaling cues. The current research concerns materials employed to develop biological scaffolds with improved features as well as complex preparation techniques. In this work, hybrid systems based on natural polymers are discussed and the efforts focused to provide new polymers able to mimic proteins and DNA are extensively explained. Progress on the scaffold fabrication technique is mentioned, those processes based on solution and melt electrospinning or even on their combination being mainly discussed. Selection of the appropriate hybrid technology becomes vital to get optimal architecture to reasonably accomplish the final applications. Representative examples of the recent possibilities on tissue regeneration are finally given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Yousefzade
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE, 08019 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Ramaz Katsarava
- Institute of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Agricultural University of Georgia, Kakha Bedukidze Univesity Campus, Tbilisi 0131, Georgia;
| | - Jordi Puiggalí
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est-EEBE, 08019 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-401-5649
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